• Journal of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Cartography
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.285-291
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• 2004

GPS photogrammetry or the GPS/INS photogrammetry, which are based on the direct measurement of the projection centers and attitude at the moment of camera exposure time through loading the GPS receiver or INS in aircraft. Both photogrammetric methods can offer us to acquire the exterior orientation parameters with only minimum ground control points, even the ground control process could be completely skipped. Consequently, we can drastically reduce the time and cost for the mapping process. In this thesis, test flight was conducted in Suwon area to evaluate the performance of accuracy and efficiency through the analysis of results among the three photogrammetric methods, that is, traditional photogrammetry, GPS photogrammetry and GPS/INS photogrammetry. Test results shows that a large variety of advantages of GPS photogrammetry and GPS/INS photogrammetry against traditional photogrammetry is to be verified. Especially, the number of ground control points for the exterior orientation could be saved more than 70～80%, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Cognitive Science
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.33-42
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• 2003

This paper presents a new system for facial expression recognition based in dimension model of internal states. The information of facial expression are extracted to the three steps. In the first step, Gabor wavelet representation extracts the edges of face components. In the second step, sparse features of facial expressions are extracted using fuzzy C-means(FCM) clustering algorithm on neutral faces, and in the third step, are extracted using the Dynamic Model(DM) on the expression images. Finally, we show the recognition of facial expression based on the dimension model of internal states using a multi-layer perceptron. The two dimensional structure of emotion shows that it is possible to recognize not only facial expressions related to basic emotions but also expressions of various emotion.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.14 no.9
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• pp.476-483
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• 2014

The purpose of this study was to make a suitable images for korean emotional expressions. KSFI(Korean Standard Facial Image)-AUs was produced from korean standard apperance and FACS(Facial Action coding system)-AUs. For the objectivity of KSFI, the survey was examined about emotion recognition rate and contribution of emotion recognition in facial elements from six-basic emotional expression images(sadness, happiness, disgust, fear, anger and surprise). As a result of the experiment, the images of happiness, surprise, sadness and anger which had shown higher accuracy. Also, emotional recognition rate was mainly decided by the facial element of eyes and a mouth. Through the result of this study, KSFI contents which could be combined AU images was proposed. In this future, KSFI would be helpful contents to improve emotion recognition rate.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry, and Cartography Conference
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• 2004.11a
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• pp.263-268
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• 2004

GPS/INS에 의한 항공사진측량을 이용하려면 사진촬영과 동시에 획득한 외부표정요소의 결과를 도화ㆍ편집 작업에 실제로 적용해 보아야 한다. 도화성과의 검증작업은 GPS/INS의 결과를 이용하여 수치지도의 제작시 가장 중요한 공정에 해당한다. 이를 위하여 기존 AT성과에 의하여 제작된 해석도화원도를 기준으로 본 연구에서 제시한 AT 성과별, 도화기별, 표정방식별로 수행한 도화결과를 비교하였다. AT 성과와 표정방법에 상관없이 해석도화와 수치도화의 평면과 표고의 오차를 비교하여 보면, 해석도화가 수치도화보다 우수한 결과를 보여주며, 또한 평면오차가 표고오차보다 더 크게 나타남을 알 수 있었다. GPS/INS AT의 Direct 표정의 경우 InDirect 표정방법에 비해 3배 이상의 오차가 발생하였으나 모든 경우의 결과가 허용오차를 충족하고 있으므로 축척 1:5000에서는 GPS/INS AT를 이용한 표정과 도화작업은 매우 효율적으로 수행될 수 있음을 알 수 있었다.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Emotion and Sensibility Conference
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• 2009.05a
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• pp.51-54
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• 2009

다양한 미디어에서 인물과 색채는 가장 중심적인 요소로서 활용되므로 인물의 표정에서 느껴지는 감성과 색채 자극에 대한 감성적 반응에 연구는 심리학 분야에서 각각 심도 있게 연구되어왔다. 본 연구에서는 감성 자극물로서의 얼굴 표정과 색채가 상호 작용을 하였을 때 이에 대한 감성적 반응에 대하여 조사하는데 그 목적이 있다. 즉, 인물의 표정과 배경 색상을 배치하였을 때 인물의 표정에서 느껴지는 감성이 어떻게 변하는지에 관한 실험 연구를 진행하여 이를 미디어에서 활용할 수 있는 방안을 제시하고자 한다. 60명의 피실험자들을 대상으로 진행한 실험연구에서는 Ekman의 7가지의 universal facial expression 중 증오(Contempt)의 표정을 제외한 분노(Anger), 공포(Fear), 역겨움(Disgusting), 기쁨(Happiness), 슬픔(Sadness), 놀람(Surprising) 등의 6가지의 표정의 이미지를 인물의 표정으로 활용하였다. 그리고, 배경 색채로서 빨강, 노랑, 파랑, 초록의 색상들을 기준으로 각각 밝은(light), 선명한(vivid), 둔탁한(dull), 그리고 어두운(dark) 등의 4 가지 톤(tone)의 영역에서 색채를 추출하였고, 추가로 무채색의 5 가지 색상이 적용되었다. 총 120 장(5 가지 얼굴표정 ${\times}$ 20 가지 색채)의 표정에서 나타나는 감성적 표현을 평가하도록 하였으며, 각각의 피실험자는 무작위 순위로 60개의 자극물을 평가하였다. 실험에서 측정된 데이터는 각 표정별로 분류되었으며 배경에 적용된 색채에 따라 얼굴 표현에서 나타나는 감성적 표현이 다름을 보여주었다. 특히 색채에 대한 감성적 반응에 대한 기존연구에서 제시하고 있는 자료를 토대로 색채와 얼굴표정의 감성이 상반되는 경우, 얼굴표정에서 나타나는 감성적 표현이 약하게 전달되었음을 알 수 있었으며, 이는 부정적인 얼굴표정일수록 더 두드러지는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 현상은 색상과 톤의 경우 공통적으로 나타나는 현상으로서 광고 및 시각 디자인 분야의 실무에서 활용될 수 있다.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Cartography
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.189-198
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• 2019

In photogrammetry, single photo resection is a method of determining exterior orientation parameters corresponding to a position and an attitude of a camera at the time of taking a photograph using known interior orientation parameters, ground coordinates, and image coordinates. In this study, we proposed a single photo resection algorithm that determines the exterior orientation parameters of the camera using cosine law and linear equation-based three-dimensional coordinate transformation. The proposed algorithm first calculated the scale between the ground coordinates and the corresponding normalized coordinates using the cosine law. Then, the exterior orientation parameters were determined by applying linear equation-based three-dimensional coordinate transformation using normalized coordinates and ground coordinates considering the calculated scale. The proposed algorithm was not sensitive to the initial values by using the method of dividing the longest distance among the combinations of the ground coordinates and dividing each ground coordinates, although the partial derivative was required for the nonlinear equation. In addition, since the exterior orientation parameters can be determined by using three points, there was a stable advantage in the geometrical arrangement of the control points.

• Korean Journal of Cognitive Science
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.11-16
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• 2003

This Paper extracts the edge of main components of face with Gator wavelets transformation in facial expression images. FCM(Fuzzy C-Means) clustering algorithm then extracts the representative feature points of low dimensionality from the edge extracted in neutral face. The feature-points of the neutral face is used as a template to extract the feature-points of facial expression images. To match point to Point feature points on an expression face against each feature point on a neutral face, it consists of two steps using a dynamic linking model, which are called the coarse mapping and the fine mapping. This paper presents an automatic extraction of feature-points by dynamic linking model based on Gabor wavelets and fuzzy C-means(FCM) algorithm. The result of this study was applied to extract features automatically in facial expression recognition based on dimension[1].

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics and Information Engineers
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• v.51 no.11
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• pp.193-201
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• 2014

This paper suggests a facial expression recognition system using face detection, face alignment, facial unit extraction, and training and testing algorithms based on AdaBoost classifiers. First, we find face region by a face detector. From the results, face alignment algorithm extracts feature points. The facial units are from a subset of action units generated by combining the obtained feature points. The facial units are generally more effective for smaller-sized databases, and are able to represent the facial expressions more efficiently and reduce the computation time, and hence can be applied to real-time scenarios. Experimental results in real scenarios showed that the proposed system has an excellent performance over 90% recognition rates.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Cartography
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.495-501
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• 2016

This study applied close-range digital photogrammetry to measure deformation of reinforced-soil wall as the passed time. We proposed to utilize the photogrammetric-board to determine 3D coordinates and compute exterior orientation parameters from the images without measuring control points. The displacements by the proposed method are compared with those of the Total-station. As results, measuring errors was within 5cm, and the deformation was not occurred in the 3 months. The proposed method using the photogrammetric-board therefore can be utilized to measure deformation of the reinforced-soil wall.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Cartography
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.137-145
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• 2005

In this paper, we investigate the accuracy of various sensor models developed for linear pushbroom satellite images. We define the accuracy of a sensor model in two aspects: the accuracy of bundle adjustments and the accuracy of estimating exterior orientation parameters. The first accuracy has been analyzed and reported frequently whereas the second accuracy has somewhat been neglected. We argue that the second accuracy is as important as the first one. The second accuracy describes a model's ability to predict satellite orbit and attitude, which has many direct and indirect applications. Analysis was carried out on the traditional collinearity-based sensor models and orbit-based sensor models. Collinearity-based models were originally developed for aerial photos and modified for linear pushbroom-type satellite images. Orbit-based models have been used within satellite communities for satellite control and orbit determination. Models were tested with two Kompsat-1 EOC scenes and GPS-driven control points. Test results showed that orbit-based models produced better estimation of exterior orientation parameters while maintained comparable accuracy on bundle adjustments.