• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2011.02a
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• pp.241-241
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• 2011

최근들어 저온플라즈마를 이용한 생물학적 응용분야가 각광을 받고 있다. 특히 전기전도도를 가진 전해질 내에서 형성된 액상 플라즈마는 열손상없이 암, 세균 및 비정상 장기조직의 제거가 가능하다는 점에서 기존 시술들이 가지는 문제를 해결할 수 있다. 허리통증을 유발하는 탈출 수핵을 대용량으로 제거하기위한 플라즈마발생 전극에 관한 연구가 수행되었다. 수핵 분해량을 늘리기 위해서는 플라즈마를 통하여 다량의 수산화기 라디컬을 형성, 수핵표면에 조사해야 한다. 이를 위하여 6개의 텅스텐 전극표면에서 기포를 발생시켜 플라즈마 발생면적을 넓힐 수 있었다. 텅스텐 전극들은 캡톤코딩과 세라믹 스페이서를 통하여 분리되었고, 전극의 후방에는 SUS 재질의 환형 접지전극을 배치하여 6개의 텅스텐 전극표면에서 모두 기포가 발생할 수 있도록 하였다. 시술적용시 플라즈마 및 전극이 가지는 제한 조건은 단백질 변성을 막기위한 섭씨 45도 이하의 온도 상승과 조직에 대한 기계적인 손상 방지를 위한 2.5 mm 이하의 전체 전극 굵기이다. 이를 만족하는 가운데 수산화기 라디컬 형성을 증대할 수 있는 전극의 구조를 결정하기 위하여 1-D 전기 열유체 모델 도입하였다. 모델에서 도출된 기포의 두께를 바탕으로 다중전극간의 거리 조절을 통하여 플라즈마 방전구조를 전극 - 전극 (기포두께${\times}2$ > 전극간 거리)과 전극 - 기포표면 (기포두께${\times}2$ < 전극간 거리)으로 통제하였다. 형성된 플라즈마의 소모전력, 전자 밀도및 수산화기 라디컬의 회전온도를 분석하기 위하여 0.9% 염화나트륨 수용액, 1.6 S/m, 전해질에서 플라즈마 형성를 형성하고 전기신호 및 광학신호를 관측하였다. 전극에 인가된 전압은 340 VRMS이며 운전주파수는 380 kHz이다. 실험 결과, 전극 - 기포표면 방전구조는 전극 -전극 방전구조에 비하여 전해질의 저항역할로 인하여 방전전류가 3.4 Ipp에서 1.6 Ipp로 감소하였으나, 기포표면에서의 물분자의 분해로 인하여 수산화기 라디컬에서의 발광세기는 약 4배 증가하였다. 또한 수산화기의 회전온도 분포상에서도 전극 - 기포표면 방전은 주변 물분자의 열교환으로 인하여 전극 -전극간 방전의 1500K 에 비하여 낮은 400K를 보였다. 이는 전극-기포표면 방전구조의 전극이 낮은 온도의 수산화기를 다량으로 형성할 수 있음을 시사하며, 카데바를 이용한 실험에서 220초에 걸쳐 약 87%의 수핵을 기계적 손상 및 단백질 변형없이 효과적으로 제거함을 확인하였다.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.50 no.3
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• pp.499-504
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• 2012

Characteristics of overall heat transfer were investigated in a three-phase slurry bubble column with relatively low surface tension media, which has been frequently encountered in the fields of industry. The heat transfer phenomena was examined in the system which was composed of a coaxial vertical heater and a proper of bubble column. The heat transfer coefficient was estimated from the measured mean value of temperature difference between the heater surface and the column proper at the steady state condition. Effects of gas velocity ($U_G$), solid fraction in the slurry phase ($C_S$) and surface tension (${\sigma}_L$) of continuous liquid media on the overall heat transfer coefficient (h) in the bubble column were determined. The mean value of temperature difference was estimated from the data of temperature difference fluctuations with a variation of time. The amplitude and mean value of temperature difference fluctuations with respect to the elasped time appeared to decrease with decreasing the surface tension of liquid phase. The overall heat transfer coefficient between the immersed heated and the bubble column increased with an increase in the gas velocity or solid fraction in the slurry phase, but it decreased with an increase in the surface tension of continuous liquid media. The overall heat coefficient in the slurry bubble column with relatively low surface tension media was well correlated in term of operating variables and dimensionless groups within this experimental conditions.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.49 no.2
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• pp.161-167
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• 2011

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of porcelain re-firing on the formation of surface bubble and on the change in shade of metal-ceramic crown exposed to artificial saliva. Materials and methods: Thirty disk-shaped specimens were made in 10 mm diameter with 0.5 mm metal core thickness and 1 mm ceramic thickness. A spectroradiometer was used to determine the CIE Lab coordinates. The number and size of surface bubble were observed with a stereomicroscope. After the exposure to artificial saliva for 7 days, re-firing was performed at glazing temperature. After re-firing, the CIE Lab were calculated, and the number and size of surface bubble were observed again. The change in shade was expressed with ${\Delta}E$. Statistical analysis was done with paired t-test for the change in the number of surface bubble and student t-test for the change in the size of surface bubble (${\alpha$}=0.05). Results: Shade difference was calculated 2.14 ${\Delta}E$ units. The mean number of surface bubble was $1.33{\pm}1.49$ before re-firing, $3.27{\pm}2.90$ after re-firing. After re-firing, the number of surface bubble was significantly increased (P<.05). The mean size of surface bubble was $81.97{\pm}32.03\;{\mu}m$ before re-firing, $142.94{\pm}47.40\;{\mu}m$ after re-firing. After re-firing, the size of surface bubble was significantly increased (P<.05). Conclusion: Shade change after re-firing was perceptible (${\Delta}E$ < 2.0) and clinically acceptable (${\Delta}E$ < 3.7). The number and size of surface bubble was significantly increased after re-firing. Further investigation to decrease the surface bubble on the extra oral repair of metal-ceramic crown, will be needed in future study.

• Journal of the Society of Naval Architects of Korea
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.16-27
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• 2002

A level-set method is used for analyzing the behaviors of gas bubbles in two fluids incompressible viscous flow domain. The governing equations are solved by using a finite volume method. The numerical results are verified by comparing with the experimental and other computational results. Computations for the deformations and motions of one or multi-bubbles in the flow domain with the initial undisturbed free interface are conducted. It can be seen that numerical results for different surface tension and density ratio arise very different behaviors of bubbles. When bubbles rise near the free interface, the free interface gives some great influence on the behaviors of bubbles. The present results computed by a level-set method give useful information about the properties of bubble motions and deformations.

• Journal of the Society of Naval Architects of Korea
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.54-64
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• 1996

It seems that blowing air bubble out of the bulb surface of a ship of flat bottom will reduce the frictional resistance, since wetted area of the hull surface is reduced owing to air bubble staying close to the surface. To as certain this concept, at first, the limiting streamlines around the bow was observed, and local distribution of pressure and shear stress, due to the change of air-blowing position, air supply pressure, and the model speed, was investigated. It was found that the local friction was reduced near the bulb and air-bubble formations also play an important role as a drag component. This paper can be considered as a preliminary study on the drag reduction of conventional ships by the micro-bubble injection.

• Journal of the KSME
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.280-287
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• 1983

본 해설에서는 전자 즉 용액내에서 용해되어 있는 기체 분자의 모임에 의한 기포형성에 대해 다루려고 한다. 제 2절에는 Becker-Doring에 의한 고전이론과 그 문제점을 다루고 3절에서는 새로운 관점에서 본 용액내에서 기포를 형성하는 데 필요한 표면 에너지를, 4절에서는 기포형 성에 대한 열역학적인 면에서의 고찰, 5절에서는 용액내에서의 기포형성 모델에서 기포형성을 위한 압력강하를 구하는 방법의 종류와 그 온도에 따른 기포형성에 대해 논하기로 하고 증기로된 기포형성(vapor bubble formation)에 대하여는 다음 기회에 논하기로 한다.

• Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.61-70
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• 2012

Recently, the government has been working feverously to save energy and reduce greenhouse gas emission by enacting Basic Act on Low Carbon Green Growth at the national level. Improving the insulation performance of building exterior and insulator can reduce the energy in the building sector. This study is about developing light-weight foamed concrete insulation panel that can be applied to buildings to save energy and to find the optimal condition for the development of insulation materials that can save energy by enhancing its physical, kinetic and thermal characteristics. Various experimental factors and conditions were considered in the study such as foam agent types (AES=Alcohol Ethoxy Sulfate, AOS=Alpha-Olefin Sulfonate, VS=Vegetable Soap, FP=Fe-Protein), foam agent dilution concentration (1, 3, 5%), and foam percentage (30, 50, 70%). Experiment results indicated that the surface tension of aqueous solution including foam agent, was lower when AOS was used over other foam agents. FP produced relatively stable foams in 3% or more, which produced unstable foams containing high water content and low surface tension when diluted at low concentration. Depending on foam agent types, compressive strength and thermal conductivity were similar at low density range but showed some differences at high concentration range. In addition, when concentrations of foam agent and foaming ratio increased, pore size increased and open pores are formed. In all types of foam agent, thermal conductivity were excellent, satisfying KS standards. The most outstanding performance for insulation panel was obtained when FP 3% was used.

• Resources Recycling
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.104-113
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• 2020

Bubble size in froth flotation has long been recognized as a key factor which affects the bubble residence time, the bubble surface area flux (Sb) and the carrying rate (Cr). This paper presents method of bubble size measurement, relationship between operating variables and gas dispersion properties in flotation column. Using high speed camera and image analysis system, bubble size has been directly measured as a function of operating parameters (e.g., superficial gas rate (Jg), superficial wash water rate (Jw), frother concentration) in flotation column. Relationship compared to measured and estimated bubble size was obtained within error ranges of ±15~20% and mean bubble size was 0.718mm. From this system the empirical relationship to control the bubble size and distribution has been developed under operating conditions such as Jg of 0.65~1.3cm/s, Jw of 0.13~0.52cm/s and frother concentration of 60~200ppm. Surface tension and bubble size decreased as frother concentration increased. It seemed that critical coalescence concentration (CCC) of bubbles was 200ppm so that surface tension was the lowest (49.24mN/m) at frother concentration of 200ppm. Bubble size tend to increase when superficial gas rate (Jg) decreases and superficial wash water rate Jw and frother concentration increase. Gas holdup is proportional to superficial gas rate as well as frother concentration and superficial wash water rate (at the fixed superficial gas rate).

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2010.02a
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• pp.443-443
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• 2010

액체 표면을 전극으로 하는 플라즈마 방전은 생물학적 살균, 분해 처리 등에 필요한 UV 및 화학적 활성종의 생성에 유리하여 널리 활용되고 있다. 하지만 그 특성 등에 관한 연구는 액체막의 유동 및 기하학적 구조 상 진단의 제한으로 인하여 아직 미비한 상태이다. 전해질 내 방전은 전극 표면의 기포 막 에 인가되고 그 두께에 따라 변한다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 액상 전해질의 인가 전압 및 점성도를 독립적으로 조절하여 기포 막 크기와 인가 전력간의 관계와 이에 따른 전해질 내 플라즈마의 특성이 음극 글로우 방전임을 밝혔다. 실험에서는 전기 전도도 1.6-3.2 S/m의 NaCl 수용액 전해질에 양극성 전극을 삽입하고 350 kHz의 전압을 인가하여 플라즈마를 발생하였다. 인가된 전압은 230 - 280 V이며 전해질의 점성도는 젤라틴을 첨가하여 1E-4-1.1 kg/m${\times}$sec로 조절하였다. 기포 막의 두께 및 변화는 고속카메라를 통하여 관측하였으며 인가되는 전압 및 전류는 고전압 프로브와 전류 프로브를 통하여 관찰하였다. 기포 막은 전극표면에서 막 비등을 통하여 발생됨을 밝혔다. 인가 전력과 손실 열에너지간의 비율에 따라 기포막은 수축과 확장의 진동을 반복하였으며 전기 유체적 모델을 통하여 기포 막의 동적 거동에 따른 플라즈마에 인가된 전력의 변화를 정량적으로 분석할 수 있었다. 기포 막의 평균적인 두께는 인가 전압과 비례하여 약 $150\;{\mu}m$에서 $200\;{\mu}m$로 증가하였으며 진폭은 점성의 증가 시 약 $50\;{\mu}m$에서 $20\;{\mu}m$로 감소하였다. 순간적인 플라즈마 인가 전력은 평균적인 두께에 따른 평균적인 두께에 대해서는 15 - 20 W의 변화를 보였으나 진폭의 감소 시 17 - 70 W의 보다 큰 폭으로 증가하였다. 이를 통하여 점성도가 큰 조건에서 기포 막의 확장이 억제되어 방전이 유지됨을 알 수 있었다.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers
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• v.13 no.6
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• pp.1257-1268
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• 1989

본 연구에서는 이에 천이와 난류모델을 첨가하여 층류 경계층이 천이를 거쳐 난류 경계층으로 발달해가는 전과정을 해석하려고 한다. 또, 이러한 부분 면파의 특성을 needle contact법에 의하여 측정 포물형이나 완전 Navier-Stokes 방정식을 사용함에 있어서 표면곡률항의 중요성을 보이며, 익형의 선단등 표면곡률이 중요한 영역에서도 적용가능한 수치적 방법을 제시한다.