• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.128-137
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• 1998

In Fukuoka, the natural enemies of Protopulvinaria mangiferae were confirmed as six primary parasitoids, three hyperparasitoids, and six predators. Among the primary parasitoids, Aneristus ceroplastae, Microterys flavus, and Coccophagus yoshidae were relatively abundant in Fukuoka. Aneristus ceroplastae and Coccophagus yoshidae were solitary endoparasitoid, whereas Microterys flavus was a gregarious endoparasitoid. Tetrastichus sp. was a hyperparasitoid and solitarily ectoparasitic to the pupae of Aneristus ceroplastae and Microterys flavus. The seasonal fluctuation of parasitisim and adult emergence of the important parasitoids was investigated in Fukuoka. Among the predatorys, Rhyzobius forestieri and Chilocorus kuwanae were relatively abundant, and seasonal fluctuation of adult emergence and consumption of the host were studied. As the first record from Japan, Rhyzobius forestieri was collected on leaves of Elaeocarpus sylvestris with heavy infestation of Protopulvinaria mangiferae.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.85-91
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• 1999

Torymus sinensis was found to be a solitary ectoparasitoid attacking the larvae ofDryocosmus kuriphilus. The sex ratio of Torymus sinensis was close to 1 : 1 in foreign chestnut varieties.Under constant temperatures of 15"C, 20$^{\circ}$C, and 25"C, the preoviposition period and longevity of theadult was longer at lower temperatures when fed on honey. Most of the Torymus sinensis female havemature eggs in their ovaries just after emergence. The number of mature eggs reached to average 22.5individuals per female in four days, which was the highest value, after the emergence and then decreasedgradually. Eggs were laid on the larvae of the host or attached on inner surface of the gall chamber. Theeggs were oval in shape, measuring 0.49 mm length and 0.13 mm width and the color of the justoviposited egg was milky white. The larvae appeared in one day after being deposited at 20$^{\circ}$C. Thepupae, 2.25 mm length for female and 1.89 mm length for male, was milky white in color just afterpupation but became black later. In Kangwon Province, development period of chestnut galls formated byDryocosmus kuriphilus were mid April to late May and its primary parasitoid, Torymus sinensis adult,emerged from withered previous year galls in early April to early May. This species has one generation ina year, and hibernated with the matured larvae. hibernated with the matured larvae.