• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.150-155
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• 1997

Distribution of pine needle gall midge infestations was analyzed from data collected in young Japanese red pine stands during 1992, and 1995-1996 in Kangwon-do. No significant differences in percentages of infested needle pairs were found among trees and between terminal and lateral shoots within a tree. However, the mean percentages of infested needle pairs increased significantly from the lower crown to the upper. Percentages of infested needle pairs on sample units, consisting 1 terminal and 2 lateral shoots, in the midcrown were best predictors of whole-tree percentages than were other crown levels. Therefore, a sample unit consisting of 1 terminal shoot and 2 lateral shoots per branch were fixed from the midcrown level. Number of tree and sample unit combinations needed to estimate pine needle gall midge infestations with given two levels of precision were determined.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Hazard Mitigation
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.57-62
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• 2008

This study aimed at investigating elderly people's experiences and perception of flood disasters in Gangwon province, which is mainly devastated by flood disasters, and seeking to the coping strategy against vulnerability of disaster between elderly men and women. A total of 183 elderly people aged 60 and over who were directly or indirectly damaged by flood disasters of 2006 in Pyung-chang and In-je in Gangwon province were selected for this study. According to the study results, there were no statistical differences in disaster experiences between elderly men and women, however, a statistically significant difference was found in the perception of disaster among them. Although elderly women are more likely to perceive the possibility of secondary flood disasters than elderly men, elderly women are less knowledgeable than elderly men in disaster attacks and they have appeared to have low coping skills. This study showed that elderly women were more likely to live alone than elderly men and they have low income comparing to the elderly men. In conclusion, elderly women should be considered as a most vulnerable group to the disaster and gender-based approach is necessary to take measures in disaster prevention.

• Proceedings of the Mineralogical Society of Korea Conference
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• 2003.05a
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• pp.15-15
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• 2003

Hydroxylapatite는 석회동굴 생성물의 표면이나 또는 생성정지선에서 쉽게 관찰할 수 있으며, 암적갈색을 띄고 있어 생성물의 흑화현상에 기여하고 있다. 특히, 박쥐 서식처나 그 주위의 동굴생성물 표면에서 다량의 hydroxylapatite가 관찰된다. 본 연구에서는 SEM-EDS와 EPMA, XRD를 이용하여 고수동굴(충북 단양군 가곡면 고수리, 천연기념물 제256호, 1976년에 개방), 성류굴(경북 울진군 근남면 장평리, 천연기념물 제155호, 1963년에 개방)과 기하동굴(강원도 평창군 미탄면 마하리, 미개방동굴) 내에서 채취한 hydroxylapatite 로 구성되어 있는 흑색 피각의 현미경적 조직을 연구하였다. Hydroxylapatite 피각은 모암(고수동굴과 성류굴에서는 calcite, 기하동굴에서는 calcite와 dolomite)의 표면에 약 0.3 mm의 두께로 존재하며 hydroxylapatite가 calcite와 dolomite를 교대하고 있다. 피각의 단면은 전자현미경하에서 비교적 밝은 부분인 hydroxylapatite와 상대적으로 어둡게 보이는 cellophane으로 구성되어 있다. Cellophane은 피각의 바깥 부위에 그리고 hydroxylapatite은 피각의 안쪽에 주로 분포하며 hydroxylapatite가 cellophane을 교대하고 있는 것으로 보아 cellophane으로부터 hydroxylapatite가 형성된 것으로 보인다. cellophane과 hydroxylapatite가 보여주는 조직을 구분하면: 1) 교질조직 (colloform texture) (두께: 1.2 ~ 3 $\mu\textrm{m}$, cellophane 층에 지름 0.5 ~ 1 $\mu\textrm{m}$의 voids가 존재), 2) 망상조직 (reticulate texture) (voids 크기 지름 0.5 ~ 1 $\mu\textrm{m}$), 3) 섬조직 (sea-and-island texture) (크기: 지름 2 ~ 4 $\mu\textrm{m}$) 등이다. Cellophane이 주로 분포하는 피각의 가장자리 부분에는 망상조직과 섬조직 및 void (지름: 약 10 $\mu\textrm{m}$)가 다량 존재하여, 망상조직과 void가 분포하는 곳에는 SO$_2$가 함유된다. 피각 표면에서 Ca, P, Si, Al 이외에 C와 S가 다량 함유되어 있는 막대모양의 박테리아 (지름: 1 $\mu\textrm{m}$, 길이: 1 ~ 10 $\mu\textrm{m}$)들의 집합체가 관찰되는데 박테리아가 피각 표면에 닿아 있는 부분은 박테리아 사이에 hydroxylapatite가 채워져 하나의 덩어리를 이룬다. 망상조직의 void의 크기와 박테리아의 지름이 비슷한 것으로 보아 망상조직은 박테리아 주위에 hydroxylapatite가 침전되고 그 후 박테리아가 있던 자리가 void로 남게 되면서 형성된 것으로 생각되며, 망상조직과 void에 존재하는 SO$_2$는 박테리아로부터 유래된 것으로 사료된다. 모암에는 P가 함유되어 있지 않기 때문에 hydroxylapatite의 P는 외부 물질(박쥐 분비물)에서 유래된 것으로 생각된다. hydroxylapatite 피각의 조직이 형태적으로 박테리아와 비슷한 것은 hydroxylapatite 생성에 미생물이 관여했다는 것을 암시한다.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.64-72
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• 2021

This study aimed to identify regions with a suitable growth environment for Ligusticum chuanxing Hort. and use basic data to identify appropriate cultivation and stable production strategies. Four main areas of cultivation were selected and the relationship between growth characteristics (aboveground and underground parts) and weather and soil environment was analyzed. Overall growth was found to be significantly higher in Pyeongchang. Atmospheric and soil temperatures showed a significant negative correlation with overall height from the ground, stem diameter, and growth characteristics of the underground part; leaf length and width were positively correlated. As insolation increased, the growth characteristics, excluding leaf size, showed a positive correlation. Soil characteristics such as organic matter (OM), N, P, and K showed negative correlations with the overall height of the upper part and growth characteristics of the underground part, including stem diameter. Analysis of roots indicated that OM, N, P, and K were essential and were absorbed through the soil. The OM, N, P, and K values in the Pyeongchang area, which showed the optimal growth, were lower than those in other areas. It is believed that these results can be used to select cultivation sites for L. chuanxing and establish cultivation technology in future.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.88 no.2
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• pp.179-184
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• 1999

This study was conducted to clarify the differences in small mammal populations due to habitat structure caused by different forest practices within natural deciduous forests at National Forest, Pyoungchang, Kangwon Province, Korea from May to November, 1996. Three sites, 1ha each, were selected as cutting, thinning, and control for live trapping of small mammals. Total captures of small mammals in all sites were combined Apodemus peninsulae(45.1%, n=64) and Eothenomys regulus(54.9%, n=78). A. peninsulae was captured in the cutting and the control site. And E. regulus was captured in the thinning and the control site. The number of captured small mammals in a month were the highest in the control site and the lowest in the cutting site. A. peninsulae's mean body weight of adult individuals was more higher in the control site than in the cutting site. And E. regulus's mean body weight of adult individuals was more higher in the control site than in the thinning site. Habitat structure seems to be an important factor in abundance and species composition of small mammals.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.237-255
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• 2021

Lychnis wilfordii (Regel) Maxim. is one of the wetland specialists mainly distributed in peatlands at high latitudes. In Korea, it is isolated in two regions. This study investigated habitats, growth traits, and self-compatibility of L. wilfordii and assessed the internal dynamics of its population persistence. Its population has remained stable in the Yongneup Wetland Protected Area (YWPA). There was a clear difference in vegetation environment between YWPA and the distribution area in Daegwallyeong (DWL), Pyeongchang-gun. It has self-compatibility while pollinators facilitate its seed production. It produces a large number of hibernacles and bears the maximum number of branches and fruits in soil with rich organic contents. However, it grows and bears fruits even under the condition of low organic contents. In YWPA, L. wilfordii is not distributed in high moor but widely distributed in low moor where tussocks by Carex thunbergii var. appendiculata are developed. It is mainly distributed on the top of tussocks also. Therefore, it is judged that the formation, growth, and extinction of tussocks by C. thunbergii var. appendiculata is closely related to the establishment, growth, and extinction of plants distributed in this space. It is assessed that the current YWPA has well-developed tussocks in which L. wilfordii is widely distributed, and extinction and re-establishment progress well. Accordingly, the L. wilfordii population is expected to be sustainable in the long term given if its current ecological process is maintained well.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.362-366
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• 2012

To explore on the defense strategies against hervivory of five Viburnum species, morphological characteristics of the leaf, leaf domatia structure and the number, herbivores insects and mites on the leaves, collected from the trees growing in Wonju-si, Pyeungchang-gun, Taebaek-si, Taean-gun, Bonghwa-gun, Sancheung-gun and Jinju-si were investigated from May 2009 to October 2011. Domatia of V. carlesii reveals pocket type, these of V. burejaeticum, V. dilatatum and V. wrightii reveal tuft type, and that of V. odoratissimum var. awabuki reveals pouch type. Domatia number per leaf proves the highest figures, 24.0/leaf for V. burejaeticum, and the lowest, 4.9/leaf for V. carlesii. Leaf surface trichomes of four Viburnum species except for V. odoratissimum var. awabuki are mainly stellate and hispid on the leaf-blade and veins, and dense stellate trichomes on the upper leaf surface of V. carlesii, V. burejaeticum, and V. dilatatum are observed till late growing season. Extrafloral nectaries(EFN) on the terminal veins of five Viburnum species are observed. Pellucid dots on the lower leaf surface of V. dilatatum and V. wrightii might be a good defense strategies against herbivores. We observe many predatory mites eating nectar on large pellucid dots of V. dilatatum. Predatory mites number per leaf proved highly significant differences among tree species, and mean of mites number was highest values 8.1/leaf for V. burejaeticum, and the lowest 2.6/leaf for V. odoratissimum var. awabuki. These results indicate that temperate broadleave trees develop various defense strategies against herbivores for survival. The more studies on the defense strategies against herbivores of tree species might be needed for sustainable forest ecosystem.

• Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy
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• v.50 no.3
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• pp.318-326
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• 2020

We found an unrecorded species, Carex molestiformis Reznicek & Rothrock, in Byeokparyeong, Daehwa-myeon, Pyeongchang-gun, Gangwon-do, South Korea. This species is native to southern parts of the United States (ca. 11 states, including Arkansas, Missouri, and Oklahoma). These plants are usually distributed densely in stream flood plains, bottomlands, stream banks, and along roadsides. Belonging to section Ovales Kunth, perennial herbs with gynecandrous spikes, C. molestiformis is closely related to C. maackii Maxim. and C. scoparia Willd. and is distinguished from them by the number (2-4) of spikes in each inflorescence and the width (2.63.4 mm) and number (69) of veins of perigynia. A new Korean name of C. molestiformis 'Ga-Neun-Ta-Rae-Sa-Cho' was given, as it has slender overall appearance compared with C. maackii (Ta-Rae-Sa-Cho). We also provide a description, illustrations, photographs and a key of related taxa in Korea. We compared three DNA barcode region (chloroplast DNA matK, ndhF and nuclear ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer) sequences from C. molestiformis with those of C. maackii and C. scoparia, determining eight species-specific single nucleotide polymorphism sites for C. molestiformis.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.416-432
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• 2012

This study was carried out to investigate the distribution and characteristics of plant resources in Mt. Heungjeong (Pyeongchang-gun, Gangwon-do) from April, 2009 to May, 2011. The vascular plants based on voucher specimens were summarized as 403 taxa, including 78 families, 238 genera, 343 species, 3 subspecies, 47 varieties, and 10 forms. Among the investigated 403 taxa, 8 Korean endemic, 1 endangered, and 16 rare plants were included. 71 species of specially designated plant by the Ministry of Environment were also investigated. The naturalized plant were 20 taxa, and the percent of naturalized plant species was estimated as 5.0%. The usefulness of the plants of the 403 taxa listed consists of 175 taxa (43.4%) of edible plants, 126 taxa (31.3%) of medicinal plants, 65 taxa (16.1%) of pasture plants, 52 taxa (12.9%) of ornamental plants, 12 taxa (3.0%) of timber and fiber plants, 3 taxa (0.7%) of industrial plants.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.217-223
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• 2018

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of seeding dates on grassland productivity and botanical composition in oversown hilly pasture located in Pyeongchang of South Korea. Four treatment groups were established based on the seeding dates of grass mixture: T1, August 13; T2, August 27; T3, September 10; and T4, September 24. Evaluation of seasonal changes in grass botanical composition revealed the highest ratios of grass in T1 and T2 (81-100% grass) and the lowest in T4 (46-90 % grass). In the plant length, the first harvest time was longer than other cutting times and last harvest time was the lowest. The total dry matter yield of grass was highest in T2 ($9,042kg\;ha^{-1}$) and T1 ($8,845kg\;ha^{-1}$) and lowest in T4 ($5,086kg\;ha^{-1}$). The findings of the present study suggest that seeding by late August provide the most desirable results for vegetation and grassland productivity in oversown hilly pasture, Pyeongchang of South Korea.