• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
• /
• v.17 no.6
• /
• pp.37-46
• /
• 2001

Pile load tests were carried out to investigate the contribution of the pile cap to the carrying capacity of a pile group and load transfer characteristics of piles in the group. A group of 24 piles$(4 \times6 array)$ of 92.5mm diameter steel pipe were installed to the depth of 3m fron the ground surface, the top of weathered rock. A maximum load of 320ton was applied to the pile cap, $1.5\times2.3m$, in contact with the ground surface. At the maximum load of 320ton, the pile cap has carried 22% of the total load. Average ultimate capacity of pile in the pile group was estimated to be 16.4ton, substantially higher than that of single pile, installed at the corner and tested before pile cap construction. For the same magnitude of settlement, the pile in the center carried less load than the pile at the perimeter due to strain superposition effect. Piles in the group showed almost constant contribution(approx. 60%) of side friction to the total capacity for all of the loading stages, while that of single pile decreased from 82% to 65%.

• Journal of the Computational Structural Engineering Institute of Korea
• /
• v.16 no.4
• /
• pp.353-367
• /
• 2003

This paper describes the extension of the numerical model, which was developed to simulate the nonlinear behavior of reinforced concrete (RC) structures subjected to monotonic in plane shear and introduced in the companion paper, to simulate effectively the behavior of RE structures under cyclic loadings. While maintaining all the basic assumptions adopted in defining the constitutive relations of concrete under monotonic loadings, a hysteretic stress strain relation of concrete, which across the tension compression region, is defined. In addition, unlike previous simplified stress strain relations, curved unloading and reloading branches inferred from the stress strain relation of steel considering the Bauschinger effect we used. The modifications of the stress strain relation of steel are also introduced to reflect pinching effect depending on the shear span ratio and an average stress distribution in a cracked RC element. Finally, correlation studies between analytical results and experimental studies are conducted to establish the validity of the proposed model.

• Proceedings of the Korean Nuclear Society Conference
• /
• 1996.05c
• /
• pp.359-364
• /
• 1996

'93.4월에 고리원자력 4호기 운전중(원자로 출력 100%, 발전기 출력 975MWe) 주증기 차단밸브 (MSIV)의 닫힘으로 인해 발전소가 정지되었다. 밸브분해 점검결과 밸브스템이 Back Seat Ring 조립부위 Notch 부위에서 Steam Flow와 평행한 방향으로 절단되어, 밸브스템의 손상원인을 규명하기 위한 본 연구에서는 피로해석절차도에 따라 S-N 곡선에 근거하여 피로해석을 수행하였다. 피로해석결과 밸브스템의 초기균열 생성원인은 Stem Notch 부위의 제작결함과 발전소 정지시 밸브를 급속히 닫을 때 작용하는 충격하중등에 의해 발생된 것으로 추정되며 인장평균응력과 관내 유체의 진동하중의 변동응력이 조합하여 피로균열을 가속시켜 파손을 일으킨 것으로 사교된다.

• Journal of the korean Society of Automotive Engineers
• /
• v.13 no.3
• /
• pp.19-24
• /
• 1991

본 고에서는 자동차 안전대책중에서 One-box car의 전면충돌 안전대책에 대하여 개략적으로 소개하고자 한다. 1. 충돌기본식 1/2M$V^{2}$=F.S에서 에너지 흡수율이 frame의 변형 평균 하중과 차체 변형량에 좌우된다. 2. frame 형상은 굽힘형보다 압축형이 동일한 변형구간에서 월등한 충돌에너지를 흡수한다. 3. 압축형 frame의 에너지 흡수효과는 main-frame의 버팀강도가 e.a-frame의 변형 하중보다 강해야만 그 효과를 충분히 얻을 수 있다.

• Proceedings of the KSME Conference
• /
• 2004.11a
• /
• pp.220-225
• /
• 2004

The mesh-insensitive structural stress procedure by Dong is modified to apply to the welded joints with local thickness variation and inignorable shear/normal stresses along local discontinuity surface. In order to make use of the structural stress based K solution for fatigue correlation of welded joints, a proper crack growth model needs to be developed. There exist some significant discrepancies in inferring the slope or crack growth exponent in the conventional Paris law regime. Two-stage crack growth model was not considered since its applications are focused upon the fatigue behavior in welded joints in which the load ratio effects are considered negligible. In this paper, a two-stage crack growth law considering high mean loading is proposed and proven to be effective in unifying the so-called anomalous short crack growth data.

• Journal of the Korean GEO-environmental Society
• /
• v.22 no.12
• /
• pp.41-50
• /
• 2021

This study investigated the changes in engineering characteristics of sand-tire chip mixtures during repetitive loading. To quantify the changes in the maximum shear modulus according to the tire chip content in the mixtures and the particle size ratio between sand particle and tire chip, the samples were prepared with tire chip content of TC = 0, 10, 20, 40, 60, and 100%, and the particle size ratios SR were also set to be SR = 0.44, 1.27, 1.87, and 4.00. The stress of the prepared sample was applied through a pneumatic cylinder. The experiment was conducted in the order of static loading (= 50 kPa), cyclic loading (= 50-150 kPa), static loading (= 400 kPa) and unloading. The stress applied to tested mixtures was controlled by a pressure panel and a pneumatic valve by using an air compressor. The shear wave velocity was measured during static and cyclic loadings by installing bender elements at the upper and lower caps of the mold. The results demonstrated that the change in maximum shear modulus of all tested materials with varying SR during repetitive loading is the most significant when TC ~ 40%. In addition, the mixture with smaller SR at a given TC shows greater increase in maximum shear modulus during repetitive loading.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Agricultural Machinery Conference
• /
• 2017.04a
• /
• pp.51-51
• /
• 2017

정식기는 주로 노외에서 사용되므로 사용자에 따라 극심한 작업환경 하에 놓일 수 있다. 사용 중 정식기 호퍼에 토양이나 자갈, 돌 등에 의해 반복적인 하중이 가해지거나 순간적인 충격하중이 가해져 취약부가 파손될 가능성이 있으므로, 토양과 직접 맞닿는 삽날부의 경우 내구성을 고려한 설계/제작이 필수적이다. 본 연구에서는 보행형 반자동 정식기 개발에서 고추묘와 같은 초장이 긴 작물의 묘를 효과적으로 이식할 수 있도록 개선된 삽날에 대해 기존 삽날과 강도 및 강성을 비교하고, 그 결과가 삽날의 내구성에 미칠 영향에 대하여 고찰하였다. 실험에는 양날 개폐 방식의 기존 및 개선삽날 2종이 사용되었으며, 각각 3회씩 정적 강도를 평가하였다. 실제 정식기 사용시 하중이 가해지는 방향은 삽날에 수직한 방향의 압축하중으로 이를 모사하여 일정변위 속도로 삽날에 하중을 가하였으며, 시험 진행시 DAQ 시스템을 통해 실시간으로 하중 및 변위 데이터를 저장하여 시험 종료 후 해당 데이터를 이용하여 $P-{\delta}$ 선도를 도출하였다. 시험 결과 기존삽날의 평균 최대하중이 개선삽날에 비해 높은 것으로 나타났으며, 최대 하중이 나타나는 지점의 변위의 경우, 기존삽날이 개선삽날에 비해 짧게 나타났다. 정적 강도측면에서 개선삽날이 기존삽날에 비해 최대 강도가 낮은 것으로 판단할 수 있으나, 실제 호퍼의 내구성에 영향을 줄 수 있는 주요 인자는 반복적으로 가해지는 비교적 낮은 수준의 충격하중으로 볼 수 있다. 이러한 관점에서 볼 때 일정 수준 이상의 강도를 가지면서, 기존삽날에 비해 낮은 강성을 가지는 개선삽날이 변형을 통한 충격에너지 흡수로 오히려 삽날 조립체(호퍼)의 내구성 측면에서 유리할 수 있다. 따라서 향후에는 기존 및 개선삽날을 적용한 호퍼에 대해 피로시험을 수행하여 관련 내용을 실험적으로 검증하고자 한다.

• Journal of the Korean GEO-environmental Society
• /
• v.23 no.12
• /
• pp.25-31
• /
• 2022

Unlike structures installed on land, the structures installed on the offshore ground must consider long-term cyclic loads such as wave loads, wind loads and tidal loads at sea. Therefore, it is important to analyze the behavior of the ground subjected to long-term cyclic loads in order to design a structure installed on the ocean ground. In this paper, cyclic simple shear tests were performed to analyze the ground behavior for long-term cyclic loads according to the confining pressure, and a three-dimensional design failure curve was prepared that can easily check the failure characteristics according to the confining pressure. As a result of the analysis, it was confirmed that the position of the design failure curve is different depending on the confining pressure even under the same conditions of the cyclic shear stress ratio and the average shear stress ratio, and the number of cyclic loads reaching failure is affected by the confining pressure. From the created 3-D design failure curve under different confining pressure, the tendency and approximate value of the design failure curve according to the confining pressure can be estimated.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
• /
• v.29 no.4C
• /
• pp.145-151
• /
• 2009

In general, a drilled shaft embedded in weathered rock has a large load bearing capacity. Therefore, most of the load tests are performed only up to the load level that confirms the pile design load capacity, and stopped much before the ultimate load of the pile is attained. If a reliable ultimate load value can be extracted from the premature load test data, it will be possible to greatly improve economic efficiency as well as pile design quality. The main purpose of this study is to propose a method for judging the reliability of the ultimate load of piles that is obtained from extrapolated load test data. To this aim, ten static load test data of load-displacement curves were obtained from testing of piles to their failures from 3 different field sites. For each load-displacement curve, loading was assumed as 25%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, and 90% of the actual pile bearing capacity. The limited known data were then extrapolated using the hyperbolic function, and the ultimate capacity was re-determined for each extrapolated data by the Davisson method (1972). Statistical analysis was performed on the reliability of the re-evaluated ultimate loads. The results showed that if the ratio of the maximum-available displacement to the predicted displacement exceeds 0.6, the extrapolated ultimate load may be regarded as reliable, having less than a conservative 20% error on average. The applicability of the proposed method of judgment was also verified with static load test data of driven piles.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
• /
• v.50 no.3
• /
• pp.156-161
• /
• 2012

Purpose: This study was conducted to obtain difference in fracture strength according to the diameter of one-body O-ring-type of mini implant fixture, to determine the resistance of mini implant to masticatory pressure, and to examine whether overdenture using O-ring type mini implant is clinically usable to maxillary and mandibular edentulous patients. Materials and methods: For this study, 13 mm long one body O-ring-type mini implants of different diameters (2.0 mm, 2.5 mm and 3.0 mm) (Dentis, Daegu, Korea) were prepared, 5 for each diameter. The sample was placed at $30^{\circ}$ from the horizontal surface on the universal testing machine, and off-axis loading was applied until permanent deformation occurred and the load was taken as maximum compressive strength. The mean value of the 5 samples was calculated, and the compressive strength of implant fixture was compared according to diameter. In addition, we prepared 3 samples for each diameter, and applied loading equal to 80%, 60% and 40% of the compressive strength until fracture occurred. Then, we measured the cycle number on fracture and analyzed fatigue fracture for each diameter. Additionally, we measured the cycle number on fracture that occurred when a load of 43 N, which is the average masticatory force of complete denture, was applied. The difference on compressive strength between each group was tested statistically using one-way ANOVA test. Results: Compressive strength according to the diameter of mini implant was $101.5{\pm}14.6N$, $149{\pm}6.1N$ and $276.0{\pm}13.4N$, respectively, for diameters 2.0 mm, 2.5 mm and 3.0 mm. In the results of fatigue fracture test at 43 N, fracture did not occur until $2{\times}10^6$ cycles at diameter 2.0 mm, and until $5{\times}10^6$ cycles at 2.5 mm and 3.0 mm. Conclusion: Compressive strength increased significantly with increasing diameter of mini implant. In the results of fatigue fracture test conducted under the average masticatory force of complete denture, fracture did not occur at any of the three diameters. All of the three diameters are usable for supporting overdenture in maxillary and mandibular edentulous patients, but considering that the highest masticatory force of complete denture is 157 N, caution should be used in case diameter 2.0 mm or 2.5 mm is used.