• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.108 no.3
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• pp.372-381
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• 2019

This study was conducted to find proof for the hypothesis that the God tree of Chosun has been misrepresented in Chosun-Gersu-Nosu-Myungmokji (CGNM). The following results were obtained. First, it was established that 64 species and 3170 trees were recorded in CGNM. An old, big tree is classified as a God tree if linked to it there are testimonies and legends about divine elements, and it is classified as a Noble tree if linked to it there are testimonies and legends of historical elements. In total, 2632 trees of eight species were analyzed, from the Zelkova serrata, which has the greatest number of trees, to the eighth most frequent, Abies holophylla. The means of diameter at breast height (DBH), height, and age of the God and the Noble trees were calculated for each of the eight species. In seven out of eight species, the DBH and age of the Noble tree were more than those of the God tree. In addition, the height of the Noble tree was more than that of the God tree in six out of eight species. The fact that the God tree is smaller than the Noble tree, contrary to the common expectation that the Noble tree is a small size tree, was confirmed. This hypothesis was proved by the data gathered. Second, the Japanese Government-General of Korea has pursued a policy to defeat the village ritual based on the God tree being linked with superstition. For such a policy, the God tree should be small and unattractive, and it would have been good for the tree to be superstitious. The CGNM was created as explanatory material or evidence for distorting the sacredness of the God tree of Chosun. Third, CGNM compiled a chronological order of DBH data to make it easy to explain the fabricated facts that the God tree of Chosun is smaller and dwarfed compared to the Noble tree.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.100-104
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• 2004

Two species of Phytophthora were isolated from a leaf blight disease found on castor bean plants growing at a residential area of Hwanggeum-dong in Daegu city. One species was producing conspicuously papillate, noncaducous, ovoid to obpyriform sporangia, 31.2-58.5 ${\times}$ 25.4-44.1 ${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$ in range with an average of 46.4 $\pm$ 6.5 ${\times}$ 35.9 $\pm$ 4.7 ${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$ on simple sympodial sporangiophores, was heterothallic with oogonia globose, 22.5-35.0 ${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$ with an average of 30 $\pm$ 3.3 ${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$ in diameter, oospores plerotic, 18.8-30.0 ${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$ in range averaging 25.4 $\pm$ 2.8 ${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$, and with antheridia amphigynous. This species was identified as P. nicotianae Breda de Haan. The other species produced papillate, caducous, ovoid to ellipsoid sporangia with pedicel, 21.5-54.6 ${\times}$ 17.6-34.3 ${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$ in range with an average of 41.7 $\pm$ 7.1 ${\times}$ 28.4 $\pm$ 4.0 ${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$, and was heterothallic with oogonia globose, 21.3-26.8 ${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$ with an average of 23.0 $\pm$ 1.6 ${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$ in diameter, oospores plerotic, 17.5-23.8 ${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$ in range averaging 20.2 $\pm$ 1.8 ${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$, and with antheridia amphigynous. This species was identified as P. palmivora (Butler) Butler. Both species produced chlamydospores. Pathogenicity of the 2 speices was confirmed by foliar inoculation of castor bean seedlings. Both species have been reported to infect castor bean plants in a few foreign countries but it is the first that a disease of castor bean plants caused by either or both of the species was found in Korea.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.105-113
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• 2001

This study was conducted to reveal the effects of local climatic conditions on the vegetative growth in a mature stand of Korean white pine based on climatic estimates. For this, the annual increments of stand variables such as DBH, height, basal area and volume were measured and estimated for seven years from 1974 to 1980. The local climatic conditions in the study site were also estimated by both a topoclimatological method and a spatial statistical technique. The local climatic conditions were then correlated with and regressed on the growth factors to reveal the relationships between the climatic estimates and the growth. It is found that relatively high temperatures had positive effects on the diameter growth. The yearly diameter growth increased when each of mean, maximum, and minimum temperature during the growing season was high. Height growth showed positively significant correlation with three climatic variables. The most important variable influencing height growth was the average of maximum temperature for 10 months from January to October. It means that the higher the average of maximum temperature for 10 months from January to October is, the more height growth of Korean white pine increases. Other climatic variables related to height growth were average of minimum temperature for 3 months in the early growing season and mean relative humidity for the growing season. Six climatic variables related to temperature had effects on basal area increment and all of them were positively correlated with basal area increment. Especially, temperatures from January to March were important factors affecting the basal area increment. In volume increment, high correlation was also recognized with most of temperature variables. This tendency was the same as the results in diameter and hight increments. This means that the volume growth increases when temperatures during the growing season are relatively high.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.147-156
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• 2007

The dorsal lingual papillae of Myotis macrodactylus were investigated morphologically using scanning electron microscopy. Three types of lingual papillae from Myotis macrodactylus were recognized. The filiform(Fi) papillae were distributed over the entire dorsal surface of the tongue, and they could be classified into 5 types of papillae by the shape, size and number of the protrusion. Type I was distributed on dorsal surface of the apex in the anterior region of the tongue, has a crow-like shape with ten to fifteen formed projections. Type II was located in the medial portion of the anterior region of the tongue, has an eight to ten spin-like protrusion. Type III was distributed on the medial portion of the tongue, has a scale-like papille with five to seven protrusion. Type IV was distributed on the both lateral portion of the posterior region of the tongue, has a small conical papillae, does not have needle projection. Type V have not needle projection, a large of conical papillae, on the both lateral portion of the posterior region of the tongue. Most Fu(Fungiform) papillae were distributed the both lateral region or medial portion of the posterior region of the tongue, has a round or oval shape with $40{\sim}45$ papillae. The small $(65{\mu}m)$, meddle $(75{\mu}m)$ and large $(120{\mu}m)$ fungiform papillae were distributed on dorsal surface of the apex in the anterior, the both lateral portions and medial portion of the posterior region of the tongue, respectively. Two large oval vallate (V) papillae are located in the medial portion of the posterior region of the tongue. In conclusion, the morphology of lingual papillae is useful to determine species relationship among Myotis species. It suggests that the difference of types and number of lingual papillae caused by the difference of food habit.

• Journal of the Society of Naval Architects of Korea
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.41-47
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• 2002

Turbulent wake behind a ship propeller has been investigated using the adaptive hybrid 2-frame PTV(Particle Tracking Velocimetry). 400 instantaneous velocity fields were measured according to 4 different blade phases and ensemble-averaged to investigate the spatial evolution of the vortical structure of near wake within one propeller diameter downstream. The phase averaged mean velocity fields show the potential wake and the viscous wake formed by the boundary layers developed on the blade surfaces. As the tip vortex evolves downstream, the slipstream is contracted and the turbulent intensity is decreased with viscous dissipation and turbulent diffusion.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.59-63
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• 1971

In the light of the fact that Cryptorrhynchus lapathy Linne (Coleoptera: Cur-culionidae) is an important past of poplar in korea the Bionomics of the insect were studied to get some basic informations for controlling the insect. The results obtaind are as follows; 1. The poplar and willow borer has one generation in a year overwintering with egg. 2. The pupation stage was from the middle Julne to the middle July. 3. The adult appears from the early July to the middle August. 4. The average length of body of adult was about 8.5cm with female, 7.9cm with male and the length of pupa was about 11.3cm. 5. The average longevities of adults were about 30 days with mate and 40 days with female. 6. The length of damage hole were about 10.3cm. 7. The egg-laying period was from July to August.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.50 no.4
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• pp.690-695
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• 2012

Gas hydrate is an inclusion compound consisting of water and low molecular weight gases, which are incorporated into the lattice structure of water. Owing to its promising aspect to application technologies, gas hydrate has been widely studied recently, especially $CO_2$ hydrate for the CCS (Carbon Capture and Storage) issue. The key point of $CO_2$ hydrate technology for the CCS is how to produce gas hydrate in an efficient and economic way. In this study, we have tried to study the characteristic of gas hydrate formation using micro-sized ice through an ultrasonic nozzle which generate 2.4 MHz frequency wave. $CO_2$ as a carrier gas brings micro-sized mist into low-temperature reactor, where the mist and carrier gas forms $CO_2$ hydrate under $-55^{\circ}C$ and atmospheric pressure condition and some part of the mist also remains unreacted micro-sized ice. Formed gas hydrate was average 10.7 of diameter at average. The starting ice particle was set to constant pressure to form $CO_2$ hydrate and the consumed amount of $CO_2$ gas was simultaneously measured to calculate the conversion of ice into gas hydrate. Results showed that the gas hydrate formation was highly suitable because of its extremely high gas-solid contact area, and the formation rate was also very high. Self-preservation effect of $CO_2$ hydrate was confirmed by the measurement of $CO_2$ hydrate powder at normal and at pressed state, which resulted that this kind of gas storage and transport could be feasible using $CO_2$ hydrate formation.

• Journal of Korea Foresty Energy
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.69-80
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• 2001

Larix kaemferi Carr. is one of main timber species in Korea that could be found in plantations and growing stands on all over the country The proper practice of thinning is one of very important techiques in silviculture, which greatly affects the quality and size of timber produced. Proper thinning period is considered to be important for maintaining stand growth before competition initiated. To investigate suitable thinning period, this study investigates the volume and radial growths of Larix kaemferi plantation in Mt. Worak located in the central part of Korea. The main findings and conclusions obtained from this study were as follow ; (1) The tree height curve equation for Larix kaemferi in Mt. Worak was calculated H=4.25783+0.80024D(H=Tree height, D=DBH). (2) To estimate tree volume for Larix kaemferi by DBH and tree height or only by DBH, regression equations were calculated as V=0.00147-0.002095D-0.000211H+0.00015D.H++$0.000744D^2$+$0.000008H^2$(V=Volume(($m^3$), H=Tree height(m), D=DBH(cm)), V=0.0000794-0.000512D+$0.000826D^2$. (3) The criteria of estimating thinning time of Larix kaemferi are the age when maximum tree height-MAI(mean annual increment) obtained and the age when annual DBH increments of dead trees decrease to below average. (4) The age of maximum tree height MAI was not significantly correlated with stocking. Therefore, it can not be used as a criterion for estimating thinning time of Larix kaemferi (5) The estimated thinning time equation of Larix kaemferi was obtained by regression analysis of the disk section collected from dead trees. The obtained equation is Y=0.2825+0.01752X(Y=Desirable thinning age, X=the sum total of nearest 4-trees interval(cm)). (6) General estimated thinning age of Larix kaemferi, which planted 3,086 stocks/ha, is concluded as 12 to 14 year.

• Proceedings of the KOR-BRONCHOESO Conference
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• 1982.05a
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• pp.9.1-9
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• 1982

The authors have measured various dimensions of the larynx of twenty adult cadavers. (male; 13, female; 7) The result were as follows, 1) Transverse diameter between the greater horns of the hyoid bone; M.52.58mm, F.43.07mm. 2) Transverse diameter between the lesser horns of the hyoid bone; M.36.20mm, F.30.20mm. 3) Transverse diameter of the thyroid cartilage; M.50.58mm, F.42.58mm. 4) Transverse diameter of the cricoid cartlage; M.30.14mm, F.26.94mm. 5) Distance from the lower margin of the hyoid bone to the thyroid notch; M.12.83mm, F.10.92mm. 6) Distance from the lower margin of the thyroid cartilage to the lower margin of the cricoid cartilage; M.16.40mm, F.10.26mm. 7) Distance from the upper margin of the thyroid cartilage to the lower margin of the cricoid cartilage; M.34.65mm, F.34.61mm. 8) Anteroposterior diameter of the cricoid cartilage; M.25.32mm, F.20.01mm. 9) Transverse diameter of the epiglottis; M.29.32mm, F.22.08mm. 10) Vertical diameter of the epiglottis; M.35.90mm, F.27.90mm. 11) Transverse diameter between the cuneiform tubercles; M.17.69mm, F.13.52mm. 12) Length of the vocal fold; M.11.61mm, F.10.40mm. 13) Transvers diameter of the vocal fold; M.18.62mm, F.18.27mm. 14) Distance from the upper margin of the epiglottis to the vocal fold; M.42.45mm, F.34.52mm. 15) Anteroposterior length of the vocal fold; M.19.25mm, F.10.70mm.

• Journal of the Korean Vacuum Society
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.365-373
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• 2008

We have succeeded in synthesizing vertically aligned thin multi-walled carbon nanotubes (VA thin-MWCNTs) by a catalytic chemical vapor deposition (CCVD) method onto Fe/Al thin film deposited on a Si wafers using an optimum amount of hydrogen sulfide ($H_2S$) additive. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images revealed that the as-synthesized CNT arrays were vertically well-oriented perpendicular to the substrate with relatively uniform length. Transmission electron microscope (TEM) observations indicated that the as-grown CNTs were nearly catalyst-free thin-MWCNTs with small outer diameters of less than 10nm. The average wall number is about 5. We suggested a possible growth mechanism of the VA thin-MWCNT arrays. The VA thin-MWCNTs showed a low turn-on electric field of about $1.1\;V/{\mu}m$ at a current density of $0.1\;{\mu}A/cm^2$ and a high emission current density about $2.5\;mA/cm^2$ at a bias field of $2.7\;V/{\mu}m$. Moreover, the VA thin-MWCNTs presented better field emission stability without degradation over 20 hours (h) at the emission current density of about $1\;mA/cm^2$.