• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.57 no.3
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• pp.219-225
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• 2012

Seed size has been considered as an effective criteria for selection of the most vigorous seeds in sorghum [(Sorghum bicolor (L) Moench]. The smaller seeds were inferior to the larger sizes in emergence and grain yield. This study was conducted to determine germination rate, field emergence and vigor of sorghum for selection of high quality seed by different seed size. Sorghum cultivar of two (Hwanggeumchal and Tojong) were separated into five seed size proportion (<2.36, 2.80, 3.15, 3.35 and >3.55 mm diam.) according to seed size. The larger seed was more higher 1,000 seeds weight, seed density, carbohydrates and protein content. Total seed germination performing varied 92% at the largest size (>3.55 mm diam.) frequently inferior to slightly 67% at smaller seed (2.36 to 2.80 mm diam.) in the standard germination test. Seed size did have a significant effect on mean emergence time (MET) and maximum emergence rate index (ERI) and percentage of emergence. It should be noted that the results refer to MET of sorghum seeds ranging from 4.26 to 4.74 days. The relationship of seed size was not only to stand establishment but to grain yield. Yield was most affected by seed size and large seeds were superior to the smaller seed in 25~37% of the cases. Especially, yield was significant under 3.15 mm the beginning.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.57 no.3
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• pp.271-279
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• 2012

Total twenty cultivars of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) were grown at Gangneung where is located in low land of Korea. Their tubers were harvested from 100 to 120 days after planting, and over 150 g of tubers were selected for quality evaluation. Dry matter, starch, amylose in starch, ascorbic acid, protein, individual sugars and mineral were analyzed and mealiness of cooked potatoes were also evaluated by panel test. Dry mater content was the highest in 'Haryeong', 'Jayoung' and 'Shepody', and the biggest starch granules were observed in 'Jayoung' and 'Sinnamjak'. In addition, the content of amylose was highest in 'Haryeong', 'Chudong' and 'Goun'. Mineral content showed the slight difference between cultivars, but it's tendency was not clear. Vitamin C content was highest in 'Jayoung' as 62.5 $mg{\cdot}100g^{-1}$ FW, and 'Chugang' exhibited the highest content of protein. Sugar content was lower in cultivars for single one than double cropping. The lowest sugar content was observed in 'Atlantic' and 'Namseo' among cultivars for single cropping, and in 'Goun' for double cropping. As a result of analysis for quality factors, we could select nine cultivars ('Atlantic', 'Gahwang', 'Gawon', 'Goun', 'Hareong', 'Irish Cobbler', 'Jasim', 'Jayoung' and 'Shepody') with high dry matter content and low reducing sugar as a cultivar group for processing. Additionally, seven cultivars ('Chugang', 'Gawon', 'Goun', 'Hareong', 'Irish Cobbler', 'Jasim' and 'Seohong') with high mealiness and amylose content and five cultivars ('Atlantic', 'Chudong', 'Gahwang', 'Jopung' and 'Jowon') with low mealiness and amylose content were classified as groups for boiled or steam cooking and for soup or pot dishes, respectively.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.49 no.2
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• pp.121-134
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• 2016

We characterize the spatial distribution of Cobalt-rich ferromanganese crusts covering the summit and slopes of a seamount in the western Pacific, using acoustic backscatter from multibeam echo sounders (MBES) and seafloor video observation. Based on multibeam bathymetric data, we identify that ~70% of the summit area of this flattopped seamount has slope gradients less than $5^{\circ}$. The histogram of the backscatter intensity data shows a bi-modal distribution, indicating significant variations in seabed hardness. On the one hand, visual inspection of the seafloor using deep-sea camera data exhibits that the steep slope areas with high backscatter are mainly covered by manganese crusts. On the other hand, the visual analyses for the summit reveal that the summit areas with relatively low backscatter are covered by sediments. The other summit areas, however, exhibit high acoustic reflectivity due to coexistence of manganese crusts and sediments. Comparison between seafloor video images and acoustic backscatter intensity suggests that the central summit has relatively flat topography and low backscatter intensity resulting from unconsolidated sediments. In addition, the rim of the summit and the slopes are of high acoustic reflectivity because of manganese crusts and/or bedrock outcrops with little sediments. Therefore, we find a strong correlation between the acoustic backscatter data acquired from sea-surface multibeam survey and the spatial distribution of sediments and manganese crusts. We propose that analyzing acoustic backscatter can be one of practical methods to select optimal minable areas of the ferromanganese crusts from seamounts for future mining.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.63-79
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• 2008

Physicochemical characteristics of stream water, leachate, mine water and groundwater were investigated to estimate the influences of the tailing and waste rock from the abandoned Uljin mine area. Total extraction analysis and mineralogical studies were carried out to understand sulfide weathering and to determine the distributions of trace elements in the soil affected by mine waste (tailing, waste rock and leachate). The pH and EC value of the leachate from the tailing disposal ranged 2.9-6.0, $99{\sim}3,990{\mu}S/cm$, respectively, and the concentrations of dissolved major (up to 492 mg/l Ca; 83.8 mg/l Mg; 45.2 mg/l Na; 44.7 mg/l K, 50.8 mg/l Si) and trace elements (up to $826,060{\mu}g/l$ Fe; $131,230{\mu}g/l$ Mn; $333,600{\mu}g/l$ Al; $61,340{\mu}g/l$ Zn; $2,530{\mu}g/l$ Cu; $573{\mu}g/l$ Cd; $476{\mu}g/l$ Pb) were relatively high. The stream water showed the variation of dissolved metal concentrations in seasonally and spatially. The dissolved metal contents of the stream water increased by influx the leachate from the tailing disposal, but these of the down stream have been considerably decreased by mixing of dilute tributaries. The dissolved metal concentrations of the stream water at dry season (as February) were lower than these at rainy season (as May and July). These represent that the amounts of the leachate varied with season. However, stream water could not be effectively diluted by confluence with uncontaminated tributaries, because the flux of tributaries and streams reduced at dry season. Thus attenuations by dilution had been dominantly happened in rainy seasons. The order of accumulations of trace element in soils compared with background values revealed Mn>Fe>Pb>Cu>Zn. Sulfide minerals were mainly pyrrhotite, sphalerite and galena and chalcopyrite. Pyrrhotite was rapidly weathered along the edge and fractures, and results in the formation of Fe-(oxy)hydroxides, which absorbed a little amount of Zn.

• Journal of the Society of Disaster Information
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.135-147
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• 2015

Recent underground common utility tunnels are underground facilities for jointly accommodating more than 2 kinds of air-conditioning and heating facilities, vacuum dust collector, information processing cables as well as electricity, telecommunications, waterworks, city gas, sewerage system required when citizens live their daily lives and facilities responsible for the central function of the country but it is difficult to cope with fire accidents quickly and hard to enter into common utility tunnels to extinguish a fire due to toxic gases and smoke generated when various cables are burnt. Thus, in the event of a fire, not only the nerve center of the country is paralyzed such as significant property damage and loss of communication etc. but citizen inconveniences are caused. Therefore, noticing that most fires break out by a short circuit due to electrical works and degradation contact due to combustible cables as the main causes of fires in domestic and foreign common utility tunnels fire cases that have occurred so far, the purpose of this paper is to scientifically analyze the behavior of a fire by producing the model of actual common utility tunnels and reproducing the fire. A fire experiment was conducted in a state that line type fixed temperature detector, fire door, connection deluge set and ventilation equipment are installed in underground common utility tunnels and transmission power distribution cables are coated with fire proof paints in a certain section and heating pipes are fire proof covered. As a result, in the case of Type II, the maximum temperature was measured as $932^{\circ}C$ and line type fixed temperature detector displayed the fire location exactly in the receiver at a constant temperature. And transmission power distribution cables painted with fire proof paints in a certain section, the case of Type III, were found not to be fire resistant and fire proof covered heating pipes to be fire resistant for about 30 minutes. Also, fire simulation was carried out by entering fire load during a real fire test and as a result, the maximum temperature is $943^{\circ}C$, almost identical with $932^{\circ}C$ during a real fire test. Therefore, it is considered that fire behaviour can be predicted by conducting fire simulation only with common utility tunnels fire load and result values of heat release rate, height of the smoke layer, concentration of O2, CO, CO2 etc. obtained by simulation are determined to be applied as the values during a real fire experiment. In the future, it is expected that more reliable information on domestic underground common utility tunnels fire accidents can be provided and it will contribute to construction and maintenance repair effectively and systematically by analyzing and accumulating experimental data on domestic underground common utility tunnels fire accidents built in this study and fire cases continuously every year and complementing laws and regulations and administration manuals etc.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.31-40
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• 1986

Cylindrical and conical types of grain-straw separation equipment which has a stationary crimped sieve drum with rotating inner rotor were constructed. The developed equipments were tested to investigate the characteristics of separating performance under various mechanical conditions and crop conditions. As increase of the inclination of equipment and decrease of pitch of cover vane, the grain recovery was increased while straw rejection was decreased. The grain recovery and overall efficiency were decreased as the rotor speed and feeding velocity were increased for both varieties of rice, moisture contents, and test equipments. Conical prototype equipment performed higher straw rejection, lower grain recovery, and lower power requirement. However, separation performance of conical type equipment was more widely varied with various test conditions compared to cylindrical one. The performance of both equipments showed relatively insensitive to crop feedrate and crop properties, such as variety, moisture content, and grain-to-straw ratio.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.15 no.5
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• pp.417-426
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• 2002

Inductively Coupled Plasma Dynamic Reaction Cell Quadrupole Mass Spectrometry (ICP-DRC-QMS) was characterized for the detection of the six naturally occurring calcium isotopes. The effect of the operating conditions of the DRC system was studied to get the best signal-to-noise ratio. This experiment shows that the potentially interfering ions such as $Ar^+$, ${CO_2}^+$, ${NO_2}^+$, $CNO^+$ at the calcium masses m/z 40, 42, 43, 44 and 48 were removed by flowing $NH_3$ gas at the rate of 0.7 mL/min $NH_3$ as reactive cell gas in the DRC with a RPq value (rejection parameter) of 0.6. The limits of detection for $^{40}Ca$, $^{42}Ca$, $^{43}Ca$, $^{44}Ca$, and $^{48}Ca$ were 1, 29, 169, 34, and 15 pg/mL, respectively. This method was applied to the determination of calcium in synthetic food digest samples (CCQM-P13) provided by LGC for international comparison. The isotope dilution method was used for the determination of calcium in the samples. The uncertainty evaluation was performed according to the ISO/GUM and EURACHEM guidelines. The determined mean concentration and its expanded uncertainty of calcium was ($66.4{\pm}1.2$) mg/kg. In order to assess our method, two reference samples, Riverine Water reference sample (NRCC SLRS-3) and Trace Elements in Water reference sample (NIST SRM 1643d), were analyzed.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.44 no.6
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• pp.739-746
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• 2002

We investigated the effect of fig fermented product(FFP) supplementation on growth performance, serum profile, carcass performance, meat performance and meat quality in 10 bulls of Korean cattle. Concentrates diet was supplemented with substrate fermented from fig fruit and leaves at 10% of the diet. The feed intake of FFP were slightly higher than the control, but the final weight showed no sifnificant difference between the two. Daily weight gain and feed intake were increased in FFP. The serum profile had no significant difference in the treatment. In carcass performance, the meat quantity grade of the treatment had no significant difference, but in meat quality grade the marbling score of FFP was significantly(P<0.05) increased therefore it showed a positive effect on meat quality grade. Also there was no significant(P<0.05) difference of meat cut performance in the treatment. Due to the proximate characteristics of longissimuss muscles the crude fat content of the FFP was significantly(P<0.05) increased. There was no significant difference(P<0.05) in physical characteristics ; pH level, meat color and heat loss of the treatment, but the shear force value and the cholesterol content of FFP significantly(P<0.05) decreased. Crude fat was increased(P<0.05) and cooking loss, shear force and cholesterol concentration were decreased. In fatty acids composition of the FFP, the linoleic acid from the longissimus increased significantly(P<0.05). In subcutaneous fat of longissimus of the FFP, C16:0(palmitic acid) significantly(P<0.05) decreased, but C18:1 significantly (P<0.05) increased. Therefore in FFP, the concentration of saturated fatty acid significantly decreased (P<0.05), but on the other hand the concentration of unsaturated fatty acids significantly (P<0.05) increased. In sensory evaluation of the FFP, the evaluation of odor increased slightly in a positive manner, also the appearance and the taste increased significantly(P<0.05). In conclusion when annexing additional fig fermented product to Hanwoo bulls, the carcass grade improves and the livestock production increases. Also the shear force, lower cholesterol, improved appearance and taste will open the doors to high quality meat production.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.44 no.6
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• pp.643-652
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• 2002

Data were consisted of the ten body measurements (withers height, rump height, body length, chest depth, chest width, rump width, rump length, thurls width, hipbone width and chest girth) of 642 steers (Korean cattle), which was entered in the National Beef Quality Contest hosted by the Korea Animal Improvement Association from 1997 to 2001. A principal components analysis was used to classify the body types of the steers, and estimate the correlations between carcass traits and principal components for the body measurements of the first, second, third and fourth period, respectively. The first principal component of body measurements at the first, second, third and fourth period accounted for 76.0%, 83.0%, 72.7% and 57.4% of the total variance, respectively. The sum of first, second and third principal component at each period accounted for 86.69%, 90.49%, 84.62% and 77.26% of the total variance, respectively. At each period, all the first principal component of the body measurements were positive and it generally showed large framed body shape. The size of body was influenced mostly by chest depth(0.328${\sim}$0.339) and rump length(0.325${\sim}$0.341). The second, third and fourth principal component at the each period were various. There were positive correlations between principal components index of each period and carcass traits such as carcass weight(0.539${\sim}$0.755), average daily gain(0.256${\sim}$0.564), backfat thickness(0.227${\sim}$0.280), and eye muscle area(0.187${\sim}$0.344). The correlation with yield grade index(－0.246${\sim}$－0.110), however, was negative. The correlation with marbling score(0.066${\sim}$0.099) was low or statistically insignificant. According to principal component indexes of the second, third, and fourth components, the correlations with the carcass traits were various. There were no large differences between the correlations of the single body measurement trait with the carcass traits and the correlations of the first principal component indexes with the carcass traits.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.193-199
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• 2011

The purpose of this experiment is to evaluate the stability of products according to the storage methods, the period of use, and the diurnal variations through the short term stability experiment of recombinunt protein A (rProtein A) produced in AP Tech Co. That is, we investigated how long the stability of the products would last, when we used the samples frozen at $-20^{\circ}C$, which is one of the storage conditions of the produced rProtein A and then kept them refrigerated at $4^{\circ}C$. The experiment was conducted for 8 weeks and 6 experiment points were established. The experiment was done by thawing the samples frozen at $-20^{\circ}C$ at room temperature, and then refrigerating them at $4^{\circ}C$. In addition, experiments for endotoxin, bioburden, HPLC purity, and concentration were conducted. As a result of the experiment, 0.5 EU/mg endotoxin was detected both at the beginning and at the 8th week and bioburden was not analyzed. In the case of purity, it showed 99.23~99.90% at 210 nm (RSD% 0.23%) and 100% at 280 nm, which meant the change into other materials didn't happen and there was no material degradation characteristics. Finally, we also found the fact that the concentration stayed stable at 55.15 mg/mL (RSD% 0.55%) both at the beginning and at the end. From the experiment results, we were able to conclude that the stability at the condition to store rProtein A at 4 oC for 8 weeks was procured without producing microorganisms or having material degradation characteristics.