• Composites Research
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.44-50
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• 2003

The damage zone around a crack tip occurring before the fracture is a significant domain. which affects the toughening mechanism of materials. In this study. the growth process of damage zone in the vicinity of crack tip for rubber-modified epoxy resin is investigated using an acoustic emission(AE) analysis. The weight fractions of rubber(CTBN 1300$\times$B) in rubber-modified epoxy resin are 5 wt% and 15 wt%. The fracture toughness($K_{IC}$) and the fracture energy($G_{IC}$) were measured using 3 point bending single-edge notched specimens. The damage zone and rubber particles distributed around the crack tip were observed by a polarized optical microscope and an atomic force microscope(AFM). The damage zone around crack tip of rubber-modified epoxy resin was formed at 13 % loading and developed until 57 % loading of the fracture load. The crack initiated at 57 % loading grew repeatedly in the stick-slip propagation behavior. Based on time-frequency analysis, it was confirmed that AE signals with frequency bands of 0.15~0.20 MHz and 0.20~0.30 MHz were generated from cavitation and stable/unstable cracking inside the damage zone.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.87-95
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• 1989

The fatigue crack propagation of random short fiber SMC composite material was investigated. In macroscopic viewpoint, SMC composite material was treated as isotropic material and was analyzed in terms of conventional fracture mechanics. Experiments were conducted on mode I and mixed respectively and various loading level was applied to each mode. Fatigue crack growth can be explained in three steps and most of fatigue life is consumed in initial crack growth. In this experiments, power law, i.e, da/dN=C(C.DELTA.K)$^{m}$ , between fatigue crack growth rate and stress intensity factor range, was valid and the value of the exponent m is about 10, which is much higher than that of other metals. Fracture mechanism was also investigated by SEM fractographic study.

• Geotechnical Engineering
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.35-48
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• 1991

Based on centrifuge model tests, the failure mechanism of reinforced earth retaining wall under strip load was investigated in this paper. Tests were performed by changing the materials of reinforcing strips, strip lengths, and strip arrangements. The strips were strain-gauged to measure the tensions in strips. The results were analyzed and compared with various design methosds in use to verify their feasibility. Consequently, a centrifuge model test was an effective method of investigating the behavior of reinforced earth retaining wall. The 2 : 1 stress diffusion method showed comparable results with tests in estimating the capacity of the reinforced earth wall under strip load. The superposition of tensions due to selfweight of the backfill and strip load was valid to estimate total tensions mobilized in strips. Using the elasticity theory to estimate the maximum tension mobilized in strips due to surcharge, while solutions of Boussinesq and Westergaard underestimated less tensions than the measured valises, Frohlich solution showed the comparable results with tests.

• Composites Research
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.74-79
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• 2003

Comparison of interfacial properties and microfailure mechanisms of oxygen-plasma treated poly(p-phenylene-2,6-benzobisoxazole(PBO. Zylon) and poly(p-phenylene terephthalamide)(PPTA, Kevlar) fibers/ epoxy composites were investigated using micromechanical technique and nondestructive acoustic emission(AE). Interfacial shear strength(IFSS) and work of adhesion, Wa of PBO or Kevlar fibers/epoxy composites increased by oxygen-plasma treatment. Plasma-treated Kevlar fiber shooed the maximum critical surface tension and polar term, whereas the untreated PBO fiber showed the minimum value. Microfibril fracture pattern of plasma-treated Kevlar fiber appeared obviously. Based on the propagation of microfibril failure toward core region. the number of AE events for plasma-treated PBO and Kevlar fibers increased significantly. The results oi nondestructive AE were consistent well with microfailure modes by optical observation in microdroplet and two-fiber composites tests.

• Journal of the Computational Structural Engineering Institute of Korea
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.181-187
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• 2009

After introduction of the earthquake resistant design code, it is required to achieve seismic performance of existing bridges as well as earthquake resistant design of new bridges. The achievement of seismic performance for existing bridges should satisfy the no collapse requirement based on the basic concept of earthquake resistant design, therefore, various methods with different strengthening scale should be suggested according to bridge types and importance categories. At present for typical bridges, most studied and applied strengthening methods are bearing change, pier strengthening and shear key installation for improvement of seismic performance. In this study a typical existing bridge, for which earthquake resistant design is not considered, is selected as an analysis bridge. Design changes are carried out to satisfy the no collapse requirement by way of the ductile failure mechanism and seismic performances are checked. It is shown that the seismic performance of existing bridges can be achieved by way of redesign of bridge system, e.g. determination of pier design section for substructure and change of bearing function for connections between super/sub-structure.

• Journal of Adhesion and Interface
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.17-29
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• 2002

Interfacial properties and microfailure degradation mechanisms of the bioabsorbable composites for implant materials were investigated using micromechanical technique and measurement of surface wettability. As hydrolysis time increased, the tensile strength, the modulus and the elongation of poly(ester-amide) (PEA) and bioactive glass fibers decreased, whereas those of chitosan fiber almost did not change. Interfacial shear strength (IFSS) between bioactive glass fiber and poly-L-lactide (PLLA) was much higher than PEA or chitosan fiber/PLLA systems using dual matrix composite (DMC) specimen. The decreasing rate of IFSS was the fastest in bioactive glass fiber/PLLA composites whereas that of chitosan fiber/PLLA composites was the slowest. Work of adhesion, $W_a$ between bioactive glass fiber and PLLA was the highest, and the wettability results were consistent with the IFSS. Interfacial properties and microfailure degradation mechanisms can be important factors to control bioabsorbable composite performance.

• Journal of Adhesion and Interface
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.18-27
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• 2003

Interfacial properties and microfailure degradation mechanisms of the oxygen-plasma treated biodegradable poly(p-dioxanone) (PPDO) fiber/poly(L-lactide) (PLLA)composites were investigated for the orthopedic applications as implant materials using micromechanical technique and surface wettability measurement. PPDO fiber reinforced PLLA composite can provide good mechanical performance for long hydrolysis time. The degree of degradation for PPDO fiber and PLLA matrix was measured by thermal analysis and optical observation. IFSS and work of adhesion, $W_a$ between PPDO fiber and PLLA matrix showed the maximum at the plasma treatment time, at 60 seconds. Work of adhesion was lineally proportional to the IFSS. PPDO fiber showed ductile microfailure modes at We initial state, whereas brittle microfailure modes appeared with elapsing hydrolysis time. Interfacial properties and microfailure degradation mechanisms can be important factors to control bioabsorbable composites performance because IFSS changes with hydrolytic degradation.

• Geotechnical Engineering
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.139-162
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• 1995

The possibility of the development of gas driven hydrofractures at the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant(WIPP) is investigated through analytical and numerical calculations and through laboratory experiments. First, an investigation of the chemical reactions involved shows that a large volume of gas could potentially be generated through the oxidation of iron in the waste. Simple ground water'flow calculations then show that unless regions of high permeability has been created, this gas volume will build up the pressure high enough to cause tensile damage in the horizontal planes of weakness or in the halite itself. The analytical calculations were performed using the concepts of linear elastic fracture mechanics and the numerical calculations were done using the finite element method. Also, laboratory tests were conducted to illustrate possible failure mechanisms. It is possible that after growing horizontal crack in the weaker anhydride layer, the crack could break out of this layer and propagate upward into the halite and toward the ground surface at an inclined argle of around 53$^{\circ}$ above horizontal. To prevent this latter phenomenon the anhydrite must have a fracture toughness less than 0.5590 times than that of the halite. Through the tests, three types of crack(radial vertical cracks, horizontal circular cracks and cone -shaped cracks) were observed.

• Proceedings of the Korean Geotechical Society Conference
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• 2004.03b
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• pp.348-355
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• 2004

본 연구에서는 geosynthetics로 보강된 다짐토의 보강 메카니즘을 파악하기 위한 목적으로 실내시험 및 수치계산 수행하였다. 본 연구에서 고려하는 보강 메카니즘은 전단에 의한 다짐토의 체적 팽창(부의 다일렌탄시)을 geosynthetics에 의해 구속 억제하는 과정에서 생성되는 효과로 생각한다. 먼저, 실내실험을 위한 구제직인 방법으로서, geosynthetics의 보강효과를 정량직으로 파악하기 위하여 사질토를 다짐하여 공시체를 만들어 그 주위에 geosynthetics를 설치하여 전체적으로 압축전단 시험을 실시하였다. 또한, 다짐토의 다짐도를 달리 하고 한 가지 종류만의 geosynthetics를 이용하여, 다짐토와 geosynthetics의 상호작용에 따른 압축력 변화, geosynthetics의 인장력 변화 및 공시체의 파괴 진행상황 등을 살펴보았다. 수치계산에서는 다짐토의 다일렌탄시 특성에 대하여 표현 가능한 탄소성 구성모델을 이용하였다. 또한, 탄소성 구성 모델에서의 항복 이전의 탄성영역의 거동을 묘사하기 위하여 Hashiguchi(1989)가 제안한 subloading surface의 개념을 도입하였고, 유한요소(FEM)해석을 통해 얻어진 결과들을 실내시험의 결과와 비교 분석하였으며, 그 결과 양자 양호한 결과를 얻었다.

• Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
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• 1997.07d
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• pp.1612-1614
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• 1997

고분자 절연재료의 결함에 의하여 발생하는 부분방전은 고분자 재료의 화학적, 전기적 열화를 가져오며 때로는 전기 트리로 성장하여 재료의 절연파괴에 이르게 하기도 한다. 따라서 부분 방전 현상의 메카니즘 뿐만 아니라 측정법에 대한 많은 연구들이 있었으나 부분방전 열화가 고분자 재료에 미치는 열화과정에 대하여서는 명확한 메카니즘이 보고되지 않았다. 본 논문에서는 부분방전에 의한 고분자 절연재료 내의 공간전하 축적 현상에 대하여 연구하였다. 고분자 재료로는 현재 전력용 케이블에 주로 사용되고 있는 가교 폴리에틸렌(XLPE)를 사용하였으며, 1kHz의 주파수로6kV, 8kV, 10kv 및 11kV로 수시간 부분방전을 발생시킨 후 펄스정전응력법(PEA)으로 공간전하를 측정하였다. 실험결과 부분방전에 의하여 고분자 재료 내에 이종공간전하의 주입이 확인되었으며 따라서 부분방전에 의하여 고분자 재료가 열화되며 이러한 열화에 의한 전자의 방출율의 변화와 같은 고분자 표면의 상태 변화에 의하여 부분방전의 패턴에 지배적인 영향을 미친다. 이러한 공간전하의 축적에 의하여 부분방전 현상에 미치는 영향은 추후 보고할 예정이다.