• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.64 no.4
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• pp.311-322
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• 2019

In order to establish an optimal double cropping system to obtain the maximum annual quantity, we investigated the annual productivity of whole-crop silage (WCS) rice, Jowoo (Jw), Yeongwoo (Yw), and Mogwoo (Mw), and winter feed crops (WFC), Italian ryegrass (IRG), Greenfarm (GF), rye Gogu (GU), and triticale Joseong (JS), in paddy fields of the central plains of Korea. From 2016 to 2019, each crop was subjected to two standard cultivation methods: WCS rice and WFC optimal. Using the WCS optimal mode, the average dry matter yield (DMY) of WCS rice, early flowering Jw, was 15.8 tons/ha and 21.0 for the mid-late heading Yw; there was no significant difference compared to the 19.2 tons/ha late-flowering Mw (p<0.01). The WFC were not significantly different between GF (3.2 tons/ha) and GU (4.5) sown on September 23rd, while JS was the highest at 12.6 tons/ha (p<0.001). There was a significant difference in the order of JS (16.6 tons/ha) > GF (10.5) > GU (4.7)(p<0.001) sown on October 11th. For JS sown on October 31st, the DMY was 11.8 tons/ha, which was significantly higher than that of the other two crops (p<0.05). Except for rye GU, DMY was the highest when sown on October 11th. For WFC optimal mode, the average DMY of JS was the highest at 18.3 tons/ha, which was significantly different from that of GF (10.9) and GU (9.6) (p<0.001). The DMY of WCS rice transplanted on May 10th was the highest at 23.0 tons/ha in Mw, which was not significantly different from that of Yw (21.4) but significantly different from that of Jw (15.9) (p<0.05). On transplanting on May 25th, the DMY of Mw was the highest at 24.2 tons/ha; this was not significantly different from that of Yw (20.7), but it was significantly different from that of Jw (18.6) (p<0.05). When transplanted on June 11th, the DMY was 21.3 tons/ha in Yw, which was significantly higher than the DMY of other two cultivars, Jw and Mw (p<0.05). For the WCS rice-WFC double cropping, the total annual DMY was 33.6 tons/ha with the combination of the WCS rice, Yw, and the triticale JS for WCS optimal mode. Meanwhile, the total annual DMY was 39.6 tons/ha with the combination of the triticale JS and the WCS rice, Yw, for WFC optimal mode. In conclusion, the strategies for obtaining the maximum yield of high-quality forage for WCS rice-WFC, WFC-WCS rice double cropping are as follows: 1) cultivation centered on the optimal mode of WFC, and 2) sowing the WFC, triticale JS in mid-October, harvesting the crops around the end of May and transplanting the WCS rice, Yw, in early June to obtain the maximum DMY of 39.6 tons/ha.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.310-318
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• 1991

This experiment was carried out to obtain the information on the variation of chromosome number in pollen mother cell (PMC) and somatic cell of the progeny from the cross between hexaploid triticale cv. Sinkihomil and five hexaploid wheat varieties. The results were summarized as follows: Number of uni-, bi- and tri-valent in PMC was 11.9, 14.4 and 0.44, respectively, in the F$_1$ between triticale and wheat. Significant positive correlation between the pollen fertility and seed set rate, pollen fertility and bivalent number of PMC, and seed set rate and bivalent number of PMC, and negative correlation between pollen fertility and uni-or tri-valent of PMC in the cross between triticale and wheat were detected. F$_1$ (crossed seed) had 42 chromosomes, F$_2$ and F$_1$/P$_1$ showed high frequency of hyperploid (42-49) and F$_1$/P$_2$ showed high frequency of hypoploid (36- 42), which suggest non-random segregation for somatic chromosome number. in the cross between the triticale and wheat.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.305-312
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• 1992

This experiment was carried out to investigate seed set, variation in chromosome number, and agronomic characteristics of the progeny in the cross between hexaploid triticale variety, Sinkihomil(P$_1$) and tetraploid rye variety, Dooroohomil(P$_2$). Seed set rate obtained was 30.5% in the cross of Sinkihomil with Dooroohomil, whereas 3.26% in reciprocal cross using Dooroohomil as female. Alsoseed set was 8.75% in F$_1$/P$_1$, 7.20% in F$_1$/P$_2$, and 1.53% in F$_2$(=F$_1$ /F$_1$, respectively. Germination rate of crossed seed was 37% in cross of P$_1$ with P$_2$, 39.0% in F$_1$/P$_1$(BC$_1$), 50% in F$_1$/P$_2$(BC$_2$) and 43.0% in F$_1$/F$_1$(F$_2$), and 1,000 grain wight was 20.7g in the cross of P$_1$ with P$_2$, which have 41.9g and 47.7g, respectively, 24.5g in F$_1$/P$_1$, 23.6g in F$_1$/P$_2$, and 24.5g in F$_1$/F$_1$, respectively. In pollen fertility of F$_1$ plant, 69.8% turned out to be abnormal or sterile pollen grains, whereas 30.2% was fertile or normal. In meiosis of pollen mother cell of F$_1$ plant, 13.5 univalents, 8.89 bivalent and 1.24 trivalent were appeared. Somatic chromosome number of 35 in F$_1$, both 32 to 33 and 35 to 36 in F$_2$, 35 to 39 in BC$_1$ and 28 to 36 in BC$_2$ which mean producing female gamate was 14 to 18 chromosome in PMC of F$_1$ plant. Rate of fertile plant turned out to be 100% in F$_1$, 4.5% in F$_2$, 42.9% in BC$_1$, and 50.0% in BC$_2$, respectively. Number of seed set per spike appeared to be 1.17 in F$_1$ plant, 13.3 in F$_2$, 2.36 in BC$_1$, and 3.75 in BC$_2$, respectively. Days to heading of F$_1$ was intermediate, but F$_2$ was later than both parents. Plant height of F$_1$ , BC$_1$ ,and BC$_2$ was shorter than both parent, but F$_2$, longer than both parents.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.19-24
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• 2011

It was identified as a sharp eyespot (Rhizoctonia cerealis) that the isolates from abnormal symptoms in wheat that showed yellowing leaves, necrotic spot on stem base and dead tillers. These isolates have slower growth property and fewer mycelia than Rhizoctonia solani AG-1(1A) (KACC 40106). They showed binuclear cell, same media cultural and DNA characteristics to R. cerealis. They caused same symptoms on leaves and stem base appeared in artificial inoculation test, comparing to diseased wheat fields and also affect to maturing of kernels. They have optimal growth temperature and acidity on the artificial media as $20{\sim}25^{\circ}C$ and pH 5~7, respectively. In the investigation of varietal resistance of Korean winter cereal crops to sharp eyespot, there was no resistant in wheat cultivars that all materials infected over 20% diseased ratio. 12 cultivars including 'Anbaekmil', however, considered to moderate resistance with 20 to 30% infection ratio. The others crops using in feeding, whole crop barley, oat, rye and triticale were resistant below 15% diseased degree except the rye that showed over 50% infection rate. It was the first evaluation to sharp eyespot resistance for the Korean feeding crop cultivars. Most tested Korean barley cultivars for malting and food were moderate and susceptible to the sharp eyespot. Only 3 hulled barley, 'Tapgolbori', 'Albori' and 'Seodunchalbori', showed resistance with less than 10% diseased ratio. All tested naked barley cultivars showed susceptible response to the disease.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.301-309
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• 1985

This experiment was conducted to know a substantial body of information about the differences of the important forage characteristics; green fodder yield, dry matter yield, TDN%, TDN yield and so forth of the seven cultivars selected as the forage crops (Rye, Triticale, Wheat and Barley) depending on the specific times of cutting stage, on the Wheat and Barley Research Institute from October, 1983 to June, 1984, and the results summarized as follows. Green fodder yield & dry matter weight, when clipped at 20, 30 April and 10 May, of varieties Homil #2 showed the most yielding capacity, but when clipped at 20 May, Suweon#8 (triticale) showed the most green fodder yield whereas Homil #1 the most significant dry matter weight. Plant height, in the cases of Paldanghomil, Homil #1 & Homil #2, showed distinctly longer than that of Bunong, Suweon #8 & Suweon #9 and continued to grow even after the heading date. Dry matter ratio increased with time (Dry matter yield/green fodder yield x100). TDN % decreased but TDN yield increased with time but Homil #1, Homil #2 and Paldanghomil showed relatively the higher values. In the elements of nutrient of cell wall, Suweon #8 & Bungong among 7 cultivars have good quality. The reasonable clipping date of wheat &barley as green fodder crops are 10 May to 20 May, but if clipped before 10 May and 20 May, Homil #2 and Suweon #8 became the promising forage crops, respectively.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.125-131
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• 2017

'Saeyoung', a winter triticale (X Triticosecale Wittmack) for forage, was developed at the Department of Rice and Winter Cereal Crop, NICS, RDA in 2012. The cultivar 'Saeyoung' has narrow and long leaves of light green color, middle size and thin culm, and a medium grain of brown color. The heading date and yellow ripe stage of 'Saeyoung' was May 3 and May 27, which were similar to check cultivar 'Shinyoung', respectively. 'Saeyoung' showed a little stronger in cold tolerance and a little weaker in resistance to lodging than the check, and wet injury, powdery mildew, and leaf rust were similar to those of the check cultivar. The forage fresh and dry matter yields of 'Saeyoung' at milk-ripe stages were 47.2 and $15.6MT\;ha^{-1}$, respectively, which was 9% and 4% higher than those of the check. The crude protein content of 'Saeyoung' was 0.4% lower than 6.8% of the check, while was higher than the check cultivar 'Shinyoung' in neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber. Total digestible nutrients of 'Saeyoung' was also 3% lower than 62.8% of the check cultivar. It showed grain yield of $4.1MT\;ha^{-1}$, which was 11% higher than that of the check. 'Saeyoung' is recommended for fall sowing forage crops in areas in which average daily minimum mean temperatures in January are higher than $-10^{\circ}C$.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.101-118
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• 2008

This paper reviews the present situation of Triticale cultivation and examines the potentiality of contribution to livestock as well as poultry sector in Bangladesh Agriculture. Triticale is a human-made cross between rye and durum wheat that has the ability to produce quality green fodder, and then re-grow after first and second cutting to produce grain. In Bangladesh, it is a non-traditional cereal that grows well during the cool and dry Rabi season (November-March) when fodder and feed scarcity is a major limiting factor for ruminant livestock. In Bangladesh Triticale was started to grow in the late Ninety's. The scientists of Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute (BARI) were first introduced triticale in Bangladesh. Still now the situation of Triticale is grown as fooder and feed in Bangladesh within the scientists under trial. High quality grass fodder was obtained by cutting green triticale plants twice, at 35 and 50 days after seeding, while later the ratooning tillers produced grain to a yield of 1.1-2.4 t/ha of grain for poultry feed or human food. Triticale straw was twice as nutritious as rice or wheat straw and its grain contained more protein than other cereals. Researchers and farmers have also successfully made triticale hay and silage from a mixture of triticale green cuttings, rice straw and molasses. A feeding trial at Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute(BLRI), Savar station showed a large(46%) increase in cow live weight gain and a 36% increase in milk yield (but no change in milk quality or dry matter intake) in cows fed triticale silage compared with those fed rice straw over a period of nine weeks. In another feeding trial, it was found that triticale grain was a good replacement for wheat in the feed blend for chickens in Bangladesh. So it will be a good chance to alive our livestock as well as poultry sector if triticale enters to our existing cropping system as fodder cum grain. The challenge in Bangladesh is to identify fodder technologies that match existing small-scale farmer cropping patterns without needing major inputs or increasing risks. Preliminary field experiments revealed that triticale is a crop with good potential to produce quality fodder and grain for small scale farmers in Bangladesh.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.172-179
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• 2021

This study aimed to assess the disease incidence and distribution of toxigenic in Korean triticale. The pathogen of triticale that cause Fusarium head blight were isolated from five different triticale cultivars that cultivated in Suwon Korea at 2021 year. The 72 candidate were classified as a Fusarium asiaticum by morphology analysis and by ITS1, TEF-1α gene sequence analysis. And the results of pathogenicity with 72 isolates on seedling triticale, 71 isolates were showed disease symptom. Also, seven out of 71 Fusarium isolates were inoculated on the wheat, to test the pathogenicity on the different host. The results showed more low pathogenicity on the wheat than triticale. The results of analysis of toxin type with 72 isolates, 64.6% isolates were produced nivalenol type toxin and other 4.6% and 30.8% isolates were produce 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol and 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol, respectively. To select fungicide for control, the 72 Fusarium isolates were cultivated on the media that containing four kinds fungicide. The captan, hexaconazole, and difenoconazole·propiconazole treated Fusarium isolates were not showed resistance response against each fungicide. However, six isolates out of 72 isolates, showed resistance response to fludioxonil. This study is first report that F. asiaticum causes Fusarium head blight disease of triticale in Korea.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.187-196
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• 2009

The objectives of this study were to evaluate the different cutting dates on the changes of feed quality among five cereals (barley, wheat, rye, triticale and oat) for whole crop silage. Field trials were conducted at paddy field in Yesan, Chungnam Province and the aerial parts were clipped 10 days from 15 March to 15 June. Changes of acid detergent fiber (ADF) content in relation to different cutting dates was described by a quadratic curve for 5 winter cereals crops. ADF content reached a maximum at 5 days after heading in barley cultivar 'Youngyang', 7 days in wheat 'Keumkang', 18 days in rye 'Gogu', 1 days in triticale 'Shinyoung' and 10 days in oat 'Samhan'. Neutral detergent fiber (NDF) content were linearly increased as growing after overwintering and stagnated or slightly decreased after heading. The crude protein were linearly decreased throughout the growth period of 5 whole crop cereals. Digestible dry matter (DDM) content were decreased from early stages to heading and subsequently increased as grain filling. Relative feed value (RFV) for 5 crops were decreased as growing and subsequently increased as grain filling after heading. Barley cultivar for only forage use 'Youngyang' were lower at ADF and NDF content and higher at DDM and RFV after heading than those of other cereals for forage use. So, barley for whole crop silage was a good crop with high feed quality and high proportion of spikes compared with other winter cereal crops. Wheat cultivar for grain 'Keumkang' were higher at crude protein than those of other four cereals from overwintering to maturing and were higher at DDM and RFV after heading than those of rye, triticale and oat. Rye cultivar with cold tolerant and high fresh yielding 'Gogu' were highest at ADF and NDF content and lowest at DDM content and RFV. So, rye was a crop with low quality for forage use compared to other winter cereal crops. Triticale cultivar with flourishing and high yielding 'Shinyoung' was intermediated between barley and rye, and were linearly increased at DDM yield by different cutting dates. Oat cultivar with cold tolerant and high tillering 'Samhan' were lower at ADF and NDF content and higher at crude protein before heading, but after heading, there are not especially advantages compared to barley, wheat or triticale.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.57-65
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• 2020

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of sowing and harvesting dates on agronomic characteristics and feed values of rye and triticale at Sanchoeng, South Korea. The experimental design consisted of the different sowing and harvesting dates as follows; rye (Secale cereale L., cv. Gogu) of sowing (October 15, 25, and November 5) in 2015 and harvesting (April 20, May 1 and May 11) in 2016, and triticale (X Triticosecale, cv. Joseong) of sowing (October 15, 25, and November 5) in 2015 and harvesting (May 18, 28, and June 7) in 2016. In rye, fresh and dry matter (DM) yields increased (p<0.05) with the delayed-harvesting date. Crude protein (CP) content and relative feed value (RFV) decreased (p<0.05) with the delayed-harvesting date, but neutral detergent fiber (NDF) content increased (p<0.05). In triticale, fresh and dry matter (DM) yields increased (p<0.05) with the delayed-harvesting date. The CP content decreased (p<0.05) with the delayed-harvesting date, but NDF content and RFV increased (p<0.05). This study concluded that rye sown in the middle of October then harvested in early May, and the triticale sown at the end of October then harvested at the end May are recommended to increase dry matter yield and feed value.