• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.241-248
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• 1993

사질간척지(砂質干拓地) 논토양(土壤)의 농작업(農作業) 효율성(效率性) 저조(低調) 및 저수요인(低收要因)을 물리성(物理性) 개량면(改良面)에서 구명(究明)하여 지속적(持續的)인 작물생산성(作物生産性) 제고(提高)와 농기계(農機械) 작업(作業)의 생력화(省力化)에 이바지 하고져 '90~'91년까지 호남작물시험장(湖南作物試驗場) 계화도출장소(界火島出場所) 포장(圃場)에서 심경(深耕)과 생고(生藁), 석고(石膏), 퇴비(堆肥), 객토등(客土等)의 토양개량제(土壤改良劑) 시험(試驗)을 한 결과(結果)를 요약(要約)하면 다음과 같다. 1. 토양(土壤)의 입경조성비(粒徑組成比)는 관행(慣行) 대비(對比) 생고(生藁), 퇴비처리구(堆肥處理區)에서 가사함량(街砂含量)이 감소(減少)한 반면(反面) 점토(粘土)와 모래함량(含量)은 증가(增加)되었고, 객토처리구(客土處理區)에서는 토성(土性)이 사양토(砂壤土)에서 양토(壤土)로 바뀌었으며, 석고처리구(石膏處理區)에서는 관행(慣行)과 큰 차이(差異)를 보이지 않았다. 2. 토양(土壤)의 3상비(相比)는 관행(慣行) 대비(對比) 고상(固相)과 액상(液相)은 낮아졌으나 기상(氣相)은 증가(增加)하였고, 용적밀도(容積密度)는 생고(生藁), 퇴비(堆肥), 객토처리구(客土處理區)에서는 낮아졌으나 석고(石膏) 시용(施用)에 구(區)에서는 증가(增加)하였며, 공극률(孔隙率)도 같은 경향(傾向)이었다. 3. 토심별(土深別) 원추관입저항(圓錐貫入抵抗)은 시험전(試驗前)에 토심(土深) 10cm에서 $12.5kg/cm^2$(25mm)의 저항(抵抗)을 보였으나 시험후(試驗後)에는 토심(土深) 20cm에서 $12.5kg/cm^2$의 저항(抵抗)을 보여 수도(水稻) 근신장(根伸長) 영역(領域)도 20cm까지 확장(擴張)되었다. 4. 토양(土壤) 염분농도(鹽分濃度)는 관행(慣行)에서 작토(作土) 0.46%, 심토(心土) 0.48%였으나 개량제(改良劑) 처리구(處理區)에서는 작토(作土) 0.26~0.32%, 심토(心土) 0.16~0.31%로 작토(作土)보다 심토(心土)에서 염분함량(鹽分含量). 감소폭(減少幅)이 컸으며, 토양산도(土壤酸度)는 높아졌고, 고상(苦上), 가리(加里), 소다함량(含量)은 감소(減少)하였으나 유기물(有機物), 유효인산(有效燐酸), 석회함량(石灰含量)은 증가(增加)되었다. 5. 수량성(收量性)은 객토(客土) > 퇴비(堆肥) > 석고(石膏) > 생고처리구(生藁處理區) 순위(順位)였으며, 수량(收量)과 토양(土壤) 염농도(鹽濃度) 및 N-계수(係數)와의 관계(關係)는 고도(高度)의 유의성(有意性), 기상률(氣相率) 및 1수립수(穗粒穗)와는 고도(高度)의 정(正)의 유의성(有意性)을 보였다.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.44-56
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• 1997

When sewage sludge is treated by cornposting, higher moisture content and lower C/N ratio on sewage sludge is problems. This paper project to alesolve two problems. The almost trends in run 3 of MC 70% are similar to these in run 1 and 4 of MC 65%. A retention time of the highest temperature (>50$\circ$C) and increase rate of temperature in run 3 are an affinity to these in run 4. Particularly, decrease rate of temperature in run 3 is slower than others and this data shows the more activity of thermal microbial in run 3 than that in others. C/N ratio trends in run 3 shows slow reaction in initial stage but, after 9 days, is similar to that in run 1 and 4. Carbon trends in each run are a similarity to C/N ratio trends. Temperature, MC, carbon and C/N ratio trends in run 5, whose C/N ratio is 15, show less microbial activity than that in run 6, whose C/N ratio is 20. But temperature increase of the beginning stage and pH of the final stage in run 5 are greater than that in run 6. Final MC and carbon content in run 5 and 6 have a similar values. That is, final MC in run 5 and 6 is 49.39% and 48.97% and final carbon content in each run is 25.15% and 22.20%. Expecially, a temperature increase and C/N ratio decrease rate of the beginning stage in run 5 are greater than these in run 6. This shows the shorter lag time in run 5 than lag time in run 6.

• 청정기술
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• 제8권4호
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• pp.223-228
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• 2002

다양한 화학구조를 포함하는 폴리에스테르를 분해성 수지인 셀룰로오스와 비분해성 수지인 PVC 및 PE를 기준물질로 한 controlled compost test와 soil burial test를 적용하여 생분해 거동을 살펴보았다. 이들 고분자의 화학구조가 유연한 지방족 사슬과 에스테르기를 가지고 있는 지방족 폴리에스테르는 가수분해 효소에 의해 분해되고, 방향족 고리를 포함하는 공중합 형태의 폴리에스테르는 상대적으로 낮은 생분해도를 보여주었다. 조절된 퇴비화 조건에서 셀룰로오스가 45일에 70.6%의 분해도를 보일 때, 합성된 poly(butylene adipate-co-succinate), poly(butylene succinate), poly(butylene adipate-co-succinate-co-terephthalate)는 각각 44.0%, 32.0%, 23.4%,의 생분해도를 보여주어 이들 고분자의 화학적 구조에 따라 생분해거동이 많은 영향을 받음을 확인하였다.

• 유기물자원화
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.53-60
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• 1996

혐기적으로 1차 분해된 하수슬러지를 건물 중 기준으로 0, 1, 3, 그리고 5톤/10a 비율로 포장에 시용한 후, 대두 및 당근의 수량과 무기성분 흡수 등 몇가지 화학적 특성에 미치는 영향을 검토하였다. 슬러지 시용의 결과는 토양의 몇가지 화학적 특성을 증진시킨 반면, 작물에서의 Pb, Cd, Cr, As 및 Hg과 같은 유해 중금속의 흡수는 나타나지 않았다. 슬러지 시용은 작물의 N, P, K 및 Ca 등의 무기성분 흡수를 증가시켰고, 슬러지중 과량의 Al은 작물의 Al흡수에 별다른 영향을 주지 않았다. 또한 슬러지는 두 작물의 수량을 증가시킨 반면, 슬러지 미부숙으로 인해 당근의 외관적 품질을 저하시켰다. 결론적으로 하수슬러지의 작물 생육효과가 긍정적으로 평가된 반면, 농업적으로 이용할 때는 반드시 퇴비화와 같은 슬러지의 안정화가 선행되어야 한다.

• 한국축산시설환경학회지
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.29-36
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• 1998

Sawdust is commonly used as a bulking agent for livestock manure composting. Nowadays, demand of sawdust for composting is increasing, so its price is very high and not easy to obtain. In this study in order to examine the effect of autoclaved lightweight concrete (ALC, one of the industrial wastes) on composting of swine manure, ALC (each size of 2, 4, an 8mm) was used as a bulking agent. Swine manure was mixed with each of sawdust and 8mm of ALC in a 1:1 ratio by volume and 2, 4mm of ALC was mixed in a 2:1 ratio by volume. The total period lasted 50 days and was divided into two periods. After mixing bulking agent with swine manure, they were left undisturbed to compost with aeration for an initial period of 20 days. At the end of this period, they were decomposed and mixed to effect a homogenization and then a second period of composting (without aeration) was conducted for 30 days. Temperature during the initial period of swine manure composting were above 70$^{\circ}C$ in all piles and maintained above 55$^{\circ}C$ for 5 days. Temperatures during the second period were relatively lower than the initial period. pH of the compost was increased during the initial period and after 50 days it reached 9.08 in sawdust pile and 9.03 in ALC pile ( 2mm). In nitrogen content of final compost, sawdust pile was higher than ALC piles by 21∼29%.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.364-369
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• 2005

우리나라 최남단에 위치한 제주도에 가장 많이 분포하고 있는 화산회 밭 토양과 비화산회 밭 토양에 가축분 퇴비를 0, 50, 100, 150 ton/ha 해당량을 시용한 후 토양 부식의 함량 변화를 조사하여 문제점을 살펴본 결과는 다음과 같다. 부식의 분포도는 화산회 토양은 대부분 A type이었으며 일부 밭토양에서 B type에 속하여 화산회 토양은 부식화가 진행되었음을 알 수 있었으며 비화산회 밭토양은 대부분 Rp, B type으로 존재하여 동일한 결과를 얻을 수 없었다. 질산태 질소 함량과 부식함량과의 관계는 화산회 토양은 $R^2=0.5263$, 비화산회 양은 $R^2=0.524$의 정의 상관관계를 나타내었다. 탄소의 함량과 부식 함량과의 관계는 화산회 토양은 $R^2=0.469$, 비화산회 밭 토양은 $R^2=0.550$의 정의 상관관계를 보이고 있다.

• 펄프종이기술
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• 제48권1호
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• pp.127-133
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• 2016

This study is performed that furniture and interior materials of MDF's (Medium Density Fiberboard) biodegradation properties, and the goal of this study is investigation of possibility of waste-MDF's composting after landfilling. To investigate biodegradation, this study was performed according to KS M ISO 14855-1, and there were two different soil conditions including a compost condition and an activated vermiculite condition as artificial soil. This experiment was tested for 40 days. The measurement of carbon-dioxide generation was processed every 24 hour in 1-2 week, and every 48 hour after 3 week. In the same days, MDF showed 24.4% of biodegradation in compost condition, and 6.2% in activated vermiculite. Also, the reference material of TLC (thin-layer chromatography) grade cellulose showed 26.4%, 11.4% in compost and activated vermiculite respectively. The dilution plate method was performed for biological analysis in the study. This experiment was used for investigation of inoculum's (Bacillus licheniformis) activity. As the result of bioassay, compost has more other germs include inoculum than activated vermiculite in the first week. Especially in the 2nd week, the reference material under the compost condition showed the most germ's activity, and also the biodegradation was the highest. Consequentially, compost condition was able to reduce a performing period of biodegradation testing than activated vermiculite. However, activated vermiculite could be stabilizing errors between repetition.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.1-10
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• 2000

Although microorganisms play an important role in composting process, researches on the effective microorganism (EM) in composting process are rarely reported. In this study, three stages of work performed 1) investigation of composting facility 2) sample collection and isolation of the EM 3) lab-scale composting by seeding the isolated EM. For this, purpose, physical, chemical, and biological characteristics, such as temperature, moisture content, organic matter, pH population of microorganism, etc., were investigated during the process and the results were compared with those of a control(non-seeded). In the composting facility, the most active degradation of food waste was suppsed to occur in 10-11th day of composting by observing the temperature and CO2 emission. The population of bacterial and fungi was highest in thermophilic stage. Meanwhile that of actinomycetes and yeast was relatively uniform during the process. In the lab-scale test, the thermophilic stage was maintained longer(more than 9 days in 17 days of experiment) in the seeded which was favored for the high reduction of organic matter and moisture. Reduction rates of lipids and salinity were also increased in the seeded. It confirmed these results that the population of microorganisms in the seeded was observed higher in several orders than the control. However, pH of the seeded was maintained as low as about 4.5 throughout the experiment except the final period of the process. Meanwhile, pH of the control rose in the early stage of the experiment. This was probably due that the seeded microorganisms collected from the composting facility was adapted to the low pH environment.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.96-103
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• 1998

To study the optimum conditions of composting with industrial wastewater sludge, the variations of temperature and $CO_2$ generation amount during the composting periods were investigated. The conditions were that industrial wastewater added to bulking agents such as sawdust and rice hull was used, and differently treated with microorganism seeding or not, initial C/N ratios, air flow rate and initial moisture contents, respectively. The results were summarized as follows : Seeding 5% of microorganism was higher the temperature than not seeding. And using sawdust as bulking agents, and adjusting 30~40 of Initial C/N ratio, 200ml/l.min. of k flow rate and 67~68% moisture contents were higher the temperature than any other conditions. Seeding 5% of microorganisms was higher $CO_2$ generation amount than not seeding. And that was much in the order of 7~40, 30~34 and 22~23 of initial C/N ratio. Judging from the results, it should be considered that the optimum conditions in the composting of industrial wastewater sludge were seeding of 5% microorganisms, and adjusting 30~34 of Initial C/N ratio, 200ml/l min. of air flow rate and 67~68% of Intitial moisture contents. The contents of inorganic matters and C/N ratio during the composting periods at optimum condition were a little Increased. and heavy metals contents after composting were lower than standard for fortllizer.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.231-237
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• 1984

느타리버섯 2주기퇴비당화액(2週期堆肥糖化液)으로 부터 효모생산(酵母生産)을 위하여 효모배양조건(酵母培養條件)을 검토(檢討)한 결과(結果) 여러 효모(酵母)중에서 Candida quilliermondii JAFM 215가 가장 양호(良好)하였고 최적(最適)pH와 온도(溫度)는 5.0, $30^{\circ}C$이었다. 효모생산(酵母生産)은 $NH_4Cl$ 0.3%, $KH_2PO_4$ 0.15%, $MgSO_4{\cdot}7H_2O$ 0.02%, $CaCl_2$ 0.05% 첨가(添加)가 가장 양호(良好)하였다. furfural은 $0.001{\sim}0.01%$ 농도(濃度)일때 효모(酵母)의 생육(生育)이 약간 증가(增加)되었으나 그 이상의 농도(濃度)에서는 저해(沮害)를 받았다. 당(糖)의 이용율(利用率)은 86.2%이고 당(糖)에 대한 효모(酵母)의 수율(收率)은 50.45%였으며 효모(酵母)의 조단백질(粗蛋白質)은 $50{\sim}52%$였다.