• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.217-225
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• 2009

As Pain is a comprehensive, biopsy chosocial phenomenon, improved understanding and successful management of pain need assessment of health-related quality of life and psychological states. The purpose of this study was to evaluate pain severity and pain-related interference to daily lives for patients with non-dental, orofacial pain(OFP) and a possible relation of OFP with psychological morbidity. Relation with such factors as gender, age, pain duration and diagnosis was also assessed. Inclusion criteria was all new patients with non-dental OFP attending the oral medicine.orofacial pain clinic of Dankook University Dental Hospital over 3 months' period, who completed the questionnaires of the Brief Pain Inventory (BPI) and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). Prior to the first consultation, the patients were asked to fill out the questionnaire in the waiting room and were diagnosed through consultation and clinical examination. Total subjects were 163 with M:F ratio of 1:1.5 and mean age of 34.6${\pm}$17.7 years. Mean duration of pain was 13.3${\pm}$26.2 months and all patients were divided into; Trigeminal Neuralgia group (TN, N=8), Neuropathic Pain group (NeP, N=9), Persistent Idiopathic Facial Pain group (PIFP, N=8), and Temporomandibular Disorders group (TMD, N=138), subdivided into muscle problem (TMD-m, N=73), joint problem (TMD-j, N=24) and muscle-joint combined problem (TMD-c, N=41). OFP patients showed moderate pain severity and moderate pain-related interference. There was no gender difference in overall pain severity and interference and levels of anxiety and depression. Elderly patients aged ${\geq}$ 60 years showed higher pain severity (p<0.05). Patients with chronic pain ${\geq}$ 3 months reported more increased level of anxiety and depression than those with acute pain (p<0.05). Compared to TMD patients, patients with TN, NeP and PIFP suffered from higher level of pain and pain-related interference and reported higher level of anxiety and depression (p<0.05). Pain interference was closely correlated with their pain severity and with psychometric properties such as anxiety and depression. Pain severity was weakly correlated with levels of anxiety and depression. The results suggest a need for psychosocial assessment and support for successful management of OFP in addition to control of pain itself.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursing
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.131-140
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• 2014

Purpose: This study was done to evaluate the efficacy of Nei-Guan acupressure on nausea and vomiting in patients undergoing laparoscopic prostatectomy with intravenous patient controlled analgesia (IV-PCA). Methods: Data were collected between August 13, 2012 and January 31, 2013 at a hospital in Busan. The participants were 45 men, who underwent the surgery laparoscopic prostatectomy, with IV-PCA. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, $x^2$-test, repeated measures ANCOVA and Games-Howell test with PASW 18.0. Results: Nei-Guan acupressure had an interaction effect on nausea between group and time (F=5.01, p<.001), group (F=10.80, p<.001), time (F=26.51, p<.001) in laparoscopic prostatectomy with IV-PCA and also an interaction effect on vomiting between group and time (F=2.77, p=.032), group (F=8.89, p=.001), time (F=4.01, p=.022). Conclusion: Results indicate that nei-guan acupressure is a potentially effective therapy for the prevention of nausea and vomiting which occur with IV-PCA. Therefore, if patients complain of nausea and vomiting when receiving IV-PCA, nurses can provide patients with information about nei-guan acupressure and help them with nausea and vomiting.

• Journal of Korean Biological Nursing Science
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.236-243
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• 2018

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify the factors associated with the discontinuation of patient controlled analgesia (PCA) after surgery. Methods: The data of 1,092 adult patients that were over 20 years of age and underwent PCA after surgery in the Gachon University Hospital from May 1 to June 30, 2017, were collected through the patients' Electronic Medical Record (EMR). The collected data was analyzed via the use of the Chi-test, t-test and multivariate logistic regression analysis using SPSS 18.0 program. Results: The postoperative PCA discontinuation rate was 26.1%. It was associated with various symptoms, such as those of nausea, dizziness, and headache. The PCA discontinuation was also related with female (odds ratio, OR= 1.75; confidence interval, CI= 1.09-2.82), nausea (OR= 105.27; CI= 61.03-181.58), total intravenous anesthesia (TIVA) of the thyroidectomy (OR= 10.43; CI= 5.01-21.70). Conclusion: It is necessary to provide additional medication and nursing interventions to reduce nausea, which is the symptom associated with PCA discontinuation, especially in the operation of female subjects and thyroidectomy under TIVA. That is, those who are at a high risk for PCA discontinuation should be able to administer additional antiemetics or reduce non medication nursing interventions.

• The Journal of Korean Orthopaedic Ultrasound Society
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.67-75
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• 2014

There are several kinds of regional nerve blockades, such as interscalene brachial plexus block, C5 root block, suprascapular nerve block, and axillary nerve block, which can be applied for anesthesia and postoperative pain control after shoulder surgeries. These regional nerve blockades have shown good results, but high failure rate and serious complications, such as phrenic nerve palsy, pneumothorax, and nerve injury, still remain. Ultrasound-guided intervention can increase the success rate of nerve blockades and reduce complications. We described the method of ultrasound-guided intervention for the regional nerve blockades around shoulder.

• Journal of Hospice and Palliative Care
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.137-144
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• 2001

Purpose : Pain is the most serious symptom that cancer patients experience. About $60{\sim}90%$ of advanced cancer patients and four million patients worldwide, according to the WHO statistics, are reported to suffer from cancer pain. Although about $70{\sim}80%$ of the pain could be controlled according to the pain control principles, to our regret, only $30{\sim}40%$ are managed appropriately. This research was aimed to (1) investigates the prevalence of pain among cancer patients, (2) compare patients' perception of pain with physician's recognition and (3) evaluate appropriateness of the doctor's prescription of analgesic. Materials and Methods : Patients with advanced or terminal cancers admitted at department of internal medicine of Seoul National University Hospital for at least 7 days were enrolled. A questionnaire for the patients and the physicians in charge were given and the answers were compared for each other. We also examined their medical records and the physician's orders. Results : Total 59 patients were enrolled. Among them, 43 patients answered the questionnaire, and 27 patients (62.8%) suffered hem cancer pain. The survey also showed that physicians underestimated the severity of pain, overlooked frequently analgesic prescription principle, and that as the patients' pain became severe, the less adequate was pain managements. Conclusion : For cancer patients, pain was frequently overlooked, and treatment still inadequate. Based on this evidence, it seemed that more active practice and education about evaluation and management of cancer pain are needed.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.506-516
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• 2018

This study was conducted to identify pain intensity and factors affecting pain intensity in patients with advanced cancer. Data were collected between June 1 and September 30, 2016 using a questionnaire. The sample size was 221 patients with advanced cancer who were admitted to the oncology department or who visited the outpatient of the general hospital. Data were evaluated by descriptive and Pearson's correlation analyses, one way ANOVA, t-tests and stepwise multiple regression analysis. The mean scores of pain intensity of cancer patients were 4.23 (${\pm}1.68$) based on the average daily pain intensity. Factors influencing pain intensity were illness perception (${\beta}=.27$, p<.001), pain opioid analgesics beliefs (${\beta}=.24$, p<.001), education (middle school, ${\beta}=.24$, p=.001), economic status (${\geq_-}400$, ${\beta}=.20$, p=.001), gender (female, ${\beta}=.14$, p=.017), pain management education (${\beta}=-.14$ p=.020) and diagnosis (Pancreatic Ca, ${\beta}=.14$, p=.020). It explained 28%. Overall, the results of this study revealed that illness perception and pain opioid analgesics beliefs were important factors influencing pain intensity, but that the most important influencing factor was illness perception. Accordingly, it is necessary to develop pain management strategies that include not only pain management knowledge and pain opioid analgesics beliefs, but also illness perception.

• Journal of Hospice and Palliative Care
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.36-45
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• 1999

Purpose : Cancer, one of the major causes of death in Korea, tends to become chronic due to the rapid development of diagnostic and therapeutic methods. As a result, the number of home-based cancer patients is in the increasing trend. However, on account of the insufficiency of continuous and comprehensive cancer patient management system, a number of cancer patients are left in a defenseless state. This study was designed for need assessment of home-based cancer patient to establish the community-based health care system for the comprehensive and continuous health care service to improve the quality of life of cancer patients and reduce rare burdens of their families. Methods : Through making a survey for needs assessment toward the health care service, the 455 respondents among home-based cancer patients answered the given enquetes to analyze the management status and problems of home-based cancer patients Results : 1) Unsatisfaction rates of pain control is 25.5 percent for mild cases, 46.5 percent for severe cases. 2) According to the needs assessment of home-based cancer patients, most of the respondents want to receive economical support, alleviation for the pain and symptoms, and the information of health care and consultation. So these needs account for the main contents of the home-based cancer patient management plan. 3) In the aspect of the satisfaction rate for basic care need, most items account for $20{\sim}30%$ of satisfaction. And the proportion of need for special case is under 5%, satisfaction rate for special care need is about 50% of satisfaction. So the home-based cancer patients are not being cared sufficiently. Conclusion : According to the result of need assessment, many home-based cancer patients received inadequate pain and symptom management. And Satisfaction rate for basic and special care need is low. So development of comprehensive and continuous health care service to improve the quality of life of cancer patients and reduce care burdens of their families is very necessary.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science
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• v.49 no.2
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• pp.88-98
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• 2017

To prevent toxicity from both robax platinum (methocarbamol, ibuprofen) and robaxacet (methocarbomol, acetaminophen), separately, we used stretches and naproxen as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) to compare each effectiveness. This study used the United States Forces Korea Prescription form (Annex A-Over-The-Counter Prescription) and Alice Rich's Pain scale with robax platinum, robaxacet including narproxen. The IBM SPSS statics version 24 was used to calculate the data. The combined methocarbamol 500 mg, acetaminophen 325 mg tablet, and ibuprofen 200 mg (or naproxen) tablet can work as well as the combined methocarbamol 500 mg tablet with acetaminophen 325 mg tablet with stretches. Both methods were successful in managing pain. The drug combination of methocarbamol 500 mg, acetaminophen 325 mg and ibuprofen 200 mg tablets yielded similar benefits as the methocarbamol 500 mg and acetaminophen 325 mg tablets paired with physical stretching exercises regarding managing overall pain.

• Journal of Hospice and Palliative Care
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.113-121
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• 2014

The major symptoms of terminally ill cancer patients are fatigue, loss of energy, feeling of helplessness, poor appetite and pain as well as general weakness, which are very similar to symptoms of adrenal insufficiency. Adrenal insufficiency-induced symptoms widely vary from mild symptoms to life-threatening conditions and may be resulted from variable medical causes. For terminally ill cancer patients who are hospitalized for palliative care, opioid agents are prescribed to control moderate to severe pain. The use of acute or chronic opioid agents is believed to negatively affect adrenal gland function. In most studies of opioid effects (preclinical/clinical with animal subjects or and patients suffering non-malignant pain, adrenal insufficiency and hormonal abnormalities were observed as side effects. However, opioid-induced adrenal insufficiency has been rarely reported in studies with patients with malignant cancer pain. Relationship between the type, treatment period, dosage of opioid agents and hormonal abnormalities can be examined by measuring the functional level of the adrenal glands. We hope to improve patient's quality of life by indicating hormone substitution to treat symptoms of adrenal insufficiency.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.316-322
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• 2014

The present study investigated the inflammatory hypersensitivity following activation of the transient receptor potential vanilloid receptor-1(TRPV1) in rats. Experiments were carried out on male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 220-260g. Following an subcutaneous injection of 5% formalin in the orofacial area, nociceptive scratching behavior was recorded for 9 successive 5-min intervals in rats. The subcutaneous injection of $25{\mu}L$ of 5% formalin produced noxious scratching behavior. Injection of capsaicin, TRPV1 agonist, alone into the vibrissa pad did not produced nociceptive behavior. After subcutaneous injection of capsaicin(0$0.1{\mu}g$, $1{\mu}g/10{\mu}L$) in the formalin-treated rats, nociceptive scratching behavior was recorded for 9 successive 5-min internals. Injection of capsaicin into the vibrissa pad significantly increased the number of scratches at 1 hours after injection. Noxious behavioral responses induced by subcutaneous capsaicin injection were significantly potentiated in formalin-treated rats. Pre or post-treatment with iodo-resinaferatoxin(IRTX), TRPV1 antagonist, significantly attenuated increased nociceptive behavior. These findings suggest that activation of the TRPV1 enhanced formalin-induced inflammatory pain in the orofacial area of rats.