• Journal of Environmental Policy
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.39-67
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• 2005

In order to properly define the terms such as soil, soil contamination, soil contamination site and remediation, which are the key terms under the Soil Environment Conservation Act(SECA) in Korea, we analyzed the legal definitions of the similar key words in legislations of the developed western countries. The selected countries were the United States of America, the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, Germany, and Denmark. The legal definitions of these keywords were very much diversified due to different levels of soil contamination, as well as different industrial, social, and legal backgrounds in each country. However, fair suggestions for definitions of the key terms in SECA were derived from the comparative analyses of these countries. First and foremost, SECA should provide a definition of 'soil' which includes a concept of the natural soil layer produced from soil mineralization processes. Groundwater and sublayer of the groundwater would. be excluded in the boundary of the soil with regards to the Groundwater Act of Korea. Definition of 'soil contamination' of SECA should include a concept of risk assessment(soil contaminants, pathway, and receptors), purpose of land use, and the acquired limitation levels of soil contaminants. Soil contamination activity either industrial or anthropogenic in SECA article2-1, could be substituted for a concept of soil risk assessment. Definition of 'soil contamination site' could derive from amalgamating the concepts of i) soil contamination in conjunction with contaminants, ii) risk assessment, iii) a concept of land use, and iv) knowing limitation of contamination site designation. Definition of 'remediation of contaminated site' should include the objective, intention, action, methodology and limit of the remediation. These suggested definitions would increase the efficacy of soil environment conservation policies, which includes the survey of the potentially contaminated area, remediation, and removal of the site.

• Land and Housing Review
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• v.2 no.4
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• pp.517-528
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• 2011

Indiscreet developments cause environmental problems in major cities of Seoul Metropolitan Area. Among the environmental problems, the air pollution leads the citizens' physical and economic damages. Therefore, it needs to predict how much air pollutant which is emitted from human activities can be carried by urban environment, then to examine the reasonable level of urban development This study assumed that the air pollution is represented differently by the amount of emission. With the assumption, the acceptable air pollutant emission which keeps the air quality under the environmental standard is estimated, then the proper population is calculated in the case of Gwacheon, Gyeonggi. The result is as follow: First, air pollution concentrations of CO, $NO_2$, $SO_2$ which are estimated by using IDW interpolation of GIS don't excess the air environmental standard. Second, the result of correlation analysis between air pollutant emission and air pollution concentration shows that CO and $NO_2$ has high correlationship with total source of pollution and linear source of pollution, and $SO_2$ with linear source of pollution. Third, the results of regression analysis show that the acceptable population is bigger that the real population in the case of CO, and with the estimation of $NO_2$ and $SO_2$, the current population in the urban center and boundaries where the residential and commerce land uses are concentrated is bigger than the acceptable population. The consequence of this study is that the estimation of carrying capacity can suggest the acceptable human activities which keep the air quality under the environmental standard. This can leads the sustainable urban development by control the human activities under the carrying capacity of urban environment.

• Korean Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.59-65
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• 2021

Since the 2016 "Housing Act Partial Amendment" and the "2018 Housing Comprehensive Amendment Plan", interest in the pre sale system and post sale system of apartment houses has been on the rise. In order to compare the advantages and disadvantages of the pre sale system and the post sale system of apartment houses, and to establish the basis for the institutional policy of the post sale system, a questionnaire survey method was used for tenants of the apartment house from the public side, and issues of time and cost. The time series analysis method is intended to suggest an appropriate time for payment of contributions. Accordingly, through a review of existing theories and literature, the post sale system of public and private institutions was organized, and through a questionnaire survey, the path to securing pre sale money, product information of the model house, and the degree of awareness of the effect of the post sale system were investigated. For the post sale fund support and payment method, it is necessary to increase the commercial line for existing financiers from the user's point of view, and it is necessary to operate in consideration of the economic power of the pre sale market by region. Both 60% post sale and 80% post sale have a price range of up to KRW 10 million, and the total interest rate is 5.0%, and the annual interest rate is about 2.8% for 60% post sale, and about 2.1% for 80% post sale, which is lower than the current 3.1%. I need an interest rate. The research is a perception survey targeting a total of 5,213 households in a sample of after sale apartments in public institutions. As the actual values are analyzed using a time series on the effects of market supply and demand and market prices, there is a limit to applying them to prospective residents of private apartments. In addition, to respond to first time tenants, a questionnaire survey was conducted on five complexes that have moved in within the last five years.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.306-314
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• 2023

Stream sediments are an important component of water quality management because they are receptors of various pollutants such as heavy metals and organic matters emitted from upland sources and can be secondary pollution sources, adversely affecting water environment. To effectively manage the stream sediments, identification of primary sources of sediment contamination and source-associated control strategies will be required. We evaluated the performance of machine learning models in identifying primary sources of sediment contamination based on the physico-chemical properties of stream sediments. A total of 356 stream sediment data sets of 18 quality parameters including 10 heavy metal species(Cd, Cu, Pb, Ni, As, Zn, Cr, Hg, Li, and Al), 3 soil parameters(clay, silt, and sand fractions), and 5 water quality parameters(water content, loss on ignition, total organic carbon, total nitrogen, and total phosphorous) were collected near abandoned metal mines and industrial complexes across the four major river basins in Korea. Two machine learning algorithms, linear discriminant analysis (LDA) and support vector machine (SVM) classifiers were used to classify the sediments into four cases of different combinations of the sampling period and locations (i.e., mine in dry season, mine in wet season, industrial complex in dry season, and　industrial complex in wet season). Both models showed good performance in the classification, with SVM outperformed LDA; the accuracy values of LDA and SVM were 79.5% and 88.1%, respectively. An SVM ensemble model was used for multi-label classification of the multiple contamination sources inlcuding landuses in the upland areas within 1 km radius from the sampling sites. The results showed that the multi-label classifier was comparable performance with sinlgle-label SVM in classifying mines and industrial complexes, but was less accurate in classifying dominant land uses (50~60%). The poor performance of the multi-label SVM is likely due to the overfitting caused by small data sets compared to the complexity of the model. A larger data set might increase the performance of the machine learning models in identifying contamination sources.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.322-332
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• 2012

The objectives of this paper were to investigate home range, habitat selection, and threat factors of leopard cats (Prionailurus bengalensis) living in rural area of Korea. The results based on radio tracking of three leopard cats (two males and one female) can be summarized as follows. First, the average home range of leopard cats were $2.64{\pm}1.99km^2$ (Kernel 95) and $3.69{\pm}1.34km^2$ (MCP 100), and the average size of core areas was $0.64{\pm}0.47km^2$ (Kernel 50). The home range of a male leopard cat that radio-tracked in winter was the largest ($5.19km^2$, MCP 100). Second, the Johnson's habitat selection model based on the Jacobs index showed that leopard cats preferred meadows and paddy fields avoiding forest covers at the second level, whereas they preferred meadows adjacent to streams and avoided paddy fields at the third level. Finally, roadkill could be prime threat factor for the cat population. Therefore, habitats dominated by paddy fields, stream corridors with paved roads, and human settlements with insufficient forest patches could threaten the long-term viability of leopard cat populations. Thus the habitat managements for the leopard cat conservation should focus on the prevention of road-kill and the installation of wildlife passages in rural highways adjacent to stream corridors.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.13-26
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• 2015

Many urban areas in Korea suffer from repeated flood damage during intensive rainfall due to an increase in impervious areas caused by rapid urbanization and deteriorating sewage systems. A centralized stormwater management system has caused severe flood damage in an area that has proven unable to accommodate recent climate change and a rise in precipitation. Most flooding prevention projects that have been recently implemented focus on increasing drainage system capacity by expanding the size of sewer pipes and adding pumping stations in downstream areas. However, such measures fail to provide sustainable solutions since they cannot solve fundamental problems to reduce surface runoff caused by urbanization across the watershed. A decentralized stormwater management system is needed that can minimize surface runoff and maximize localized retention capacity, while maintaining the existing drainage systems. This study proposes a stormwater management corridor for the flood-prone watershed in the city of Dongducheon. The corridor would connect the upstream, midstream, and downstream zones using various methods for reducing stormwater runoff. The research analyzed surface runoff patterns generated across the watershed using the Modified Rational Method considering the natural topography, land cover, and soil characteristics of each sub-watershed, as well as the urban fabric and land use. The expected effects of the design were verified by the retainable volume of stormwater runoff as based on the design application. The results suggest that an open space network serve as an urban green infrastructure, potentially expanding the functional and scenic values of the landscape. This method is more sustainable and effective than an engineering-based one, and can be applied to sustainable planning and management in flood-prone urban areas.

• Korean journal of communication and information
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• v.52
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• pp.135-153
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• 2010

Dong-a Ilbo tried to assume leadership of opinion in preceding the movement against the trusteeship as a mouthpiece for the Han-Min Party. Dong-a Ilbo was to try to promote the atmosphere of anti-trusteeship=anti-communism=anti-Soviet Union, distorting the decision of a conference of three foreign affairs ministers in Moscow. It was not an incorrect report, but the false report. As a result, the formula of an anti-trusteeship=anti-Soviet Union=anti-communism=patriotism, and a pro-trusteeship=pro-Soviet Union=pro-Communism=traitor was formed. And the important problems of land reform and pro-Japanese‘ clearance were missing. Historically, political newspapers had appeared in the periods of very important political change. Political newspapers played a role as mouthpiece for political party or group. Dong-a Ilbo was such a political newspaper. It was that Dong-a Ilbo tried to change the social atmosphere in preceding the movement against the trusteeship as a mouthpiece for the Han-Min Party. And history was distorted.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.122-133
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• 2018

In this study, groundwater quality data measured for 11 years from 2006 to 2016 were analyzed statistically for 101 civil defense emergency water supply facilities (CDEWSF) in the Gwangju area. The contamination level was quantified into four grades by using excess drinking water quality standards, average concentration analysis, and tendency analysis results for each facility. On the basis of this approach, the groundwater contamination degree of each item was evaluated according to land use status, installation year, depth, and geological distribution. The contamination grade ratios, which were obtained by analyzing three contamination indicators (water quality exceeded frequency, average concentration analysis, and trend analysis) for 15 items on statistically significant of civil defense emergency water was relatively high, in the order of Turbidity (51.5 %) > Color (32.7 %) > Nitrate nitrogen (28.7 %) > Hardness (25.7 %). As a result of the contamination grade analysis, except for the items of Turbidity, Color, and Nitrate nitrogen, the contamination levels were distributed in various degrees from "clean (0)" to "seriously contaminated (3)." Regarding the contamination grade of 12 items, 25 % of the total were classified as "possibly contaminated (1)," and 75 % were rated "clean (0)." The four items (Turbidity, Color, Nitrate nitrogen, and Hardness) for which contamination indication rate were evaluated as "high" by the were visualized on a contamination map.

• Journal of the Economic Geographical Society of Korea
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.53-68
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• 2018

Community-based ecotourism (CBE), if well-developed can be a practical approach for promoting socio-economic well-being and sustaining ecological resources. The growth and its development worldwide especially in developing economies is a welcome development. The study aimed at assessing the Boabeng-Fiema Monkey Sanctuary in Ghana, as an example of traditional conservation system of management that has ensured greater community participation, equity, inclusiveness, and multi-level stakeholder partnership. In-depth interviews with key informants and documentary analysis of relevant peer reviewed and grey literature were the main qualitative data collection used. Results revealed that majority of the interviewees support and value the current system of traditional management. The enforcement of rules and regulations and other cultural and religious practices were discussed by key informants. Opportunities for multiple livelihood strategies as a result of the CBE is seen as critical for increasing local's acceptance and participation. The remarkable growth of the sanctuary, as well as the increase in human population, has created a shortage of land for domestic and other commercial purposes which is identified as posing a major challenge to the sustenance of the sanctuary. The study recommends diversification of livelihood opportunities presented by the presence of the sanctuary like the introduction of homestay concept, craft making- wood carving, painting, artisan shops.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2007.05a
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• pp.459-463
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• 2007

본 연구에서는 기존 유출분석의 입력자료 생성 시 발생되는 사용상의 불편함과 다양한 수질 수문 모형에 적용을 위한 유역특성자료 도출 기반의 미비로 인하여 보다 편리하고 체계적인 유역특성자료 분석 시스템을 개발하고자 하였다. 기존 PRMS를 이용하여 유출분석 시 입력자료 생성을 위해 사용되는 USGS WEASEL 벤치마킹을 통하여 시스템 개발항목을 도출하고, 체계적이고 효율적인 시스템 개발 및 유지관리를 위하여 UML을 이용한 객체지향 시스템 설계를 수행하였다. 또한, 편리한 사용자 인터페이스 제공 및 다양한 수질 수문 모형에 적용하기 위한 GIS 컴포넌트 기반인 ArcGIS ArcObject를 이용한 시스템 개발을 수행하였다. 또한, 시범 연구지역인 용담댐 유역을 대상으로 DEM, 토양도, 토지피복도, 임상도 등을 구축하여 유역특성자료 분석 시스템에 적용하여 PRMS의 입력 매개변수를 추출하였다. 본 연구에서 개발한 시스템에 의하여 추출된 매개 변수의 검토를 위하여 용담댐 유역과 구량천 유역을 대상으로 PRMS를 이용한 장기유출모의를 수행하였다. 강우자료 및 기상자료는 기상청의 장수기상관측소의 시계열 자료를 사용하였으며 모의 결과를 검증할 수 있는 하천유출량 자료는 용담댐 지점과 동향수위관측소 자료를 사용하였다. 장기유출모의 목적에 맞는 PRMS 모형을 구성하고 유역특성자료 분석시스템을 이용하여 추출된 매개변수로서 1966년부터 2001년까지 용담댐 유역에 대하여 모의하여 매개변수를 최적화하였고 최적화된 매개변수를 이용하여 각각의 유역에 대하여 검토하였다. 그 결과 용담댐 유역에 대해서는 0.49에서 0.83까지의 모형효율을 나타내었으며 구량천 유역에 대해서는 0.57에서 0.75까지의 모형효율을 나타내어 모의결과가 실측치에 대하여 높은 적합도를 나타내었다.997년 이후로 지속적으로 감소되고 있다.게 될 것이다. 본 연구에서는 현재 진행중인 승기천 오염하천 정화사업이 종료되는 시점을 기준으로 남동유수지에 대해 승기천과 연계한 유수지의 환경개선 방법을 제안하였다. 준설을 통해 유수지의 근본적인 오염원을 제거하고 남동유수지 유입부에 인공습지와 수처리설비를 설치하여 유수지의 수질을 개선하고 개선된 수질이 3급수로 유지하도록 하였으며, 설치된 인공습지에는 철새도래지를 조성하여 유수지 유입수인 철새가 날아드는 하천인 승기천의 테마와 연계하도록 하였다. 인공습지 주변으로 식생호안을 설치하고 유수지 주변에는 산책로를 설치하여 지역주민들의 친환경 수변공간으로 활용하도록 하였다. 1유수지와 연결된 2유수지는 BTL사업을 통해 주변공단으로부터의 오폐수를 원천적으로 차단하도록 하였으며 2유수지를 매립하여 지하는 강우시 유출수 저류가 가능한 화물차주차장으로 활용하고 지상은 녹지공간으로 조성하여 공단근로자 및 지역주민을 위한 휴식공간으로 활용될 수 있도록 제안하였다. 본 연구는 남동유수지 환경 개선 사업 실행을 위한 정책 연구로 연구결과를 인천시가 적극 수용하기로 결정함에 따라 인천시의 환경 현안 문제인 남동유수지의 수질개선을 통해 시민의 휴식 및 여가선용 공간으로 활용하기 위한 사업의 기초자료로 활용되며 이미 설계검토가 시작되었다. 본 연구결과는 유수지 및 저수지의 환경개선 사업의 선두적인 성공사례로 국내 타 지역의 유사한 사업에 있어 벤치마킹을 할 수 있는 훌륭한 사례가 될 것이다.요 생산이 증가하자 군신의 변별(辨別)과 사치를 이유로 강력하게 규제하여 백자의 확대와 발전에 걸림돌이 되었다. 둘째, 동기(銅器)의 대체품으로 자기를 만들어 충당해야할 강제성 당위성 상실로 인한 자기수요 감소를 초래하였을 것으로 사료된다. 셋째, 경기도 광주에서