• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.120-132
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• 2008

Remotely sensed images from a satellite can be applied for detecting and quantifying spatial and temporal variations in terms of landuse & landcover, crop growth, and disaster for agricultural applications. The purposes of this study were to analyze topography using DEM(digital elevation model) and classify landuse & landcover into 10 classes-paddy field, dry field, forest, bare land, grass & bush, water body, reclaimed land, salt farm, residence & building, and others-using Landsat TM images in North Korea. Elevation was greater than 1,000 meters in the eastern part of North Korea around Ranggang-do where Kaemagowon was located. Pyeongnam and Hwangnam in the western part of North Korea were low in elevation. Topography of North Korea showed typical 'east-high and west-low' landform characteristics. Landcover classification of North Korea using spectral reflectance of multi-temporal Landsat TM images was performed and the statistics of each landcover by administrative district, slope, and agroclimatic zone were calculated in terms of area. Forest areas accounted for 69.6 percent of the whole area while the areas of dry fields and paddy fields were 15.7 percent and 4.2 percent, respectively. Bare land and water body occupied 6.6 percent and 1.6 percent, respectively. Residence & building reached less than 1 percent of the country. Paddy field areas concentrated in the A slope ranged from 0 to 2 percent(greater than 80 percent). The dry field areas were shown in the A slope the most, followed by D, E, C, B, and F slopes. According to the statistics by agroclimatic zone, paddy and dry fields were mainly distributed in the North plain region(N-6) and North western coastal region(N-7). Forest areas were evenly distributed all over the agroclimatic regions. Periodic landcover analysis of North Korea based on remote sensing technique using satellite imagery can produce spatial and temporal statistics information for future landuse management and planning of North Korea.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.52 no.4
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• pp.378-384
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• 2019

Red-eared slider, Trachemys scripta elegans, is one of the most famous species to disturb native ecosystems in the world. In South Korea, the species was imported as pet, and now it is found whole of the country. Recent, natural breeding and spreading of the turtle has been reported. In this paper, we investigated the environmental factors to affect the reproduction of T. s. elegans. We surveyed the distribution of the turtle in Jeju island, South Korea, between 2012 to 2017. We compared the land covers and climate of habitats from breeding sites and non-breeding sites. The species was found from 38 sites in Jeju island; 21 of breeding sites and 17 of non-breeding sites. The number of total and only adult turtles was significantly higher in breeding sites than non-breeding sites (P<0.05). In breeding site, the reproduction rate from the farmland was significantly higher than others(P<0.05). However, the rate of land covers was not significant in non-breeding site (P>0.05). The difference on the climate between breeding and non-breeding was not significant(P>0.05). Moreover, none of climate factors affected to reproduction of T. s. elegans(P>0.05). Our study showed that the land covers surrounding the habitats are more important than climate for reproduction of T. s. elegans in Jeju island. This result indicates investigating the habitat and surrounding is necessary for the control of reproduction and spreading of the introduced species.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.83-98
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• 2021

Urban green space is an important component for enhancing urban ecosystem health. Thus, identifying the spatial structure of urban green space is required to manage a healthy urban ecosystem. The Ministry of Environment has provided the level 3 land cover map(the highest (1m) spatial resolution map) with a total of 41 classes since 2010. However, specific urban green information such as street trees was identified just as grassland or even not classified them as a vegetated area in the map. Therefore, this study classified detailed urban green information(i.e., tree, shrub, and grass), not included in the existing level 3 land cover map, using two types of high-resolution(<1m) remote sensing data(i.e., airborne LiDAR and RGB ortho imagery) in Suwon, South Korea. U-Net, one of image segmentation deep learning approaches, was adopted to classify detailed urban green space. A total of three classification models(i.e., LRGB10, LRGB5, and RGB5) were proposed depending on the target number of classes and the types of input data. The average overall accuracies for test sites were 83.40% (LRGB10), 89.44%(LRGB5), and 74.76%(RGB5). Among three models, LRGB5, which uses both airborne LiDAR and RGB ortho imagery with 5 target classes(i.e., tree, shrub, grass, building, and the others), resulted in the best performance. The area ratio of total urban green space(based on trees, shrub, and grass information) for the entire Suwon was 45.61%(LRGB10), 43.47%(LRGB5), and 44.22%(RGB5). All models were able to provide additional 13.40% of urban tree information on average when compared to the existing level 3 land cover map. Moreover, these urban green classification results are expected to be utilized in various urban green studies or decision making processes, as it provides detailed information on urban green space.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2021.06a
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• pp.95-95
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• 2021

전 세계 담수 자원의 예측 및 관리에 있어서 유출량 변화의 예측은 중요하다. 하지만 강수량 대비 유출량의 비율인 유출율이 수자원 시스템에 중요한 영향을 미치는지에 대한 여부는 여전히 불분명하다. 본 연구에서는 전 세계의 1,636개 관측소에서 관측된 유출량과 강수량 자료를 이용하여 최근 60년 (1956-2015) 동안 유출량, 강수량, 증발산량의 관계에 있어서 유출율의 역할에 관해 연구하였다. 수문 기후학적으로 습한 지역과 건조한 지역을 구분할 수 있는 임계값으로 유출율을 사용할 수 있다는 점을 Budyko 공간에서 적용하여 건조 지수와의 비교를 통해 발견할 수 있었다. 유출량 변화에 대한 상세한 분석을 위해 강수량 및 증발산량 변화율에 따라 6가지의 범주를 설정하였고 그 결과 대부분의 관측소에서는 강수량의 변화와 일관된 방향으로 유출량이 변화하는 것으로 밝혀져 유출량의 변화는 강수 변화에 더 민감하다는 결론을 얻었으며 모든 범주에 있어서 유출율은 강수량과 증발산량의 변화에 의한 유출량 변화의 크기에 상당한 영향이 있음이 밝혀졌다. 본 연구의 결과들을 통해 우리는 기후 변화에 따른 유출량 변화에 대한 예측성 향상에 있어서 유출율에 대한 물리적인 이해가 잠재적인 주요한 요소라고 제안한다. 토지 피복 및 토지 이용과 같은 인위적 영향은 유출율을 직접 감소 또는 증가시켜 유출량의 민감도를 변화시킬 수 있다. 본 연구에서 제안된 수치적인 접근 방식은 수자원 가용성에 대한 기후 변화 및 인위적 영향을 완화하기 위해 실행 가능한 정보를 제공할 것으로 보인다.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.41 no.6
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• pp.43-51
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• 2013

This study aims to examine the presence of non-stationary relationship between water quality and land use in watersheds. In investigating the relationships between land use and water quality, most previous studies adopted OLS method which is assumed stationarity. However, this approach is difficult to capture the local variation of the relationships. We used 146 sampling data and land cover data of Korean Ministry of Environment to build conventional regressions and GWR models for BOD, TN and TP. Regression model and GWR models of BOD, TN, TP were compared with $R^2$, AICc and Moran's I. The results of comparisons and descriptive statistics of GWR models strongly indicated the presence of Non-Stationarity between water quality and land use.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.23-33
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• 2009

Satellite image is very usefully practiced to predict and analyze physical expansion and change of city. Physical expansion and change of city is closely related to the use of land, and continuous growth management focused on the use of land is essential for sustainable city growth. In this research, the change of land cover and land-use were analyzed with basic input data from 1985 to 2000 according to artificial satellite. Moreover, the land-use turnover rate was understood and expansion trend of urban sprawl in Busan metropolitan city and land-use characteristics of the expansion area. The results are, first, the area for urban region was expanded continuously but areas for agriculture area, forest area, and water area had different changes due to administrative district reform of Busan by each year. Second, the urbanization area in Busan was increased by 3.8% from $92.5km^2$ in 1985 to $167.5km^2$ in 2000. Third, the result of analysis on land-use turnover rate showed that agriculture area was turned into urbanized area the most, and forest area was followed by. Fourth, the result of analysis on database and overlay of buildings in Busan established in 2001 showed that agriculture area are had type 1 and 2 neighborhood living facilities (45.63%), apartment house in forest area (18.49%), and factory in water area (31.84%) with high ratio.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.149-157
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• 2007

This study focused on patterning waterbirds occurrences at the western costal area of the Korean Peninsula in winter and relating the occurrence patterns with their environmental factors. Waterbird communities were monitored at 10 different study areas, and the composition of land cover as environmental factors was estimated at each study area. Overall dabbling ducks were the most abundant with 84% of total individuals, followed by shorebird and diving ducks. Species Anae platyrhynchos was the first dominant species, and Anas formosa was the second one. Self-organizing map (SOM), an unsupervised artificial neural network, was applied for patterning wintering waterbird communities, and identified 6 groups according to the differences of communities compositions. Each group reflected the differences of indicator species as well as their habitats.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2018.05a
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• pp.477-477
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• 2018

하천의 제방은 하천수의 범람을 방지하기 위하여 인공적으로 만든 구조물로서, 유수의 흐름을 일정하게 하고 자연재해에 대하여 제내지를 보고하기 위한 목적도 있다. 제방은 제내지와 제외지의 수위차로 인해 발생하는 파이핑, 제방의 월류, 사면의 탈락 등으로 파괴가 발생되고, 제방의 파괴는 제내지의 인명, 토지, 건물 등에 많은 피해가 발생한다. 이러한 제방의 파괴를 방지하기 위하여 제방 사면의 호안, 차수벽, 수제 등을 설치하고 있으며, 구조물 외에도 제방 응급복구를 위한 모래주머니, 비탈면 보호 시설 등을 이용한 피해방지에 대한 대책을 세우고 있다. 제방 구조물의 대부분은 콘크리트를 이용한 고강도 재료를 사용하여 설치되고 있으며, 재료의 환경성에 대한 문제점이 대두되어 왔다. 이에 따라 코코넛껍질을 이용한 사면 보호공, 고강도 식생매트를 이용한 사면 보호 등 친환경 재료를 이용한 사면보호 공법에 대한 연구들이 다양하게 진행되어 왔다. 본 연구에서는 미생물을 이용하여 사면을 보호하기 위한 블록 및 피복기법에 대한 연구를 진행하고 있으며, 다양한 환경성 및 무독성 검증도 병행중에 있다. 그 중 본 연구에서는 신소재와 황토, 모래, 석고를 다양한 비율로 조합하여 블록으로 활용하기 위한 일축압축 강도 실험을 수행하였으며, 신소재의 소류력 저항능력을 실험하기 위하여 안동 하천실증연구센터의 급경사 수로에 신소재를 피복한 시험구를 조성하고 5m/s 이상의 유속에서 저항능력 실험을 수행하였다. 본 연구에서는 본 실험 결과를 기반으로 하여 추후 다양한 친환경 재료를 이용한 조합을 통해 기존 콘크리트 블록에 준하는 강도를 발현할 수 있는 신소재 블록의 개발을 목표로 하고 있다.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.65-81
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• 2019

This study analyzed the relationship of land cover type, urban temperature in Gimhae city, Gyeongsangnam-do, South Korea. Date were used for land cover map, MODIS LST, and detailed temperature data on the Korean Peninsula based on RCP between 2000 and 2010. The correlation between urban area and surface temperature was 0.417, 0.512 for agricultural area and -0.607 for forest area. The correlation between surface temperature and air temperature was 0.301. The relationship with air temperature was analyzed as 0.275 for urban area, agriculture area 0.226, forest area 0.350. Urban and agricultural areas showed increased surface and air temperature as the area increased, while forest areas showed opposite improvements. In structural equation models, urban and agricultural areas had direct effects on the rise of surface temperature, whle forest areas had direct effects on the reduction of air temperature. In the future, it is necessary to use measured temperature data near the surface to understand the relationship between surface temperature and temperature according to the changes in spatial characteristics, which will prepare measures for urban heat island mitigation at the level of urban and environmental planning.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.142-154
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• 2010

The purpose of this study is to analyze the effects of various spatial characteristics on the land surface temperature and to grasp the characteristics of thermal environment by types of urban area in Changwon, Gyeongsangnam-do. The spatial data were consisted LST, normalized difference built-up index(NDBI) and normalized difference vegetation index(NDVI) obtained from Landsat 5 TM and land use and land cover map classified from high resolution digital aerial photograph($10cm{\times}10cm$). The unit space for spatial analysis was built by $500m{\times}500m$ Vector GRID. According to the results of estimation of relationship between thermal environment and spatial characteristics, LST had the highest positive correlation with NDBI by 0.929 and had high positive correlation with impervious area ratio by 0.857. In order to analysis of thermal environment on land use, types of urban area were classified by 4 of residential focus area, industrial focus area, green focus area and mixed area. According to the results of analysis, mean LST of industrial focus area was showed the highest by $21.10^{\circ}C$. But mean LST of green focus area was analyzed the lowest by $18.85^{\circ}C$. In conclusion, the results of this study investigated the effects of spatial characteristics on urban thermal environment and can provide methods and basic informations about land use planning and development density restriction for reduction of urban heat.