• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.19-23
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• 1975

In order to find out the effect of long-term annual additions of organic matter on the physico-chemical properties of paddy soil, the soil with and without compost application has been analysed. 1. There was no significant difference in the particle size distribution between compost and uncompost treatment, however, hydraulic conductivity, sedimention volume were remarkedly increased in compost. 2. Bulk density and soil strength were decreased in organic matter additions, but porosity increased. 3. Relative to Atterberg Limits, liquid limit, plastic limit, and elastic index were increased in compost. 4. Aggregate size distribution was slightly increased in additions of organic matter. 5. Regarding to chemical properties, pH, organic matter content, C.E.C. and extractable cation were increased in organic matter additions.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.245-251
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• 2003

This study was cnducted ton investigate the effect of soil conditioner such as dolomite, slkudge and organic manure on changes of soil chemical properties of abandoned zinc mine area. Growth responses of Chrysanthemum azwadskii and Caryopteris incana (Tunb) Miq affected by the appication were also determined. In thejsoil of abandoned zinz mine area, total heavy metal contents espectially Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn were high and organic matter contents was low. Application of sludge for phytoremediation resulted in higher soil organic content that other treatments tested. Heavy metal concentrations after application of soil conditioners were not different among treatments. The growth of C. zawadskii and C. incana (Tunb) Miq were significantly higher in sludge treatment than those in other treatments The cholrophyll content, chlorophyll flouorescence, protein content, photosynthetic rate and transpiration were high in sludge treatment. The heavy metal contents of C. zawadskii were the lowest in sludge treatment while those of C. incana (Tunb) Miq was the highest in sludge treatment.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.444-450
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• 2012

The physical and chemical properties of soil in the Mangyeong and Dongjin river basin had been investigated in order to establish the most optimum soil improvement plan on the reclaimed land. The total soil area by reclamation in Saemangeum basin is 113,971 ha. The classification by the distribution of soil series and soil texture is as following. 13 soil series including Chonnam, Buyong and Chonbuk series are period-unknown areas. Regarding the soil texture, they are fine silty ~ clayey very fine. From 1920s to 1960s, Mangyeong, Gwanghwal and Chonbuk series had coarse silty textured soil. After the 1970s, Mangyeong, Gwanghwal, Munpo, Yeompo, Poseung, Gapo and Hasa series have more sandy soil ~ moderately coarse loamy textured soil. Regarding the chemical properties, the concentrations of EC, Exch. $K^+$, $Mg^{2+}$, $Na^+$ and pH are high regardless of the time of reclamation. On the other hand, organic matter (OM) of top soil were 3.3~16.1 g $kg^{-1}$. The organic matter contents were very low though the soil had been farmed for a long time. Furthermore, the deep soil had almost no organic matter with 5.6~1.1 g $kg^{-1}$. The reason is believed that there had not been any movement of OM and clay because pressure or induced pans had been formed by large agricultural machineries and poor vertical drain. Regarding the forming of illuvial horizon (B layer) which tells the development extent of soil, only in the Hwapo reclaimed area where rice had been cultivated for past 90 years, Fe and Mn from top soil are deposited at underground 20~30 cm with 7~8 cm thickness by the movement of clay. It is believed that it had been possible because the earthiness is silty clay loam soil with relatively high content of clay. The soils are soil with concern of damage from sea water, soil on flimsy ground and sandy soil. Therefore, soil improvement for stable crop production can be expected; if the water table would be lowered by subsurface drainage, the water permeability would be enhanced by gypsum and organic matter, and the sandy soil would be replaced by red soil with high content of clay.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.254-259
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• 1991

The present study was carried out to investigate the effect of nitrogen(urea) application on the seasonal change in pH content of Bray No.1-P, organic matter, and exchangeable cations along the grassland soil profile and further to provide the fundamental information for optimizing the rate of fertilizer application to grassland. Soil samples were taken 20cm intervals upto 100cm soil depth in spring(May 26), summer(July 27), and autumn (October 18) of 1990. The obtained results are summerized as follow 1. In spring and summer, soil pH at 0-20cm soil depth of 28kg N/10a treatment was lowered by 0.7 and 1.0 in comparison with those the same soil depth of 0 kg N/10a treatment and the tendency in pH decrease during all season at the soil depth below 20cm was in the order of summer>spring>autumn. 2. Although Bray No.1-P content at the soil depth 0-20cm of 28kg N/10a treatment was lowered by 20ppm compared to 0 kg N/10a treatment in summer, there was no great difference in its content between 0kg N/10a and 28kg N/10a treatment at all soil depth in spring and summer. In autumn, its content at soil depth below 20cm of 28kg N/10a treatment was higher than that of in summer. 3. Organic matter content at 0-20cm soil depth of 0 and 28kg N/10a treatment in autumn was slightly lowered and on the whole there was very little change in it by soil depth and nitrogen application. 4. The calcium content of 0 and 28kg N/10a treatment was also slightly lowered by increase in soil depth and Mg and K contents were below 0.4 and 0.2 me/100g during all seasons, respectively. 5. Positive correlations were shown among the $NH_4-N$ content and pH, organic matter, Ca and Mg of 0 kg N/10a treatment, however, there was negative correlation ($r=-0.534^{*}$) between $NO_3-N$ content and pH of 28kg N/10a treatment in summer.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 1977

Forest soil fertility was evaluated through the approach of numerical method. In this study, the soil chemical properties analyzed for 35 different soil series as table 2 were cited in numerical analysis. Minimum contents of essential nutrients in the surface soil for a satisfactory growth of tree in the plantation were evaluated by comparing with Wild's standard as table 1. Demanding level of fertilization were evaluated by using the formula 1 as table 5. Similar relation of soil chemical properties between soil series were calculated through formula 2, and then classified into 5 groups in soil chemical properties. 1. General chemical properties of surface soil in case of 35 soil series. About 40 percent of 35 different soil series are less than 2 percent in organic matter, 10 ppm in available phosphorus, 1.25m.e/l00g in exchangeable calcium and 0.5m.e/l00g in exchangeable magnesium. Generally, shortage of exchangeable potash are not found. CEC less than 10m.e/l00g are in two thirds and strong acid soil less than PH 5.5 are in about four fifths. 2. Soil series requested or not the fertilization are indirectly evaluated from the formula 1 using the relative figure of chemical components of CEC, OM and MgO. Through this analysis, 8 different soil series have very poor quality in soil chemical capacity so that demands highly the fertilization. On the other hand, other 13 different soil series group have not been thought to need the fertilization according to chemical guality. 3. By the results comparing the similarity of chemical properties of forest soil, it is thought to be suitable that the forest soil fertility are divided into 5 groups as follows: 1. Low CEC soil 1-1 Low organic matter soil less than 2 percent 1-2 Medium organic matter soil less than 4 percent 2. High CEC and organic matter soil 2-1 Low magnesium soil 2-2 High magnesium soil 3. High magnesium and calcium soil as lime stone.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.51 no.2
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• pp.97-107
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• 2015

Wetlands constitute a transitional zone between terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems and have unique characteristics such as frequent inundation, inflow of nutrients from terrestrial ecosystems, presence of plants adapted to grow in water, and soil that is occasionally oxygen deficient due to saturation. These characteristics and the presence of vegetation determine physical and chemical properties that affect decomposition rates of organic matter (OM). Decomposition of OM is associated with activities of various extracellular enzymes (EE) produced by bacteria and fungi. Extracellular enzymes convert macromolecules to simple compounds such as labile organic carbon (C), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) that can be easily taken up by microbes and plants. Therefore, the enzymatic approach is helpful to understand the decomposition rates of OM and nutrient cycling in wetland soils. This paper reviews the physical and biogeochemical factors that regulate extracellular enzyme activities (EEa) in wetland soils, including those of ${\beta}$-glucosidase, ${\beta}$-N-acetylglucosaminidase, phosphatase, arylsulfatase, and phenol oxidase that decompose organic matter and release C, N, P, and S nutrients for microbial and plant growths. Effects of pH, water table, and particle size of OM on EEa were not significantly different among sites, whereas the influence of temperature on EEa varied depending on microbial acclimation to extreme temperatures. Addition of C, N, or P affected EEa differently depending on the nutrient state, C:N ratio, limiting factors, and types of enzymes of wetland soils. Substrate quality influenced EEa more significantly than did other factors. Also, drainage of wetland and increased temperature due to global climate change can stimulate phenol oxidase activity, and anthropogenic N deposition can enhance the hydrolytic EEa; these effects increase OM decomposition rates and emissions of $CO_2$ and $CH_4$ from wetland systems. The researches on the relationship between microbial structures and EE functions, and environmental factors controlling EEa can be helpful to manipulate wetland ecosystems for treating pollutants and to monitor wetland ecosystem services.

• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.75-84
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• 2008

This study was carried out to examine the effects of cornstarch-based absorbent polymer (CAP) on the growth of cool season turfgrasses in sand-based soil mixture. Kentucky bluegrass + perennial ryegrass mixtures seeded at May 18 in 2006 on sand-based soil mixture. Sand + peat (5%, v/v), sand + CAP $20g{\cdot}m^{-2}$, sand + CAP $20g{\cdot}m^{-2}$ + peat (5%, v/v), and sand + CAP $40g{\cdot}m^{-2}$ + peat (5%, v/v) mixtures were compared. Ground coverage of sand + CAP $20g{\cdot}m^{-2}$ + peat (5%, v/v), and sand + CAP $40g{\cdot}m^{-2}$ + peat (5%, v/v) treatments showed 50% at a month after seeding. But the coverage of sand + peat (5%, v/v), sand + CAP $20g{\cdot}m^{-2}$ resulted in 36.7%. Mixing of CAP with sand was considered to be efficient method for increasing ground coverage as much as peat. Dry weight of turfgrass tiller at sand + CAP $20g{\cdot}m^{-2}$ + peat (5%, v/v), and sand + CAP $40g{\cdot}m^{-2}$ + peat (5%, v/v) were also significantly higher than sand + peat (5%, v/v), sand + CAP $20g{\cdot}m^{-2}$ mixtures at a month after seeding. Soil water retention at the sand + CAP $20g{\cdot}m^{-2}$, sand + CAP $40g{\cdot}m^{-2}$ + peat (5%, v/v) mixing were lower than sand + peat (5%, v/v) and sand + CAP $20g{\cdot}m^{-2}$ + peat (5%, v/v) during the dry periods. From the results, the mixing of CAP with sand is useful to increased ground coverage of kentucky bluegrass and perennial ryegrass.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.333-337
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• 1986

The fertilizer experiment was conducted to establish a pattern of a continuous application of organic matter in rice-barley cropping system. Fine textured gray lowland soil was used to grow the crops. The amount of nitrogen absorption and the yield of the crops were the highest in barnyard manure 1,000kg/10a. A correlation among the content of humus and nitrogen, the amount of nitrogen absorption, and the yield was significant while it was not significant among the the nitrogen content of the soil fertility, the total nitrogen, and the yield of crops. The result of this research suggests that revelation of available nitrogen after the decomposition of the organic matter depending on climate and regions should be studied for the organic matter application in due season.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.161-168
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• 1985

The 38 typical profiles representing volcanic ash soils (VAS) in Korea were subjected to multiple regression analysis to determine the relative contribution of organic matter (OM) and clay content to total cation-exchange capacity (CEC). This study, also, was examined the soil characteristics of VAS. VAS in Korea could be classified into 3 Orders, 5 Suborders, 8 Great groups, 15 Subgroups, 23 Families, and 38 Series. Total area of VAS was 139, 162ha and the most of them occured in Jeju Island. Simple correlation coefficients showed significance relations at OM-CEC and clay-CEC in top-soil of VAS. The partial regression coefficients indicated that CEC for each gram of OM as calculated to be 0.46 and 0.40 me per of topsoils for the black volcanic ash soils (BVAS) and the very dark brown volcanic ash soils (VDBVAS), respectively. The clay contributions of topsoils for BVAD and VDBVAS were 0.11 and 0.19 me. The standard partial regression coefficients appeared that OM content of topsoil for BVAS and VDBVAS was 2.97 and 1.23 times as important as clay content in predicting CEC.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2008.05a
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• pp.1197-1204
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• 2008

강원도 남부(영월)와 충북 제천, 단양 등지에 널리 분포하는 석회암에서 유래된 토양은 점토 및 철분함량이 많은 식질계 토양이며 pH와 염기포화도(Base Saturation)가 높은 붉은색 토양이다. 이 토양은 식양질과 식질 등의 세립(細粒)질로만 구성이 되어 있고 자갈이 있는 토양으로 분류된다. 따라서, 토양의 침투 및 투수속도가 우리나라 토양의 주 모재인 화강암이나 화강편마암 유래 토양과는 다른 양상을 보인다. 본 연구는 세립질 특성을 보이는 석회암 유래 토양의 지표면에서의 침투속도와 토양층위별 투수속도를 측정해 복잡하게 세분되어 있는 토양의 종류를 수문학적인 목적에 따라 단순화하기 위해 만든 수문학적 토양유형을 분류하고자 하였다. 실험을 위해 이용된 토양은 과림, 모산, 장성, 마지, 안미, 평안통의 6개 토양이었고 장력 침투계(Disc tension infiltrometer)와 투수속도 측정계(Guelph permeameter)로 침투 및 투수속도를 측정했다. 현장측정 이후 추정식의 개발을 위해 토양층위별로 시료를 채취하여 실험실조건에서 입도분포, 유기물함량을 측정했다. 토양통별 침투 및 투수속도를 측정한 결과는 유기물 층이 존재하는 과림통은 공극이 많고 토층 내에 나무 및 식물뿌리가 존재해 전체적으로 침투 및 투수속도가 빠른 특성을 보여 수문유형을 A로 분류되었다. 모산통은 토층 내에 자갈함량이 아주 높고 투수속도가 다른 토양에 비해 월등히 빠른 특성을 나타냈으나 50cm이내에서 암반층이 존재하는 관계로 수문유형이 C로 분류되었다. 토층이 깊지 않은 장성통은 토층 내에 나무 및 식물뿌리가 많고 암석노출지가 존재해 침투속도가 빠름에도 불구하고 C 수문유형으로 분류됐다. 자갈이나 잔돌이 많은 마지통은 잔자갈이 존재하고 침투나 투수속도가 빠른 편으로 A유형이었다. 논으로 사용되는 안미통은 다른 석회암 유래토양에 비해 토층이 깊은 편이며 석회암 충적층에서 유래된 토양으로 선상지 및 곡간지에 분포한다. 관개된 상태에서 로타리 작업에 의해 표토의 특성이 교란되는 논으로 이용되는 특성 때문에 침투 및 투수속도는 느려 C유형으로 분류됐다. 잔돌이 존재하는 평안통은 석회암 붕적, 퇴적층으로부터 유래된 토양으로 산록경사지 및 선상단구에 분포하며 표토층인 A층에서 중입상구조를 보이며 공극이 많고 작물뿌리가 매우 많아 침투속도는 빠르나 B층에서는 점토 함량이 감소했다 증가하면서 토성이 급격히 바뀌는 특성을 나타내 투수속도는 느린 값을 보였으나 수분학적 토양유형은 B유형으로 분류됐다.