• Journal of Energy Engineering
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.55-64
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• 2019

This study identified key patents on U.S. underground water technology through patent network analysis. As a result, there were many technologies that used the technology to remove heavy metals to prevent contamination of groundwater. While patents between groundwater technology patents were in charge of intermediaries, the connectivity between groundwater technologies is not high. The patented technologies related to groundwater were largely distinguishable by pumping, monitoring, and decontamination. Monitoring includes techniques that enable identification of physical and biological properties, such as the type of contaminants, as well as geographic characteristics for analysis of groundwater flow, flow or water quality. Pollution purification technology refers to the process of physiochemical and biological purification for soil and groundwater. U.S. technology cases showed that the U.S. had high technology in water treatment area. And patent protection were also needed to cope with water shortages caused by climate change.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.253-260
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• 2005

Salt accumulation in the plastic film house soils under continuous cultivation condition causes problems such as salt damages to plants, nitrate accumulation in vegetables, groundwater contamination, etc. due to excess application of fertilizers. Objective of this research was to find an optimum adsorbent to reduce salt concentration in the soil solution of plastic film house soils, where crop injuries have been observed due to the salt accumulation. The soils were significantly high in available P $(1,431{\sim}6,516mg\;kg^{-1}),\;NO_3-N\;(117.60{\sim}395.73mg\;kg^{-1})$, exchangeable Ca $(4.06{\sim}11.07\;cmol_c\;kg^{-1})$ and Mg $(2.59{\sim}18.76\;cmol_c\;kg^{-1})$, as compared to those of the average upland soils in Korea. Soils were treated with each of adsorbent such as ion-exchange resin, zeolite, rice bran, etc. at 2% level and prepared into saturated-paste samples. After equilibrium, soil solution was vacuum-extracted from the soil and measured for changes of the pH, EC, and concentrations of $Ca^{2+},\;Mg^{2+},\;K^+,\;Na^+,\;{NH_4}^+,\;{PO_4}^{3-}\;and\;{NO_3}^-$. Rice bran effectively removed ${PO_4}^{3-}\;and\;{NO_3}^-$ in the soil solution up to 100%. Efficiency was decreased in the orders of rice bran > ion-exchange resin > zeolite. Removal efficiencies of zeolite and ion-exchange resin for $Ca^{2+}$ were ranged from 1 to 65% and from 7 to 61%, respectively. Ion-exchange resin was also effective for removing $Mg^{2+},\;K^+,\;Na^+,\;and\;{NH_4}^+$. Overall results demonstrated that rice bran and ion-exchange resin could be applicable for salt accumulated soil to remove the respective anion and cation.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.55-63
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• 2001

N fertilizer recommendations to optimize with consideration to maximum crop yields, maximum profits, and minimum N losses to ground or runoff water, an advisory system. Nitrogen Expert System (NES), was developed. The system was to estimate the optimal rate of N fertilizer application cornfields in Illinois. NES was constructed using Smart Elements, a knowledge-based system that manages the expertise of human experts. NES was reinforced by addition of the effect of a productivity index (PI), soil organic matter content (SOM), and pre-sidedressing of nitrate concentration (PSNT) to the optimal N fertilizer recommendation. NES contains 49 rules, 1 class, 14 objects, and 2 properties. NES was successfully operated, showing N recommendations with inputs of three soil properties including PI, SOM, and PSNT. NES can reduce N loss to the environment, but adherence to the recommendations may also reduce farmers income. Therefore, NES will be more effective by evaluating both environmental damage assessment and other economic agricultural management parameters and other soil physico-chemical parameters.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.419-443
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• 2007

Recently, the branch-out of foreign companies into domestic markets through M&A and the opened followed by the Free Trade Agreement(FTA) with America have made the environmental site assessments of specific site more necessary. In this study, through case study of conducting actual environmental site assessment by use of a toolbox approach at a large scale of chemical plant with various contaminants located in a coastal area, the problems of guideline of domestic environmental assessment of soil were complemented. And an efficient and economical assessment was achieved. All six steps such as basic investigation, environmental site history survey, sampling and analysis, installation of monitoring wells and hydrogeological survey, and data interpretation were conducted in this study. All results of document survey, geological lineament analysis, field geology survey of surrounding area, geophysical prospecting of the site, hydraulic conductivity, measurement of groundwater flow rate and direction, sampling and analysis at each step were associated and estimated as an integrated tool box approach. As a consequence of this study, toolbox approaches were very useful techniques for contamination level and site characterization of subsurface media. The given conditions to conduct a basic survey for domestic soil environment assessment of site by use of existing documents, as well as interviews with the owner/manager/user of all adjacent properties and thorough review of all practically reviewable records pertaining to the property and surrounding properties within "Guideline for Soil Environment Assessment" radii are very poor. As a result, the application of toolbox approach in the environment site assessment of site is not only more efficient and economical, but also could be very useful assessment to integrate the soil and groundwater contamination.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.234-246
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• 2007

The role of macropore in the hydrological processes is important at the hillslope scale. Developments and distribution of macropores have not been investigated in conjunction with the characteristics of the hillslope such as topography, soil property, and soil moisture. In this study, macropore properties, such as macropore flow and saturation hydraulic conductivity were measured at a hillslope located in Gwangneung Research Forest, Pochun-gun, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea. An intensive field survey provided a refined Digital Elevation Model (DEM) for surface and subsurface topography. Spatial distributions of upslope area and topographic index were obtained through the digital terrain analysis. The total number of monitoring points was 22, and the selected points were distributed along the transect of the digital contour map. Vertical fluxes through macropores were measured using a tension infiltrometer at the depth of 0.1 m from the surface. Spatial and temporal distributions of soil moisture were obtained using an on-line measurement system, TRASE, installed in the study area. Soil moisture for the aforementioned points was measured at 0.1 and 0.3m depths below the surface. The results from tension infiltrometer experiments present that the macropore flows ranged between 21 and 94%, and the measured macroporosities varied from 1.4 to 47%. Macropore flows and macroporosities tended to increase as the measurement location moved to downslope. The ability for water conduction through macropores becomes increasingly developed as the location approaches the outlet of the hillslope.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.34 no.9
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• pp.597-603
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• 2012

To investigate the effects of weir construction on sediment characteristics of river bed, we conducted sediments sampling on the 9 locations near the weir, Kangchun, Yuju and Ipo in Namhan-River. Physical and chemical characteristics of sediments were analyzed by measuring particle size distribution, water content, Ignition loss, COD (Chemical Oxyzen Demand), TOC (Total Organic Carbon), TP (Total Phosphorus), SRP (Soluble Reactive Phosphorus) and TN (Total Nitrogen). Particle classification of all three weir sediments showed sandy loam that was caused by the river bed dredging. Due to the presence of weir, Ignition loss, COD, TOC, TP, SRP and TN showed similar trend such as the concentrations of upward weir had higher than those of downward weir. For the case of SRP concentration and C/N ratio, however, there is not much difference in the sediment characteristics compared to the those of sediments before weir construction. Therefore, It can be predicted that there are little effects of weir construction on sediment characteristics. However, weir construction could influence water quality of the river by controlling the transport and the accumulation of suspended materials from rainfall. Therefore, more intensive monitoring is required to examine the magnitude and patterns of sediment accumulation which could influence overlying water quality.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.185-192
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• 1987

A green house experiment was conducted to find out the acetylene reducing and $N_2$-fixing activity from photosynthetic and aerobic heterotrophic nitrogen fixing microorganisms in submerged paddy soil under different agricultural locality, soil series, soil texture, soil type, and drainage condition in which samples taken from without nitrogen treatment plot of NPK trials on 16 sites of the farmer's field. The results obtained were summarized as follows: 1. The highest acetylene reducing activity was observed at 7 days after incubation in the light condition (photo synthetic microbes+heterotrophic bacteria) while it was observed at 35 days incubation in the dark condition (heterotrophic bacteria). 2. Among the soil series, photosynthetic nitrogen fixing activity was pronounced more in Jangae, Ogcheon and Hwadong series while lower was obtained in Buyong and Daejeong series. Aerobic heterotrophic nitrogen fixing activity was high in Buyong and Daejong series. 3. Estimated amount of $N_2$-fixation from acetylene reducing activity was equivalented to 3.0 mg in light condition and 4.9 mg/100g/105 days in dark condition. 4. Among the agricultural locality, photosynthetic nitrogen fixing activity was high in rather warm southern part while heterotrophic nitrogen fixing activity was predominated more in mountainous area and Chungcheong continental. 5. Photosynthetic nitrogen fixing activity was predominated in high productive soil while aerobic heterotrophic nitrogen fixing activity was pronounced more in crose coarse sandy soil. 6. The soils properties of high photosynthetic nitrogen fixing activity were constituted of poorly or imperfectly drained clay or clay loam soil while heterotrophic nitrogen fixing activity was pronounced more in well to moderately well drained sandy or sandy loam soil.

• 한국지구물리탐사학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2001.09a
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• pp.122-140
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• 2001

We have applied the geophysical survey, mainly electric and electromagnetic (EM) methods, to a test site contaminated by hydrocarbon waste disposal and local spill. The multi-frequency, moving source & receiver EM survey along with ground penetrating radar (GPR) showed a fairly good performance in detection of buried metal pipes and objects. Magnetic survey measuring vertical and horizontal gradients were so sensitive to the small metallic objects spread over the surface that it's hard to discriminate the buried pipe. We chose electrical resistivity, EM and GPR survey to examine the soil contamination. Depth slices of resistivity distribution as the results of the inversion of resistivity and EM data coincided each other and closely matched the contaminated area determined by chemical analysis of the soil samples. GPR images did not show the reflection events related with contamination plume since there are no distinct spill in this site. We inferred the contamination using the penetration depth of the GPR energy, which could be used as auxiliary information to the resistivity and EM results. We summarized the applicability of each survey methods based on this results and proposed a desirable survey scheme for the determination of hydrocarbon contaminated site.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2021.06a
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• pp.123-123
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• 2021

도시하천유역이나 복합유역 등 지역적 성향을 고려한 도달시간 산정에 관한 연구는 현재까지도 미흡한 실정이다. 소규모 유역의 홍수량을 산정할 경우 유하시간보다 유입시간 비중이 상대적으로 크다. 그러나 유하시간만을 고려하여 도달시간을 산정할 때, 소규모 유역의 경우 하도가 없고 유역면적이 5km² 내외 또는 하도의 저류 효과를 기대할 수 없는 경우 도달시간이 짧아 홍수량이 과대 산정된다. 이를 극복하고자 재해영향성평가등의 협의 실무지침에서는 도달시간 이외에 매개변수인 저류상수를 인위적으로 증가시키는 방법을 제안하고 있다. 하지만 이 방법 역시 유역의 물리적인 특성을 나타내는 변수를 왜곡한다는 근복적인 문제를 완전히 해결하지 못하였다. 이에 본 연구에서는 기존 중·대규모 하천을 대상으로 수행된 연구결과를 바탕으로 제안된 홍수 도달시간 산정방법의 한계를 극복하고, 유입시간이 지배적인 소규모 복합유역에 적용 가능한 도달시간 산정방안을 제시하고자 한다. 이를 위해 실증실험을 통해 기존 유입시간 산정식을 개선하고, 도시수문 모니터링 시범유역에 적용하여 정확성을 평가하고자 하였다. 먼저, 홍수도달 시간 측정을 위한 강우유출 실내 실험장치를 제작하였다. 실험장치는 본체(길이3m×폭1.2m×높이0.8m)와 경사조절 장치(0~15도)를 포함하고 있다. 본체 전면부를 타공(ø10mm)하고 상·하단에서 지표와 기저유출을 집수하여 티핑버킷으로 유량을 측정하였고, 토체 내에는 토양수분센서를 설치하여 강우유출 발생시간 동안 토양수분 변화를 측정하였다. 본 연구에서는 하도흐름인 유하시간(Kraven 공식)을 계산하여 도달시간을 산정하기 보다 지표면 흐름인 유입시간(Kerby 공식)에 보정계수를 도입하여 도달시간을 산정하는 방안을 검토하였다. 실험 결과, 불투수 면적비율이 증가함에 따라 도달시간은 감소하고, 불투수 유역이 하류에 위치할수록 유출발생시간이 빨라졌다. 실증실험 결과를 바탕으로 도시수문 모니터링 시범유역에 적용하여 기존 유하시간과 저류상수를 보정하는 도달시간 산정방식(연속형 Kraven)과 유입시간을 보정한 도달시간 산정(수정 Kerby)으로 도출된 유출량을 실측 유량과 비교하였다. 그 결과 제안된 홍수도달시간 산정식에서 모의된 홍수량이 기존 방식과 유사하거나 우수한 첨두홍수량을 보였으며, 설계자 임의성이 배제된 일관성있는 해석값을 제시해 줄 것으로 판단된다.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.222-225
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• 1998

The objective of this study was to observe the effects of potassium-carboxymethyl cellulose (K-CMC), which is a natural polymer derivative, and polyacrylamide (PAM), which is a commercial synthetic polymer, on soil physicochemical properties and yields of the cabbage. To increase water absorbing capacity (WAC), hydrophilic carboxymethyl group was introduced to cellulose chain and it was confirmed by FT-IR. WAC was tested by tea-bag method in distilled water and 3% NaCl solution. PAM is slightly more absorptive than K-CMC in distilled water, but in NaCl solution, K-CMC is more absorptive than PAM. Soil particle sizes above $1_{mm}$ were immediately increased from 9.6 to approximately 16.6% by the application of K-CMC and PAM, respectively. Infiltration rates of soil were approximately twice as great as those of the control when conditioned with the K-CMC and PAM treatment. K content of soil treated with K-CMC was significantly higher than those of PAM and control, but the other components of soil chemical properties were not different. The early growth and vegetative production of cabbage in the K-CMC and PAM treatments were significantly higher than the control. The contents of vitamin C were increased with the treatment of K-CMC. It was proposed that K-CMC treatment influence K component of the soil and vitamin C content of the cabbage, therefore, it improved the yields as well as crop quality.