• Tunnel and Underground Space
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• v.1
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• pp.39-48
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• 1991

• Tunnel and Underground Space
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• v.1
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• pp.75-90
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• 1991

• The monthly packaging world
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• s.277
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• pp.113-115
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• 2016

• Journal of Korean Tunnelling and Underground Space Association
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.295-306
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• 2010

Contrary to an intact rock, the jointed rock mass shows strain-dependent deformation characteristics (elastic modulus and damping ratio). The maximum elastic modulus of a rock mass can be obtained from an elastic wave-based exploration in a small strain level and applied to seismic analyses. However, the assessment and application of the non-linear characteristics of rock masses in a small to medium strain level ($10^{-4}{\sim}0.5%$) have not been carried out yet. A non-linear dynamic analysis module is newly developed for FLAC3D to simulate strain-dependent shear modulus degradation and damping ratio amplification characteristics. The developed module is verified by analyzing the change of the Ricker wave propagation. Strain-dependent non-linear characteristics are obtained from disks of cored samples using a rock mass dynamic testing apparatus which can evaluate wave propagation characteristics in a jointed rock column. Using the experimental results and the developed non-linear dynamic module, seismic analyses are performed for the intersection of a shaft and an inclined tunnel. The numerical results show that vertical and horizontal displacements of non-linear analyses are larger than those of linear analyses. Also, non-linear analyses induce bigger bending compressive stresses acting on the lining. The bending compressive stress concentrates at the intersection part. The fundamental understanding of a strain-dependent jointed rock mass behavior is achieved in this study and the analytical procedure suggested can be effectively applied to field designs and analyses.

• Journal of Korean Tunnelling and Underground Space Association
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.155-170
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• 2020

In this paper, a risk management system applicable to NATM tunneling projects is proposed. After investigating case histories in NATM tunnel collapse, this paper analyzes the potential risk factors and their corresponding risk events during NATM tunnel construction. The risk factors are categorized into three groups: geological, design and construction risk factors. The risk events are also categorized into four types: excessive deformation, excessive deformation with subsidence, collapse inside tunnels, and collapse inside tunnels with subsidence. The paper identifies risk scenarios in consideration of the risk factors and proposes a risk analysis/evaluation method for the NATM tunnel risk scenarios. Based on the evaluation results, the optimal mitigation measure to handle the risk events is suggested. In order to effectively facilitate a series of risk management processes, it is necessary to develop a risk register and a management ledger for risk mitigation measures that are customized to NATM tunnels. Lastly, the risk management for an actual NATM tunnel construction site is performed to verify the validity of the proposed system.

• Magazine of korean Tunnelling and Underground Space Association
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.130-138
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• 2000

본 연구에서는 수평보강재로 보강된 터널 막장의 거동에 관한 매개변수 연구결과를 다루었다. 매개변수 연구에서는 막장주변의 3차원 응력-변형율 거동을 보다 효율적으로 모델링하기 위해 3차원 유한요소해석 모형을 적용하였으며 보강패턴에 따른 막장의 거동을 고찰하기 위해 다양한 경계조건에 대한 해석을 수행하였다. 해석결과를 토대로 막장의 응력해방-변위거동의 관계를 고찰하였으며, 보강패턴과 막장 변위의 정성${\cdot}$정량적인 관계를 제시함과 아울러서 향후 수행될 반경험적 설계/해석법의 개발을 위한 데이터베이스를 구축하였다. 한편, 해석결과 보강재 타설수 및 길이 등 각 보강설계 인자에 대한 임계치가 존재하는 것으로 나타났으며 따라서 보다 안전하고 경제적인 설계를 위해서는 이를 고려하여야 할 것으로 판단된다.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Rock Mechanics Conference
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• 2008.10a
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• pp.365-376
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• 2008

본 논문은 1차로 마제형 터널에서의 지반과 지보재의 상호 거동을 규명하기 위한 연구로서 터널의 주지보재인 숏크리트의 균열, 파괴하중 및 변형하는 거동양상을 실물크기의 터널모형실험을 통해 확인하였다. 이때 실험은 측압계수를 0.5, 1.0, 2.0으로 설정하여 각각 측압계수에 따른 결과를 확인하였다. 또한 실제 실험과 같은 조건을 설정한3차원 수치해석을 실시하여 각각의 결과를 비교 검증하였다. 터널모형 실험은 측압조건을 설정할 수 있도록 11개의 실린더를 사용하여 실험을 수행하였다. 3차원 수치해석 모델링은 터널모형실험과 가능하면 같은 조건으로 해석하기 위하여 모형실험으로부터 로드셀 및 LVDT를 통해 얻은 하중-변위곡선이 수치해석 시에도 재현되도록 하였다.

• Journal of Korean Tunnelling and Underground Space Association
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• v.12 no.5
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• pp.379-387
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• 2010

In this study, a case study was introduced for the design of a twin tunnel along high speed national highway Route 12 from Damyang to Sungsan. It was related to determine the optimal tunnel support pattern and excavation method based on a risk analysis in order to incorporate the uncertainty of ground properties. To this end, three alternatives with different amounts of support and excavation method were selected and risk analysis was performed by applying Monte Carlo simulation technique, respectively. Stability of the tunnel was quantified by the factor of safety. To improve the result, the 729 cases of the combination of ground properties (deformation modulus, cohesion, and internal friction angle) satisfying a Gaussian distribution were generated and applied. Also, stability of the tunnel was confirmed by analyzing the distribution of both displacement and shotcrete bending stress.

• The Journal of Engineering Geology
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.63-70
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• 2009

The optical fiber cable acting as a sensor was embedded in the underground research tunnel and portal area in order to monitor their stability and the spatial temperature variation. This system includes two types of sensing function to monitor the distributed strain and temperature along the line, where sensor cable is installed, not a point sensing. According to the results of one year monitoring around the KURT, there is no significant displacement or movement at the tunnel wall and portal slope. However, it would be able to aware of some phenomena as an advance notice at the tunnel wall which indicates the fracturing in rockmass and shotcrete fragmentation before rock falls accidently as well as movement of earth slope. The measurement resolution for rock mass displacement is 1 mm per 1 m and it covers 30 km length with every 1m interval in minimum. In temperature, the cable measures the range of $-160{\sim}600^{\circ}C$ with $0.01^{\circ}C$ resolution according to the cable types. This means that it would be applicable to monitoring system for the safe operation of various kinds of facilities having static and/or dynamic characteristics, such as chemical plant, pipeline, rail, huge building, long and slim structures, bridge, subway and marine vessel. etc.

• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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• v.35 no.5
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• pp.21-30
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• 2019

While the study of the shallow tunnel has been mainly on the longitudinal load transfer and horizontal surface conditions, the study of the ground behavior of shallow tunnel under the slope is not sufficient. Therefore, in this study on the ground behavior around a tunnel due to the sidewall deformation of shallow tunnel under the slope that is excavated in longitudinal direction, a scale-down model test has been performed. The model tunnel has the dimension of 320 mm wide, 210 mm high and 55 mm long with enough material strength in aluminum and the model ground has the uniform ground conditions by 3 types of carbon rods. The model test has been performed with the variables of slopes and the cover depths by controlling the tunnel sidewall deformation, and the change of sidewall-load, load transfer, ground subsidence was monitored and analyzed. According to the increase of the slope, the maximum ground subsidence increased by 20~39% compared to the horizontal surface. The load ratio increased by maximum 20% in the tunnel crown and decreased in sidewall according to the surface slope. The load transfer shows maximum 128% of increase at the cover depth of 1.0D, while at the 1.5D cover depth it shows non-critical difference from horizontal surface. The slope has major effects on load transfer at the cover depth of 1.0D.