• Membrane Journal
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.65-74
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• 2008

NOM and fine particles are the main target materials in water treatment using membranes. Particularly, humic substances extracted from soils are frequently used in many fundamental studies representing natural organic matter in raw water for drinking water treatment. In this study, ultrafiltration (UF) of artificial humic water and natural river water was conducted and the characteristics of removal efficiency and permeability were compared. In the UF of river water, the transmembrane pressure increased in the same pattern with that of 5 mg/L humic water. For the removal of organic matter and fine particles, however, two types of feed water had shown different trends. Kaolin particles and humic acids added to artificial water were better removed, while colloids and organics in natural water were relatively poorly removed. From the $UV_{254}$ and GPC analyses, it seemed that the hydrophobicity and size of humic substances contributed to the greater removal of organic matter. The UF membrane applied for humic water also showed a higher flux recovery by caustic chemical cleaning than that for river water.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.7 no.6
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• pp.761-772
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• 1998

This study was performed to determine the optimum coagulant dosing amount for effective treatment of raw water. The removal rate of turbidity and the variations of water qualities according to various dosage of coagulants such as Alum, PAC and PACS were investigated. The optimum coagulant dosing amount to make the lowest turbidity of water were 35mg/ι t of Alum, 30mg/ι of PAC and 10mg/ι of PACS in case of 5 NTU of raw water turbidity, and 30mg/ι of Alum, 25mg/ι of PAC and 10mg/ι of PACS in case of 10 NTU of that, respectively. The removal rates of turbidity at 4 min. and 8 min. of settling time were 10 and 72% of Alum, 44 and 62% of PAC and 25 and 55% of PACS in case of 5 NTU, and 52 and 70% of Alum, 90 and 95% of PAC and 10 and 28% of PACS in case of 10 NTU, respectively. Judging from the settling capability of floc., the reaction time of floe. formation and removal efficiency of turbidity, PAC was evaluated as more effective coagulant than Alum and PACS. Also PAC was regarded as the most effective coagulant when the water supply was changed sharply and the fluctuation of the surface loading occured with wide and sharp in settling basin. pH and alkalinity of the water were decreased with increasing coagulants dosage. But pH and alkalinity were not decreased below 5.8 which is the standard for drinking water quality, and 10mg/ι which is the limit concentration of floc. breakage, respectively. Residual Al of the treated water was decreased with increasing coagulants dosage in case of 5 and 10NTU of raw water turbidity. $KMnO_4$ consumption of the water was decreased with increasing coagulants dosage. The reduction rate of $KMnO_4$ consumption at the optimum coagulants dosage were 39% of Alum. 18% of PAC and 11% of PACS in case of 5 NTU of raw water turbidity, and 42% of Alum, 27% of PAC and 36% of PACS in case of 10 NTU of that, respectively. Any relationship was not found between the removal rate of turbidity and KMnO$_4$ consumption. TOC of the water was a bit decreased with increasing coagulants dosage up to 30mg/ι but not changed above 30mg/ι of coagulants dosage. The degree of TOC reduction was increased in the order of Alum, PAC and PACS treatment. Zeta potential of the colloidal floe. at the optimum coagulants dosage was in the range of -20~-15mV in case of 5 NTU of raw water turbidity and 0~0.5mV in case of 10 NTU of that. respectively. Although the kinds and dosages of coagulants were different, zeta potential range were fixed under the conditions of the best coagulation efficiency.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.205-212
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• 2000

Experimental investigations on the removal of protein, total suspended solids and turbidity from aquacultural water were carried out by using three types of foam separator: counter current air driven type foam separator (CCADFS), high speed aeration type foam separator (HSAFS) and venturi type foam separator (VFS). The decrease of flow rate by CCADFS, HSAFS and VFS were $0.4,\;66.1,\;77.2 {\%}$ respectively. Protein removal rates by three types foam separator were decreased with the increased hydraulic residence time (HRT). Bellw 0.32 minute and 0.21 minute of hydraulic residence times, protein removal rate of HSAFS and YES was higher than that of CCADFS, respectively. Protein removal rate of VFS was lower than that of HSAFS at any HRT. As increasing the HRT, protein removal efficiency of CCADFS was increased, but that of HSAFS and VES were decreased. The changes of removal rates and efficiencies of total suspended solid and turbidity were similar to proteins.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.30 no.12
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• pp.1273-1280
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• 2008

This study sought to establish the optimum operating condition for the recovery of caustic (NaOH) solution from mercerization in textile process. As main factors, the silt density index (SDI) evaluation of ceramic membrane for the application of nanofiltration/reverse osmosis (NF/RO) membrane, the recovery yield measurement of caustic solution for the application of polymeric membrane, the optimum condition of chemical cleaning for the membrane regeneration, the optimum removal condition of total organic carbon (TOC), turbidity, color, and the permeate flux of ceramic membrane/polymeric membrane combined process were investigated. As results, ceramic ultrafiltration (UF) in the first step and nanofiltration (NF) in the second step were found to be suitable for the removal of total suspended solid (TSS), residual organics, turbidity including color, and the recovery of caustic solution from caustic wastewater stream in mercerization process. When only the ceramic UF membrane was used, the rejection efficiency of both of TSS and turbidity was more than 99.0%, and the color and TOC were rejected about 74.7% and 49.2%, respectively. Meanwhile, the combined membrane precess of UF and NF membranes showed even more efficient removal abilities and thus more than 99.9% of TSS and turbidity, 87.7% of color, and 78.2% of TOC were removed. In particular, 91.3% of NaOH was successfully recovered with 83.7% of total volume in the combined membrane process. With this regard, a clean caustic solution was obtained in a high purity, which can be reused for mercerization process, expecting to offer economical benefits.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.74-80
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• 2005

The effective removal of turbid-inducing particulates and algae-inducing phosphorous was systematically investigated by the variation of physico-chemical parameters such as pH, alkalinity, and coagulant types. Al(III)-based and Fe(III)-based coagulants exhibited high removal efficiency of turbidity and phosphorous at optimal pH ranges of 7~9, in which zeta potential nearly approached to zero. The removal rate of turbidity rapidly increased with the increase of coagulant dosages, whereas the removal rate of phosphorous gradually increased due to an equivalent reaction of phosphorous with metallic ions. The generation of flocs during coagulation was visualized by high speed camera (Motion Scope 2000, Redlake Co.), and the images of singular flocs were captured by optical microscope. The flocs generated by Fe(III)-based coagulant was more compact than those induced by Al(III)-based coagulant, and the settlabiltiy of Fe(III)-induced flocs was superior to that of Al(III)-induced flocs.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Soil and Groundwater Environment Conference
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• 2003.09a
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• pp.483-486
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• 2003

본 연구는 운동장, 주차장, 도로측면, 보도, 기타 주거시설 등의 우수 찻집시설에 사용되는 콘크리트 구조물의 침투능 확보를 위한 투수성 찻집 구조물 개발에 관한 것이다. 투수성을 확보하기 위하여 일반 차집시설의 콘크리트 구조체 벽면에 천공을 하고 천공된 측구 내에 쇄석을 충진시켜 침투되는 우수의 수질도 개선할 수 있다. 본 제작방법은 별도의 침투소재를 사용하는 경우와 비교해 볼 때 경제성이 우수하며 동일시공방법과 규격으로 대체재로서 활용성이 높을 것으로 전망된다, 본 연구에서 개발하고 있는 여재를 이용한 침투시설은 침투능을 충분히 확보할 수 있음을 확인하였고 SS기준으로 27％∼86％의 제거율을 보였으며, COD기준 20％∼68％의 제거율을 나타냈으며, 탁도기준 29％∼88％의 제거율을 볼 수 이었다.

• Journal of Nuclear Fuel Cycle and Waste Technology(JNFCWT)
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.41-47
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• 2018

Radioactive substances, especially $^{137}Cs$ discharged in the course of Nuclear Power Plant Accident or maintenance of power plants, cause contamination of the soil. For habitation of residents and reuse of industrial land, it is inevitably necessary to decontaminate the soil. This study examines a soil washing process that has actually been used for washing of radioactive-contaminated soil. The soil washing process uses a washing agent to weaken surface tension of the soil and cesium, separating cesium from the soil. In this study, in order to raise the efficiency of the process, a flocculating agent was added to the washing water to remove fine soil and cesium. The cesium concentrations before and after applying the flocculating agent to cesium solution were measured through ICP-OES. When using 0.1 g of J-AF flocculating agent in the experiment, the maximum Cs removal performance was approximately 88%; the minimum value was 67%. Species combinations between cesium and soil were predicted using Visual MINTEQ Code; the ability to reuse the washing water or not, and the removal rate of the fine soil, determined via measurement of the turbidity after applying the flocculating agent, were determined.

• Proceedings of the Korea Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry Conference
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• 2001.04a
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• pp.27-27
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• 2001

탈묵 펄프는 자원재활용을 통한 환경 보존과 원가절감이 가능한 유용한 제지원료로 주로 신문용지와 화장지의 제조에 사용되고 있다. 국내에서는 신문고지의 상당 부분을 수입 에 의존하고 있으나 외국에서도 자국의 자원 및 환경보호를 위해서 재활용율을 증대시키기 위한 노력을 경주하고 있기 때문에 수입고지의 품질이 저하되고 있으며, 이는 다시 국내 신 문용지의 품질 악화로 이어지고 있다. 또한 환경문제가 세계적인 관심사로 부각됨에 따라 환경친화적인 탈묵 방법으로의 전환이 요구되고 있는 상황이다. 국내로 수입되는 신문고지 에는 오프셋 인쇄물 뿐만 아니라 플렉소 인쇄물이 포함되어 있다. 일반적으로 신문인쇄에 널리 쓰이는 오프셋 잉크는 기존의 알칼리 해리와 부유부상법에 의해 제거가 비교적 용이한 특정이 있으나, 플렉소 잉크는 친수성 안료로 구성되어 있어 알칼리 조건에서 탈묵할 경우 에 잉크 업자의 크기가 매우 작아져서 부상 탈묵에 의한 백색도 증가 효과가 크게 저하되는 문제점을 지니고 있다. 플렉소 인쇄물의 탈묵 개선을 위해 세척법이 효과적인 것으로 알려 져 있으나 국내에서는 설비 및 공정 상황으로 비추어 볼 때 불가능하다고 판단된다. 따라서 본 실험에서는 플렉소 고지가 함유된 신문고지의 탈묵 효율을 향상시키고 환경친화적 탈묵 기술을 접목시키기 위한 일환으로 중성 탈묵기술의 적용 가능성 및 이에 효과적인 탈묵제를 탐색하고자 하였다.이를 위해 본 실험에서는 일반적인 비이온성 계면활성제를 이용하여 알칼리 조건과 중성조건에서 탈묵을 실시하여 탈묵 효율을 비교하였다. 또, 플렉소 고지를 이용할 때 심각 한 문제점의 하나인 백수의 오염 정도를 탁도 COD 등으로 평가하였다. 그 결과 중성조건 과 알칼리 조건에서 수율은 큰 차이가 없었으며, 백색도는 중성 조건에서 탈묵한 경우에 약 1 1% 높았다. 백수의 탁도와 COD는 중성 탈묵을 실시할 경우가 알칼리 탈묵시보다 약 50% 감소하여 플렉소 고지의 탈묵에 비교적 효과적인 것으로 나타났으나, 플렉소 고지의 문제를 완전히 해결할 수는 없었다. 그래서 플렉소 고지의 중성 탈묵에 적합한 새로운 탈묵기술을 탐색하기 위하여 알킬 아민을 첨가하여 탈묵성을 조사하였다. 알킬 아민을 적용한 결과, 탈 묵 펄프의 백색도는 알칼리 탈묵에 비해 약 6% 증가하였으며, 백수의 탁도와 COD는 알칼 리 탈묵할 때 플렉소 고지를 첨가하기 전보다 낮아졌다. 탈묵 수율은 알킬 아민을 적용한 경우 최고 10% 정도 낮아지는 문제가 발생하였다. 그러나 부상탈묵에 의한 회분 제거율은 알칼리 탈묵에 비해 2배 이상 증가하는 결과를 얻을 수 있었으며 탈묵 펄프의 여수도가 7 70% 이상 개선되는 것으로 나타났다.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.27 no.7
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• pp.726-731
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• 2005

Sedimentation is treated as the most important unit process in waterworks, and plays great role on turbidity removal efficiency. Rectangle sedimentation basin is the most widely accepted sedimentation process. But it has some problems with short-circuit flow and density flow caused by temperature and influent turbidity variation. To solve these problems, installation of rectification wall was suggested, but not generally fully accepted in field. Because hole of rectification wall cause jet flow. In this research, use of moving baffle was investigated. Moving baffle was designed to induce uniform velocity at every section of water flow. The baffle walls was made from soft fiber materials. The baffle walls with flow of sedimentation basin moves at same speed. It is like that it controls density flow and short-circuit flow and induce uniform velocity at every section of water flow in sedimentation basin. When moving baffle was operated retention time of sedimentation basin was extended to 1 hours. When it talked again and the effluent time of highest concentration of the chlorine ion from 100 minutes was extended to 160 minutes. Turbidity removal efficiency was tested with different operation modes(continuous and batch) with influent turbidity and retention time. It was revealed that turbidity removal efficiency carl be improved up to 36%(continuous mode) and 58%(batch mode) respectively. Consequently if moving baffle introduces in Rectangle sedimentation basin, it forecasts that the turbidity improvement above 30% will be possible.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.155-163
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• 2017

Membrane filtration has become more popular in drinking water treatment recently, since the filtration can control not only particulate matters but also pathogenic microorganisms such as giardia and cryptosporidium very effectively. Pilot-scale ($120m^3/d$ of treatment capacity) and test-bed ($25,000m^3/d$ of treatment capacity) microfiltration experiments were conducted to find optimum operating mode and the critical flux. Optimum operating mode of pilot-test was assessed as inflow 1.0 min, filtration 36.5 min, air backwash 0.9 min, backwash 1.0 min and outflow 1.0 min with 50 LMH ($L/min{\cdot}m3^$) of critical flux. Critical Flux was calculated to be $50L/m^2-h$ (within TMP 0.5 bar) based on the increase formula of the transmembrane pressure difference according to the change of time at Flux 20, 40, 56 and 62 LMH in pilot operation. Chemical cleaning was first acid washed twice, and alkali washing was performed secondarily, and a recovery rate of 95% was obtained in the test-bed plant. The results of operating under these appropriate conditions are as follows. Turbidity of treated water were 0.028, 0.024, 0.026 and 0.028 NTU in spring, summer, autumn and winter time, respectively. Microfiltration has superior treatment capability and performance characteristics in removing suspended solids and colloidal materials, which are the main cause of turbidity and important carrier of metal elements, and it has shown great potential in being an economically substitute to traditional processes (sand filtration).