• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.303-308
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• 2015

The objectives of this study were to investigate the microbial contamination level of domestic kitchen environments and to provide information to improve food safety in 50 domestic house kitchens located in Seoul, Incheon, and Gyeonggi-do. Dishcloth, chopping board, and refrigerator swabs were examined for the presence of coliforms, Salmonella spp., Campylobacter jejuni/coli, Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes, and Staphylococcus aureus. The means and standard deviations of coliform counts for dishcloths was $4.8{\pm}1.84log\;CFU/100g$, chopping boards, and refrigerator drawers were $4.04{\pm}1.53$, $4.11{\pm}1.65log\;CFU/100cm^2$, respectively. Salmonella spp. and Campylobacter jejuni/coli were not detected in all samples. E. coli were detected in 3 on the dishcloths and 1 of 50 samples in the refrigerator drawer. Listeria monocytogenes was detected in the drawer of the refrigerator in 2 of 50 samples. In the case of Staphylococcus aureus, the detection on dishcloths, chopping boards, and drawers in refrigerators was 21, 12, and 14 of 50 samples, respectively. The results of microbiological tests of domestic kitchen utensils can be used to emphasize the importance of the sanitary conditions in domestic kitchen environments.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.33-41
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• 2015

An alternative was investigated to maximize the treatment efficiency of wastewater treatment plant without large scale expansion. 79% of detention time was required for enough nitrogen control. As aeration time was extended, nitrification was processed, but opposite trend was seen in phosphorus. High concentration of $NO_3-N$ interrupted PAOs activity not to absorb phosphorus. An alternative was devised for selective use of anaerobic or anoxic zone. Trisection was suggested for alternative use of center room. The result was relatively successful. The concentration of phosphorus was reduced with reduction of nitrogen. Extended anaerobic condition seemed to stimulate denitrification. Valve connection of internal return from aeration tank will make it possible to use middle room alternatively. This method will be a good alternative for seasonal variation of water temperature.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.19 no.12
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• pp.340-352
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• 2018

This study presents a method to find the extant central halls with the plan most similar to the remains and to find out and compare the architectural style of extant buildings for the restoration. In the Joseon dynasty, there existed both remains and the extant hall. In particular, the $3{\times}2Kan$ hall is the minimum size that functions as the hall, so the number of comparison articles is small. The subjects are three remains and 29 Extant Halls. The absolute size of the comparison articles are the Area, Ratio of front/side, and the relative sizes are the Ratio of front Eokan/Hyeopkan and Ratio of the front Eokan/the side row. The Daeungjeon remain in Bugjijangsa is similar in absolute size and relative sizes to Oeosa daeungjeon. The Bubdang remain in Seonchalsaji is similar to Sangwonsa daeungjeon in the Area and Ratio of front/side, and similar to Daejeogsa geungnakjeon in the Ratio of front/side and Ratio of front Eokan/Hyeopkan. The Bubdang remain in Seungseonsaji is similar to Seodongsa daeungjeon in the Area, Ratio of front Eokan/Hyeopkan and Ratio of the front Eokan /the side row. Consequently, this method has high value as a way to expand by other comparison articles.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.29 no.11
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• pp.1251-1257
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• 2019

Peptidoglycan (PG) is found in atheromatous lesions of arteries, where monocytes/macrophages express inflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor-alpha ($TNF-{\alpha}$). This study investigated the effects of PG on $TNF-{\alpha}$ expression and examined possible cellular factors involved in $TNF-{\alpha}$ upregulation. The overall aim was to identify the molecular mechanisms underlying inflammatory responses to bacterial pathogen-associated molecular patterns in the artery. Exposure of human THP-1 monocytic cells to PG enhanced the secretion of $TNF-{\alpha}$ and induced its gene transcription. Inhibition of TLR-2/4 with OxPAPC significantly inhibited $TNF-{\alpha}$ gene expression, whereas inhibition of LPS by polymyxin B did not. The PG-induced expression of $TNF-{\alpha}$ was also significantly suppressed by pharmacological inhibitors that modulate activities of cellular signaling molecules; for example, U0126 (an ERK inhibitor), SB202190 (a p38 MAPK inhibitor), and SP6001250 (a JNK inhibitor) significantly attenuated PG-induced transcription of $TNF-{\alpha}$ and secretion of its gene product. $TNF-{\alpha}$ expression was also inhibited by rapamycin (an mTOR inhibitor), LY294002 (a PI3K inhibitor), and Akt inhibitor IV (an Akt inhibitor). ROS-regulating compounds, like NAC and DPI, also significantly attenuated $TNF{\alpha}$ expression induced by PG. These results suggest that PG induces $TNF-{\alpha}$ expression in monocytes/macrophages by multiple molecules, including TLR-2, PI3K, Akt, mTOR, MAPKs, and ROS.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.32 no.6
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• pp.421-429
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• 2022

The expression of interleukin-1α (IL-1α) is elevated in monocytic cells, such as monocytes and macro-phages, within atherosclerotic arteries, yet the cellular molecules involved in cytokine upregulation remain unclear. Because peptidoglycan (PG), a major component of gram-positive bacterial cell walls, is detected within the inflammatory cell-rich regions of atheromatous plaques, it was investigated if PG contributes to IL-1α expression in monocytes/macrophages. Exposure of THP-1 monocytic cells to PG resulted in elevated levels of IL-1α gene transcripts and increased secretion of IL-1α protein. The transcription and secretion of IL-1α were abrogated by OxPAPC, an inhibitor of TLR2/4, but not by polymyxin B that inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced TLR4 activation. To understand the molecular mechanisms of the inflammatory responses due to bacterial pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) in diseased arteries, we attempted to determine the cellular factors involved in the PG-induced upregulation of IL-1α expression. Pharmacological inhibition of cell signaling pathways with LY294002 (a PI3K inhibitor), Akti IV (an inhibitor of Akt activation), rapamycin (an mTOR inhibitor), U0126 (a MEK inhibitor), SB202190 (a p38 MAPK inhibitor), SP6001250 (a JNK inhibitor), and DPI (a NOX inhibitor) also significantly attenuated the PG-mediated expression of IL-1α. These results suggest that PG induces the monocytic or macrophagic expression of IL-1α, thereby contributing to vascular inflammation, via multiple signaling molecules, including TLR2, PI3K/Akt/mTOR, and MAPKs.

• 건강소식
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• v.34 no.12
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• pp.36-37
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• 2010

징키스칸의 나라 몽골, 바다만큼이나 넓은 대륙, 양떼를 몰고 말 타기를 좋아하는 징기스칸의 후예들이 숨 쉬는 그 땅에서 펼쳐진 이흐올학교 학생들의 건강검진. 9월 28일부터 30일까지 실시된 건강검진은 행복하고 안타까운 마음이 공존한 가운데 그렇게 마무리되었다. 그리고 또 다시 남은 일정을 하나씩 수행하면서 한국건강관리협회가 뜻 깊은 행사에 있어서 한 몫을 담당했다는 자부심이 생겨 돌아오는 길은 온화함으로 가득했다.

• 보건세계
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• v.58 no.1
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• pp.26-29
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• 2011

이번 호의 주제는 2011년 신묘년(辛卯年) 토끼의 해를 맞아 토끼 도안이 있는 1984년 씰로 선정하였다. 1984년도 씰(한국의 전래동화 시리즈)은 전래동화 5가지를 각 1행씩 구성하고 각 행은 전래동화별로 5칸으로 표현하여 5행${\times}$5칸의 총 25종(5${\times}$5)의 씰로 구성되어 있다. 여류화가이며 공예작가인 곽계정의 작품으로 1984년 씰은 다른 연도의 씰과 달리 변지의 천공(穿孔; Perforation)이 매우 다양하며 판형은 초판과 수정판이 존재하고 있다.

• Proceedings of the Korea Contents Association Conference
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• 2010.05a
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• pp.149-151
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• 2010

본 연구에서는 고맥락 문화의 대표국인 일본과 저맥락 문화의 대표국인 미국에서 제작되고 있는 소녀 대상 만화의 표현 발달과 성립에 대한 비교분석을 하였다. 동서양 문화권에 따른 비교연구는 소녀만화 표현 매커니즘에 대한 정서적 차이를 구명할 수 있으며, 그 표현영역 확장에도 근거를 제시할 수 있다고 사료된다. 특히, 소녀만화의 표현 매커니즘의 가장 기본이 되는 <칸의 구조>를 살펴보는 것은 소녀 대상 만화를 보다 자생력있는 문화콘텐츠로 육성하기 위한 이론적 토대가 될 것으로 사료된다.

• 주택과사람들
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• s.215
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• pp.70-73
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• 2008

• Nuclear industry
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• v.26 no.5 s.279
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• pp.4-5
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• 2006