• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.1-15
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• 2020

This study was conducted to determine whether invasive muskrats settle in the natural ecosystem of Korea. The study also aimed to provide information on the selection of target areas, basic behavioral characteristics, and habitat use-related data, all of which are essential for effective management strategy establishment and site management. To this end, a trend in international muskrat management was identified to examine the management direction according to the settlement stage. We also secured the location of 72 domestic farmers and classified five regions in Gyeonggi-do, Chungcheongnam-do, Gyeongsangbuk-do, and Sejong Special Self-governing City into regions with high potential for natural leakage to raise the need for a quick survey. We determined that muskrats successfully settled in the natural ecosystem of Korea, based on the fact that we consistently identified a muskrat habitat at the same point for three years, from 2016 to 2018, the age of the captured population was estimated to be 1.2 years, and there had been no additional make-up factors near the habitat since 2012. The muskrats that settled in Korea showed a small home range of 0.0027 ㎢ (MCP 95%) and were estimated to show regular mobility before Spring and Autumn. Also, the areas where the muskrat habitat was observed had a high level of habitat environment disturbance and their ecological and food intake characteristics reflected that disturbance. Muskrat traces were high in hydrophyte vegetation, which can be used as a hideout in open waters and where the growth of both floating leaved plants and floating plants are prevalent. Since international invasive muskrats have already settled in the domestic ecosystem and there is concern about their proliferation in the future, the government must consider a preemptive response and scientific management.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.159-168
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• 2003

With microtiter plate, the assay method was developed for detecting the fungicidal activity of new compounds against spore germination, spore adhesion and mycelial growth of Colletotrichum sp. JC24 cal1Sing red pepper anthracnose. Also, the effects of some commercialized fungicides on fungal development like above mentioned were investigated by measuring the optical density of mycelia grown into wells of microtiter plate. For the standardization of assay method, some factors, such as the treatment of MTT and/or propanol, inodulum density and incubation period, affecting on mycelial optical density were investigated. For obtaining precise and consistent mycelial optical density, it was necessary the treatment of MTT for 12 hrs and propanol for 1 hr. inoculum density adjusted to $1\times10^5$ spores/mL and incubation period for 36 hrs at $25^{\circ}C$. For fungicidal activities, 6 protective fungicides, 6 ones inhibiting sterol biosynthesis, and one inhibiting respiration were used in this study. While mancozeb, chlorothalonil and dithianon among 6 protective fungicides inhibited strongly spore germination, adhesion, and mycelial growth at $6.25{\mu}g/mL$, propineb, iminoctadine and fluazinam inhibited intermediately spore germination and mycelial growth at $100{\mu}g/mL$. Washing above 3 fungicides with new PD broth, their activity against spore adhesion decreased. With hexaconazole, tebuconazole and myclobutanil, the tendency of the activity against fungal differentiation of the early infection stage was similar to the latter group of protective fungicides, showing the decrease of the inhibitory activity against spore adhesion by washing 2 hrs after incubation. However, kresoxim-methyl inhibited spore adhesion distinctly, depending on the applied concentrations. Based on these results, it might be able to assess the fungicidal activity of many compounds against spore germination, adhesion and mycelial growth by the use of microtiter plate in vitro. Using the assay developed in this report, it was possible to investigate the inhibitory activity of some commercialized fungicides, too.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.54 no.4
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• pp.174-191
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• 2021

Gangdo (江都), a reproduction of Gaegyeong, was the capital of Goryeo for 39 years. However, due to the urgent wartime situation of the Mongol invasion and the geographical features of Ganghwa Island, the castle system and palace layout were somewhat different from those of Gaegyeong. Gangdo's castle can be understood as a triple castle system consisting of outer castle, middle castle, and inner castle. First, the outer castle was the first to be completed, and it was built at the forefront to prevent the Mongol army from invading in the first place. It is presumed that the section was between Huamdon and Hwadodon in the outer castle during the Joseon Dynasty. The middle castle can be seen as the present 'Middle Castle', a castle built of earth on the outskirts of the Ganghwa-mountain Castle. Considering the sophistication and robustness of the construction method confirmed in the archaeological research, this castle is thought to have been built under a meticulous plan. In other words, as the capital city, it was completed 'at last' as recorded in the Koryo History, after a long 18-year construction process to protect palaces, government offices, and private houses. The inner castle was a castle with the character of a palace. This corresponds to the Old Castle of Ganghwabu (江華府) during the Joseon Dynasty, and it almost coincided with the scale of the composition of Gaegyeong's palace castle. It was a complex functional space, featuring the integration of the palace and the imperial castle, where the main government offices and ancillary facilities, including the palace, were located. Based on the documentary record that these palaces were similar to Gaegyeong's palace, the palace map was overlapped with that of Gaegyeong. The central axis of the building from Seungpyeongmun (昇平門) to Seongyeongjeon (宣慶殿) coincided with Kim Sangyongsunjeol Monument in Ganghwa- Goryeo Palace. Therefore, it seems that the palace of Gangdo had the same basic structure as that of Gaegyeong. However, the inner palace and annexed buildings must have been arranged in consideration of the topographical conditions of Ganghwa, and this is estimated to be the Gunggol area in Gwancheong-ri.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.35-61
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• 2024

Floristic study can help to understand the current status of species diversity, evaluate and predict distribution changes of plants based on the specimens, and record the climate environment and biodiversity of the Korean Peninsula. Boraebong is an area that has plant resources of conservation value, but there is concern about artificial interference through trail and forest road. Therefore, this study aims to report the vascular plants of Boraebong based on voucher specimens and photos and to use them as baseline data to conserve biodiversity of Boraebong. Also, it will be useful to prevent additional influx of invasive species through comparison with previous studies. The investigation was carried out 11 times from April to September in 2022 and confirmed a total of 455 taxa including 87 families, 269 genera, 401 species, 13 subspecies, 35 varieties, 6 forms. In addition, we confirmed the 4 taxa of red list plants (EN 2 taxa, NT 2 taxa), 18 taxa of Korean endemic plants, and 102 taxa of floristic target species (V degree 1 taxon, IV degree 16 taxa, III degree 31 taxa, II degree 31 taxa, I degree 23 taxa). Furthermore, alien plants 17 taxa, invasive species 2 taxa, useful plants 439 taxa were confirmed in Boraebong. As the results of comparison with previous studies, 98 total taxa including 38 families, 76 genera, 86 species, 1 subspecies, 8 varieties, 3 forms were newly identified in this study.

• Proceedings of the Mineralogical Society of Korea Conference
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• 2001.06a
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• pp.143-144
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• 2001

경기육괴의 남서부에 해당하며 옥천구조대의 북쪽에 위치한 백동-홍성 일대의 충청남도 일원에는 선캠브리아기의 편마암복합체내에 초염기성암체들이 소규모 렌즈상의 암체로 이 지역에 우세한 구조선 방향인 북북동 방향으로 배열되어 산출된다. 이들 초염기성암채들이 조산대에 형성되는 알파인형이며 전형적인 상부 맨틀기원의 암석이 부분용융된 맨틀 잔여물로서 지표로의 이동과정에서 변성작용을 받아 대부분은 사문석화 혹은 활석화된 것으로 보고되어 있다. 본 연구의 주대상인 변성염기성암을 포함하는 백동지역의 초염기성암은 홍성도폭내 덕정리 편암암체 내에 주변 편마암체와 단층으로 접하면서 나타난다. 덕정리 편마암체는 주로 각섬석 화강편마암으로 구성되어있다. 백동지역의 초염기성암내에는 변성염기성암이 층상으로 협재되어 나타난다. 이들 변성염기성암은 석류석, 단사휘석, 각섬석, 사장석으로 주로 이루어진 석류석 각섬암이며 금홍석도 포함하고 있다. 많은 석류석 주변에는 사장석과 각섬석으로 이루어진 심플렉타이트가 발달되어있다. 석류석 각섬암내 심플렉타이트가 형성되지 않은 석류석 가장자리로부터 계산된 변성 온도-압력 조건은 590-72$0^{\circ}C$, 9-l0kb이며 심플렉타이트가 잘 형성된 석류석 주변부로부터는 490-$600^{\circ}C$, 4-6.3kb의 변성 온도-압력 조건이 계산되었다. 이에 반해 변성염기성암을 포함한 초염기성암체 주변에 나타나는 석류석-각섬석 화강편마암으로 부터는 570-78$0^{\circ}C$, 11.6-l6kb의 변성 온도-압력 조건을 얻었다. 석류석 각섬암에서 석류석내에 포획물로 나타나는 휘석(Xjd, 4-11)이 기질에 나타나는 휘석(Xid, 1-6)보다 높은 제이다이트 성분을 갖는다. 이는 석류석 중심부가 석류석 주변부보다 변성압력 조건이 높았을 가능성을 지시한다. 즉 연구지역의 석류석 각섬암은 주변의 각섬석 화강편마암과 같이 에콜로자이트상-상부각섬암상-고압백립암상의 점이대에 해당하는 변성작용을 받은후 초염기성암의 사문암화 작용시기에 1차 후퇴변성작용을 그리고 그후의 활석화 시기에 심플렉타이트를 형성하는 2차 후퇴변성작용을 받았다. 이러한 후퇴변성작용시기에 많은 유체가 침입하였고 그 결과 초염기성암내의 변성염기성암이 주변 화강편마암보다 후퇴변성작용을 강하게 받았을 것으로 예상된다. 변성염기성암의 변성연대를 구하기 위해 두 석류석 각석암 시료에 대해 석류석-전암 Sm-Nd 등시선 연령을 구하였다. 두 개의 석류석 각섬암으로부터 계산된 전암-석류석 연령은 297.9$\pm$5.7(2$\sigma$)Ma 그리고 268.7$\pm$3.3(2$\sigma$)Ma를 나타낸다. 석류석의 Sm-Nd 폐쇄온도가 700-75$0^{\circ}C$임을 고려할 때 두 석류석 각섬암으로부터 계산된 연대는 최고 변성작용 혹은 초기 냉각 시기를 지시할 가능성이 높다. 한편 전암의 두 동위원소 자료로부터 계산된 전암의 연령은 408Ma이다. 이러한 연구 결과는 연구지역의 석류석 각섬암이 시루리아기 후기 혹은 데본기 초기에 관입 후 석탄기 후기에서 페름기 중기에 주변 화강편마암과 함께 섭입작용을 받았을 가능성을 지시한다.

• The Journal of Dong Guk Oriental Medicine
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.69-79
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• 1999

Hemifacial spasm including blepharospasm is characterized by spontaneous clonic an d tonic muscle spasm on one side of the face with synkinesis. Though the etiology of hemifacial spasm is not entirely understood, generally there are two. One is nuclear hypothesis and the other is peripheral hypothesis. There are two ways of treatment of hemifacial spasm. One is internal medicine and the other is operative method. In oriental medicine, hemifacial spasm is very similar to diseases such as Anpojindo (眼胞振跳), Poryunjindo(胞輪振跳), or Aunido(眼眉跳) in symptoms. The diseases such as Anpojindo(眼胞振跳), Poryunjindo(胞輪振跳), Anmido(眼眉跳) is related to the function of liver(肝) and risk factors are regarded as Pung(風). The acupuncture therapy of hemifacial spasm is based on Liver meridian(LV), Gallbladder meridian(GB). And ear-acupuncture is recommended as a good method for hemifacial spasm.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.658-665
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• 2008

One of the characteristics of fluvial river channel with sand bed-material is the existence of movable sand bars not occupied with vegetation. However, sand bars at the Hahoe's reach of the Nakdong River showing a double-meandering channel has been changed into expanding vegetation area. Moreover, sand material, in recent years, has stopped moving to downstream in channel and the number and area of bare bars which did not occupied by vegetation have been decreased. In order to find out the mechanism, we carried out the channel characteristics surveys such as hydro-geomorphologic, soil physio-chemical and vegetation surveys were conducted twice on autumn season in 2005,2006. The results so far achieved showed that the reduced discharge of transported sediment and duration of dry season might be critical factors for the spread of luxuriant vegetation. The vegetation area was significantly expanded by floods exceeding the subsequent dominant flow discharge. Furthermore, the expansion of vegetation area was highly correlated with the supply of organic matter, nutrients and alteration of soil texture by sediment deposition during the flooding event.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Fisheries and Ocean Technology
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.61-65
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• 1987

In this study, the characteristics of TRC (tensile restraint crack) critical stress in the gravity type underwater wet welding process and in the in-air welding have been investigated for Y, y and 45$^{\circ}$r grooves using the KR Grade A-3 steel plates and the E4303 covered electrodes. The following results were obtained: (1) In the TRC tests, the initial critical stress of Y groove is higher than those of the 45$^{\circ}$r single bebel grooves in both in-air and underwater weldings, and the cold fracture sensitivity is higher in the underwater welding than in the in-air welding. (2) The hardness of underwater weld metal is the highest in heat affected zone is about Hk 365 in the in-air weld but Hk 670 in the underwater weld which is higher for cooling speed is more rapid, resulting in the lower critical stress by increase of fracture sensitivity. (3) The diffusible hydrogen quantity for 48 hours is about 18cc/100g-weld-metal in the in-air welding but 48cc/100g-weld-metal in the underwater welding. So that, in the case of underwater welding the diffusible hydrogen penetrates about 3 times more than that in the in-air welding.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Fisheries and Ocean Technology
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.15-15
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• 1987

In this study, the characteristics of TRC (tensile restraint crack) critical stress in the gravity type underwater wet welding process and in the in-air welding have been investigated for Y, y and 45°r grooves using the KR Grade A-3 steel plates and the E4303 covered electrodes. The following results were obtained: (1) In the TRC tests, the initial critical stress of Y groove is higher than those of the 45°r single bebel grooves in both in-air and underwater weldings, and the cold fracture sensitivity is higher in the underwater welding than in the in-air welding. (2) The hardness of underwater weld metal is the highest in heat affected zone is about Hk 365 in the in-air weld but Hk 670 in the underwater weld which is higher for cooling speed is more rapid, resulting in the lower critical stress by increase of fracture sensitivity. (3) The diffusible hydrogen quantity for 48 hours is about 18cc/100g-weld-metal in the in-air welding but 48cc/100g-weld-metal in the underwater welding. So that, in the case of underwater welding the diffusible hydrogen penetrates about 3 times more than that in the in-air welding.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF PACKAGING SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.81-85
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• 2013

The stored-product insects have been a serious problem during the entire process of distribution on the food industry. Especially, the Indian meal moth (Plodia interpunctella) is one of stored-product insects which causes harm through penetrating into the food packaging. The objective of this study was to develop the anti-insect packaging material with fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) oil (FO). The FO has been selected for insecticidal substance against P. interpunctella, which was tested by fumigant toxicity assay. An anti-insect sachet was prepared by FO and filterpaper placed in a small paper bag. Repellent test was performed to evaluate the repellent activity of anti-insect sachet. In addition, the controlled release of FO from the anti-insect sachet was determined at $28^{\circ}C$ by gas chromatography (GC). It was demonstrated that FO was an effective substance against P. interpunctella. The mortality of FO was 56% at 800 mg/0.5 L in 120 h. In repellent test, the FO sachet showed effective repellency against P. interpunctella. The developed anti-insect sachet could be a promising source for insect repellent materials in food packaging.