• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.5 no.5
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• pp.124-132
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• 2005

While use of a pet bottle with use it is light recently and convenient increases quickly, it is used from the child, also diffusing the user to a pet bottle to people of various classes, such as an old person, a woman, a male, the man in the street, and a disabled person. However, those who are standardized on the basis of the common man with the plan energy of a pet bottle, and cannot attain to the standard, That is, a child and a disabled person may be condemnedto the vague situation that a lid cannot be opened or a contents thing cannot be drunk without external help. And the characteristic of a material and production which are called PET Even if convenience is emphasized for the cost reduction of COST, a design is chosen easily, and even if it calls it the man in the street, the point of coming to experience a situation with the difficult time of use can be found well. In research of a book, problem derivation which classifies entering school and a preschool boy and girl child for a child drink for an object first by the viewpoint of universal design paying attention to such problems, and leads the actual use example of a pet bottle was carried out in true heart, and various notional approach was shown by the solution method.

• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.165-181
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• 2002

The purpose of this survey was to assess the nutritional status of preschool children a county of Jeju Island. This study used health examinations results for preschool aged children, performed by the public health center of Pukjeju-gun in Jeju-do for over three years from 1999 to 2001, of children in kindergartens and children homes. The target children totaled 5,990 from the ages three to six. For a control group, 316 children from the nearby Jeju-city areas were included as well. The items of this research included height, weight, and hemoglobin values. 1. The average height of boys from ages three to six were 96.35cm, 102.14cm, 109.94cm, 111.00cm respectively, and girls were 94.96cm, 100.93cm, 108.33cm, 110.54cm respectively. The average weights of boys from ages three to six were 15.42kg, 16.93kg, 19.65kg, 19.67kg respectively, and the weight of girls were 14.90kg, 16.45kg, 18.88kg, 19.50kg respectively. 2. The percentages of children who did not reach 90% of the Korean standard height were 4.3% in boys 4.1% in girls. The percentages of children with less than 80% of the Korean standard weight were 7.6% in boys and 6.8% girls. The percentages of children over 120% of Korean standard weight were 10.4% in boys and 11.4% in girls. 3. As for the obesity level, the percentage of boys under-weighed(under 10% for standard weight for height) were 11.6% and girls, 9.5%, and the percentages of boys and girls with obesity($\geq$20%) were 3.6% and 4.4% respectively. 4. The mean hemoglobin value of boys were 11.83g/$d\ell$ and girls, 11.83g/$d\ell$. These were lower than the value of average normal Korean children (12.5g/$d\ell$). The mena hemoglobin values of the children in Pukjeju-gun were considerably lower than that of the children living in Jeju-city(12.3g/$d\ell$) as well. Anemia of Children of Pukjeju-gun were estimated at 38.1%(male) and 37.2%(female), by using Hemoglobin level(<11.5g/$d\ell$ 5. The rates of children included within the normal range of obesity level in Jeju-city and Pukjeju- gun were boys 80.2%, 71.6% in boys, and 77.4%, 72.4% in girls. The percentage of children living in PukJeju-gun included within the normal range were considerably low. 6. There were no changes in the Body Mass Index (BMI) during the three years from 1999 to 2001, but the percentage of children with anemia significantly increased. Health care for preschool aged children, especially in the rural areas, is very important. Centering on public health centers, it is necessary to systematically promote health care in the rural areas.

• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.1-38
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• 2005

Our paper aims to estimate a household consumption function in the presence of liquidity constraints as well as household characteristics. Empirical findings from a Korean cross-sectional data (National Survey of Household Income and Expenditure) reveal that several family characteristics, such as household size, number of working members, children in school, and educational level and age of the household head, turn out to be critical determinants of household consumption. Especially, the influence of household size on consumption decision is shown to be highly significant, not only indirectly through its impact on household income, but also directly by affecting the household's preference for consumption itself. While, the other family characteristics primarily influences household income. Our paper distinguishes itself from existing literature in that it greatly improves the explanatory power of the estimated household consumption function by measuring the degree of the liquidity constraint rather than simply identifying its presence. Based on the assumption that the present value of human capital is a function of household characteristics, the degree of the liquidity constraint is represented by the underestimated portion of the human capital. Such a method of implementing the liquidity constraint is useful in treating various types of assets according to their liquidity. Finally, our estimated household consumption function is applied to decompose cross-sectional variances of consumption inequality. The analysis confirms that the overall alleviation in liquidity constraints in Korea after the 1997 currency crisis reduced consumption inequality despite the worsening of income inequality and changes in the demographic composition of family characteristics during the same period.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.20 no.12
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• pp.563-573
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• 2019

The purpose of this study is to confirm whether the parenting stress of mothers with preschool children mediated the parent-child interaction and parenting attitude on children's learning readiness. Data was used from the 5th (2012) to 7th (2014) Korean Children's Panel, and a total of 1,480 data sets were used for the analysis. The age of study participants was five years old. The Amos 23.0 program was used as an analytical tool, and the structural equation model analysis was applied to estimate the path coefficient corresponding to the research question. First, it was expected that mothers' parenting stress negatively affected the parent-child interaction, mother's parenting attitude, and children's readiness. Second, it was assumed that parent-child interaction and the mother's warm parenting attitude were positively significant to children's readiness. Third, the relationship between the parenting stress of mothers and children's learning readiness was partially mediated by a positive parenting attitude. The current study supplies valuable data to establish the educational support and efficiency strategy for domestic children. This study is meaningful in that it provides basic data in preparing a plan to more effectively provide educational support for domestic children.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.150-159
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• 2001

Purpose : We need to reconsider booster vaccination schedule of Japanese encephalitis vaccination. To do that we evaluate the long-term immunogenicity and the incidence of adverse events with inactivated mouse brain derived Nakayama Japanese encephalitis vaccine. Methods : We tested neutalizing antibody for 311 elementary school students by plaque reduction neutralizing test(PRNT) at USAMC-AFRIMS(United States Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Science/Department of Virology). We evaluated vaccine related adverse events by spontaneous reporting prospectively among 15,487 vaccinees who were vaccinated at public health center and 2,277 elementary school students who were immunized previously by a questionnaire and school health record. Results : According to the time interval from the last booster injection of 311 children, PRNT antibody titers gradually decreased as the interval increased; 239 mIU/mL, 188 mIU/mL, 134 mIU/mL, 49 mIU/mL each at 6, 18, 30, 42 months after the last booster injection. The seropositivity rates were 98%, 99%, 95.6%, 71.4% each at 6, 18, 30, 42 months after the last booster injection. There were 21(0.13%) cases with systemic reactions among 15,487 vaccinees who had visited the hospital by prospective passive reporting system at public health center. According to the questionnaires and school health records in elementary school students, local induration and pain were 17.4% and 14.8%, respectively. Systemic reactions including fever, vomiting, rash were reported in few cases. Conclusion : Biannual booster vaccination that has been recommended so far should not be necessary. Surveillance for adverse events with inactivated mouse brain derived Nakayama vaccine should be strengthened to better assess the number of cases and reactions associated with immunization.