• Clean Technology
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.135-144
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• 2023

Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus are the two most frequently encountered pathogens responsible for chronic wound infections, often coexisting in such cases. These infections exhibit heightened virulence compared to single infections, leading to unfavorable patient outcomes. The interaction among microorganisms within polymicrobial infections has been shown to exacerbate disease progression. Polymicrobial infections, prevalent in various contexts such as the respiratory tract, wounds, and diabetic foot, typically involve diverse microorganisms, with Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus being the most commonly identified pathogens. This study aimed to compare the growth patterns of bacteria under a concentration gradient of toxic chemicals, focusing on a Gram-negative strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and a Gram-positive strain of Staphylococcus aureus. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), which signifies the concentration at which bacterial growth is inhibited, was determined by performing broth microdilution and assessing the bacteria's growth curves. The growth curves of both Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus were confirmed, and the exponential growth phases were applied to calculate the doubling times of bacteria. The MIC value for each toxic chemical was determined through broth microdilution. These results allowed for the identification of disparities in growth rates between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as differences in resistance to individual toxic substances. We expect that this approach has a strong potential for further development towards the innovative treatment of bacteria-associated infections.

• Food Engineering Progress
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.143-149
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• 2017

This study was carried out to investigate antimicrobial activity and characteristics of Asparagus cochinchinenesis which was steamed and fermented with lactic acid bacteria. A. cochinchinensis was prepared to steaming process which was washed and freeze dried. A. cochinchinensis was steamed at $95^{\circ}C$ for 12 h and dried by hot air at $50^{\circ}C$ for 24 h. After steaming process, A. cochinchinensis was fermented with lactic acid bacteria (Leuconostoc mesenteroides 4395, Lactobacillus sakei 383 and Lactobacillus plantarum KCCM 11322). Ethyl acetate extracts of fermented A. cochinchinensis had antimicrobial activities for the respiratory disease bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli). A. cochinchinensis had highest antimicrobial activity for the P. aeruginosa which fermented with L. mesenteroides 4395. The minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) of A. cochinchinensis fermented with L. mesenteroides 4395 was 10 mg/mL for S. aureus, S. epidermidis, E. coli and 5 mg/mL for P. aeruginosa. The MIC of A. cochinchinensis fermented with L. sakei 383 and A. cochinchinensis fermented with L. plantarum KCCM 11322 were the same. Total sugar was decreased from $863.33{\pm}17.47mg/mL$ to $722.67{\pm}5.51mg/mL$ during the steaming process. But reducing sugar was increased from $99.36{\pm}1.32mg/mL$ to $109.29{\pm}2.71mg/mL$ during the steaming process. Total sugar was decreased to 301.50-361.42 mg/mL and reducing sugar was decreased to 27.39-62.20 mg/mL during the fermentation process.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.157-163
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• 2001

The antibacterial effect of fish diet soaked in the extract of Salvia miltiorriza was tested to determine its levels of antibacterial activity, minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). The extract showed strong activity against gram positive bacteria, but was weak against gram negative bacteria. Concentration levels of 13.4~40.3 and 67.2~403.0 $\mu\textrm{g}$/ml were determined as the MIC and MBC, respectively. However, levels above 403.0 $\mu\textrm{g}$/ml was neither bacteriostatic nor bactericidal against Edwardsiella tarta, a gram negative strain. The fish diet, soaked in the extract of Salvia miltiorriza, inhibited the growth of all strains of Streptococcus genus and Vibrio anguillarum. The relationship formula between weight of fish diet and Salvia miltiorriza extract absorbed into the fish diet was Y＝2.4953X＋3.3276 ($R^2$= 0.9999). The antibacterial activity of the fish diet, soaked in the extract, was stable from 10 to 35$^{\circ}C$ during the storage period of 28 days.

• Proceedings of the Korea Society of Information Technology Applications Conference
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• 2002.11a
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• pp.502-511
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• 2002

컴퓨터의 기술적 발전은 사회 여러 분야에 막대한 영향을 끼쳤다. 그중 악보 인식분야에도 커다란 영향을 주었다 그러나, On-line 상에서 그린 악보를 실시간으로 정형화된 악보형태로 변환하는 처리에 대한 연구가 미흡하여 이에 대한 연구가 필요하다. 본 논문에서는 실시간으로 악보를 인식하고, 사용자의 편의를 도모하기 위해 DP(Dynamic Programming) 매칭법을 이용한 On-Line 악보인식에 관한 방법을 제안하였다. 본 연구에서는 실시간으로 입력되는 악상기호를 인식하기 위해, 가장 유효한 정보인 악상 기호내의 방향, x, y 좌표를 이용하여 벡터형태로 추출한 후 음표와 비음표(쉼표, 기타기호)의 두개의 그룹으로 나누어진 표준패턴과의 DP매칭을 통해 인식한다. 먼저 tablet을 통해 실시간으로 악상 기호를 입력할 때 생기는 x, y좌표를 이용하여, 펜의 움직임에 대한 16방향 부호화를 수행한다. 음표와 비음표를 구분하기 위한 시간을 줄이고자 16방향 부호화를 적용하치 않고 사사분면부호화를 적용한다. 음표를 약식으로 그릴 경우 음표 머리에 해당하는 부분의 좌표는 삼사분면에 분포하고, 폐곡선의 음표일 경우에는 좌표가 사사분면에 고르게 나타난다. 폐곡선을 제외한 음표의 머리는 폐곡선과 같은 조건이면서 입력받은 y좌표값들 중에서 최소값과 최대값을 구한 다음 2로 나눈 값을 지나는 y좌표의 개수가 임의의 임계값 이상이면 음표로 판단한다. 위 조건을 만족하지 않을 경우 비음표로 취급한다. 음표와 비음표를 결정한 다음, 입력패턴과 표준패턴과의 DP매칭을 통하여 벌점을 구한다. 그리고 경로탐색을 통해 벌점에 대한 각각의 합계를 구해 최소값을 악상기호로 인식 하였다. 실험결과, 표준패턴을 음표와 비음표의 두개의 그룹으로 나누어 인식함으로써 DP 매칭의 처리 속도를 개선시켰고, 국소적인 변형이 있는 패턴과 특징의 수가 다른 패턴의 경우에도 좋은 인식률을 얻었다.r interferon alfa concentrated solution can be established according to the monograph of EP suggesting the revision of Minimum requirements for biological productss of e-procurement, e-placement, e-payment are also investigated.. monocytogenes, E. coli 및 S. enteritidis에 대한 키토산의 최소저해농도는 각각 0.1461 mg/mL, 0.2419 mg/mL, 0.0980 mg/mL 및 0.0490 mg/mL로 측정되었다. 또한 2%(v/v) 초산 자체의 최소저해농도를 측정한 결과, B. cereus, L. mosocytogenes, E. eoli에 대해서는 control과 비교시 유의적인 항균효과는 나타나지 않았다. 반면에 S. enteritidis의 경우는 배양시간 4시간까지는 항균활성을 나타내었지만, 8시간 이후부터는 S. enteritidis의 성장이 control 보다 높아져 배양시간 20시간에서는 control 보다 약 2배 이상 균주의 성장을 촉진시켰다.차에 따른 개별화 학습을 가능하게 할 뿐만 아니라 능동적인 참여를 유도하여 학습효율을 높일 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.향은 패션마케팅의 정의와 적용범위를 축소시킬 수 있는 위험을 내재한 것으로 보여진다. 그런가 하면, 많이 다루어진 주제라 할지라도 개념이나 용어가 통일되지 않고 사용되며 검증되어 통용되는 측정도구의 부재로 인하여 연구결과의 축적이 미비한 상태이다. 따라서, 이에 대한 재고와 새로운 방향 모색이 필요하다고 사료된다.로 사료되며, 임신관련 cytokine에 대한 다양한 연구가 요구되고 있다.₂/Hf(Variable)/Si 계에서 HfO₂ 박막이 Si 기판위에 직접 증착되면, 순수 HfO₂ 박막의

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.177-183
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• 2002

The extracts from approximately 40 different Korean traditional medicines were prepared to investigate the antimicrobial activities against poultry disease-related bacteria. Among tested, the extracts of Schizandra chinensis (SC), Melia azedarach (MA), Caesalpinia sappan (CS) and Rhus javanica (RJ) exhibited significant antimicrobial activities against Salmonella gallinarum, whereas the extracts of Elsholtzia ciliata (EC), Myristica fragrans (MF), Alpinia katsumadai (AK), Poncirus trifoliata (PT), Prunella vulgaris (PV), CS and RJ exhibited antimicrobial activities against Staphylococcus aureus. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of MA, CS and RJ extracts against S. gallinarum were 1.2 mg/ml, whereas MIC of RJ extract for S. aureus was 0.6 ㎎/ml, which was the lowest among tested. The antimicrobial activities of SC and RJ extracts against S. gallinarum were reduced, but those of AK and CS extracts against S. aureus were not affected by heating treatment. The antimicrobial activities of SC extract against S. gallinarum and those of EC, PT and RJ extracts against S. aureus were stable by acid treatment but unstable by alkaline treatment. those of CS extract was not effected by either acid or alkaline treatment. The growth of all bacteria was significantly inhibited within 24 hours by the addition of at least 100 ppm and 300 ppm of RJ and CS extracts, respectively, compared with the control group. In conclusion, these findings suggest that RJ and CS extracts may play important roles for antimicrobial activities against poultry disease-related bacteria.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.31 no.5
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• pp.899-904
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• 2002

Aloe and propolis are extensively used in folk medicine. Ethanol extracts of Aloe vera (AE), ethanol extract of propolis (PE) and waxfree extract of propolis (PW) were prepared to test antimicrobial activities against five oral microorganisms (Streptococcus mutans, Enterococcus faecalis, Enteococcus hirae, Escherichia coli, Candida albicans). Antimicrobial activities were tested by serial broth dilution method and expressed by minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC). The AE showed relatively weak antimicrobial activities, while both of PE and PW greatly inhibited all microorganisms tested. To investigate the antimicrobial effects of the combined extracts of aloe with propolis, the fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICI) was determined by checkerboard assay for each strain. The combination of AE with PE or PW resulted in Synergistic effect against oral microorganisms tested (FICI=0.375) except Escherichia coli (FICI=1.0 for PE, FICI=0.75 for PW).

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.1107-1111
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• 2000

마두령 추출물로부터 항균활성물질을 분리하여 천연항균제로서 이용하고자 식품의 부패 및 식중독과 관계는 미생물에 대한 항균력을 측정한 결과, Gram(+), Gram(-) bacteria, yeast, mold 등 다양한 균주에 대하여 우수한 항균력을 보이며 농도에 비례하여 항균력이 증가하였고, 최소 농도 100ppm에서 미생물 생육저해효과를 보였고, 500ppm의 농도에서 새육이 완전히 억제 되는 것을 볼 수 있었다. 마두령 추출물의 열 및 pH 안정성 실험결과, 다양한 범위의 온도(4$0^{\circ}C$~15$0^{\circ}C$) 및 pH(4~10) 범위에 관계없이 동일한 항균력을 보여 열과 pH에서도 안정함을 알 수 있었다.

• The Sea:JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF OCEANOGRAPHY
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.226-234
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• 2002

A sediment exposure experiment was conducted to investigate the influence of acid volatile sulfides (AVS) and simultaneously extracted metals (SEM) in sediments on the bioavailability and toxicity of Cd, Ni and Zn to a marine polychaetes Neanthes arenaceodentata. The test animals were exposed to contaminated sediments spiked by metal mixtures of Cd, Ni, Zn (0.5～15 $\mu$mol/g of total SEM) in low (～1 $\mu$mol/g), medium (～5 $\mu$mol/g) and high AVS series (～10 $\mu$mol/g) to determine bioaccumulation, mortality and individual growth rate in each treatment after 20 days. Cd and Zn bioaccumulation in test animals increased with increasing of overlying water (OW) concentration controlled by AVS. In contrast, Ni bioaccumulation increased with increase of SEM concentration. Mortalities and growth inhibitions of N. arenaceodentata observed in only treatments with ［SEM-AVS］>0, due to a high level of OW-Zn. With regard to the mortality, the 20-d LC5O value fur OW-Zn was 9.3(8.0$\pm$11.0) $\mu$M. The LOEC (Lowest Observed Effect Concentration) for Tissue-Zn was 7.8 $\mu$mol/g and the NOEC (No Observed Effect Concentration) was 6.2 $\mu$mol/g. Regarding the inhibition of individual growth rate, the LOEC fer Tissue-Zn was 5.9 $\mu$mol/g, and NOEC was 5.1 $\mu$mol/g. In this study, the toxicity of dissolved metals, especially for Zn, was overemphasized due to the reduced distribution coefficients (K$\_$d/s) of metals in the experimental sediments.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.261-269
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• 2012

In this study, 18 kinds of Korean medicinal herb extracts were examined for anti-microbial activities against pathogenic microorganisms. The methanol (MeOH) extracts from Schizandra chinensis, Rhus javanica and Caesalpinia sappan exhibited antimicrobial activities against most pathogenic microorganisms at concentrations of 5 mg/mL, whereas the other 15 extracts exhibited anti-microbial activities at concentrations of 30 mg/mL. The minimum concentration at which Schizandra chinensis extracts inhibited for S. epidermidis and Bor. bronchiseptica was 0.6 mg/mL. The MeOH extracts from Schizandra chinensis, Caesalpinia sappan, Rhus javanica and Seutellaria baicalensis which had higher anti-microbial activities were subsequently fractionated using 5 different solvents, and further screened for anti-microbial activities. The inhibitory effects of ethyl acetate (EtOAc) extracts on microbial growth were greater compared to any other solvent extracts. In order to investigate the inhibitory effect of Korean medicinal herbs with high anti-microbial activities on microbial proliferation, the MeOH extracts at concentrations of 0, 100, 300 and 500 ppm were added to the media. No addition of extracts caused rapid growth of microbes after 12 hours incubation. As the concentration of extracts from Rhus javanica and Caesalpinia sappan increased, the growth-inhibiting effect on gram-positive bacteria including S. aureus, S. epidermidis, and L. monocytogenes was prominent. Rhus javanica extracts exhibited growth-inhibiting activity for gram-negative bacteria including Sal. Pullorum and Sal. Choleraesuis. The low concentration of extracts from Rhus javanica and Caesalpinia sappan exhibited the growth of Bor. bronchiseptica and E. coli serotype $O_8$. However, the higher concentration of extracts from Rhus javanica and Caesalpinia sappan exhibited a strong inhibitory effect on microbial proliferation.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.614-618
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• 1991

To investigate the efficacy of grapefruit seed extract (GFSE) in the preservation of Satsuma mandarin, the citrus fruits were treated with 0 (control, only wash), 100 ppm and 250 ppm, dried and stored for 8 weeks at $15{\sim}20^{\circ}C$ and 60% RH. While 80% of the control fruits were contaminated and decayed by Penicillium sp., forming the the greenish blue spores, 27% of 100 ppm GFSE-treated fruits were contaminated and decayed and only 13% of 250 ppm GFSE-treated fruits were contaminated and decayed and only 13% of 250 ppm GFSE-treated samples were contaminated and not decayed by the fungi. GFSE showed marded inhibitory action against Penicillium sp. which was related to the decay of the citrus fruits in vitro experiments. Fungal growth was completely controlled through use of 500 ppm and the recommended range of GFSE to preserve the citrus fruits was $250{\sim}500ppm$. Transmission electron microscopic examination showed the fungal conidiospores the function of which was destroyed by dipping into GFSE.