• Clinics in Shoulder and Elbow
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.237-243
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• 2010

Purpose: In arthroscopic rotator cuff repair, the crucial step is secure fixation of Anchor to bone. However, osteoporosis of the tuberosity is frequently encountered in old patients, and can cause insecure fixation of anchors. The Aim of our study was to introduce a technique for anchor hole augmentation with bone cement when fixation failure of an anchor occurs, and to investigate the outcome. Materials and methods: Among 223 rotator cuff repairs performed between 2005 and 2009, anchor hole augmentation with polymethylmethacrylate was performed in 15 cases (all females; mean age of 65 years: range 49~77). Bone cement was injected into the anchor hole in a thick fluid state and the procedure was repeated to make a pot-like cement mantle. The anchor was inserted into the cement mantle while the cement hardened. The outcome was investigated, on average, at 16 months (6~32). Results: Radiographs showed cystic changes of the tuberosity. On follow-up radiographs and MRI, a change in the cement mantle was not noted. The final average UCLA score was 31 (28~35); 6 had excellent, 8 good and 1 fair results (p=0.008). Age-sex matched Constants score was 90 (74~98) (p=0.008). Conclusion: Anchor hole augmentation with bone cement is useful when fixation failure of an anchor is encountered due to bone atrophy. Anchor hole augmentation with bone cement does not negatively influence the outcome.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.718-732
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• 2013

The purpose of this study was to provide data for the basic research to found the effective conservation and management plan for the Geumdangsil Pine Forest of Yecheon designated as Natural Monument No. 469. Furthermore, this paper suggest efficient sustainable forest preservation and using. In order to achieve the sustainable forest preservation, this study was to analyse topography, land use, tree growth, soil environment, forest usage and forest management, etc. According to analysis the results, the site area is located in the flatlands where is from 130 to 140 m above sea level. The around forest was transformed into agricultural land. The 565 individuals of Pinus densiflora grows in the forest, whereas, 25 trees was cut down or died. There are signs of 25 stumps. The most of 565 trees' diameter at breast height(DBH) was centerized between 30 cm and 50 cm, moreover, the average life expectancy of trees were 85.4 years. The oldest age of tree was estimated to be 200 years. The Sample trees of rate of branch growth is from 4.3 cm to 5.1 cm per year. The middle branch which is more vigorous growth grow 24.2 cm for 3 years. Moreover, the result of soil physico-chemical properties analysis of 7 plots, 4 categories which is soil organic matter, total nitrogen, available phosphoric acid, specific electrical conductance was generally good, however, the 2 categories which is soil pH, exchangeable cation needed improvement. Currently, the site was not pressured by facilities and usage, however, there might be threaten by agriculture such as encroaching on forest. Therefore, there should establish comprehensive ecosystem management such as facility management, visitors management and operation management In this paper considered 4 fields that is ecosystem management, facility management, visitors management and operation management for sustainable management.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.40 no.3 s.272
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• pp.200-208
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• 2007

Background: The effect of patient-prosthesis mismatch (PPM) on the clinical outcome following aortic valve replacement (AVR) remains controversial. This study compared the surgical outcomes of AVR between patients with a patient-prosthesis mismatch and those having undergone an aortic annular enlargement. Material and Method: Six hundred and twenty seven adult patients, who underwent AVR with stented bioprosthetic or mechanical valves, between January 1996 and February 2006, were evaluated. PPM was defined as an indexed effective orifice area (iEOA) ${\leq}0.85cm^2/m^2$, and Severe if the iEOA${\leq}0.65cm^2/m^2$ PPM was present in 103 (16.4%, PPM group) patients, and severe in 11 (1.8%, SPPM group). During the period of the study, 21 patients underwent an AVR with annular enlargement (AE group). Result: The mean iEOA of the AE group was larger than that of the PPM group ($0.95\;vs.\;0.76cm^2/m^2,\;p=0.00$). The AE group had longer CPB, ACC and operation times than the PPM group, and showed a tendency toward higher operative mortality (14.3% vs. 2.9%, p=0.06). The SPPM group had higher AV pressure gradients (peak/mean) than the AE group (72/45 mmHg vs. 38/25 mmHg, p=0.02/0.06) and suffered more AV related events (AV reoperation or severe aortic stenosis)(45.5% vs. 9.5%, p=0.03). LV masses were not regressed in the patients who experienced an AV related event. Conclusion: During AVR in patients with a small aortic annulus, annular enlargement should be carefully applied taking into account the high risk of operative mortality due to annular enlargement and co-morbidities of patients. Aortic annular enlargement; however, should be considered as an alternative method in patients expected to have a severe PPM after an AVR.

• Proceedings of the Korea Society for Energy Engineering kosee Conference
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• 2010.04a
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• pp.166-170
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• 2010

Six different size of torch-ignition device were applied in a constant volume combustion chamber for evaluating the effects of torch-ignition on combustion. The torch-ignition device was designed six different volumes and same orifice size. The combustion pressures were measured to calculate the mass burn fraction and combustion enhancement rate. In addition, the flame propagations were visualized by shadowgraph method for the qualitative comparison. The result showed that the combustion pressure and mass burn fraction were increased when using the torch ignition device. And the combustion duration were decreased. The combustion enhancement rates of torch-ignition cases were improved in comparison with conventional spark ignition. Finally, the visualization results showed that the torch-ignition device the torch-ignition induced faster burn than conventional spark ignition due to the earlier transition to turbulent flame and larger flame surface, during the initial stage. And the initial flame propagation was effected torch-ignition volume.

• Food Industry
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• s.94
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• pp.37-40
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• 1988

1) 본 연구에서 시료로 선정한 충남 서산산 건강(dry ginger)은 수분이 $9.4\%$, 회분이 $8.7\%$ 그리고 alcohol에 의한 추출량이 약 $9\%$이다. 이는 선진국에 채택사용하고 있는 건강의 규격기준에 의하면 양호하다. 2) Non- flavor물질의 추출을 최소화하고 특히 증류과정에서 유효성분 손실을 최소화 할 수 있고, 엑기스내의 용매 잔류량이 인체에 유해하지 않고 추출효율을 높일 수 있는 용매는 ethyl alcohol이다. 3) 널리 사용하고 있는 관류추출(percolation)의 성능을 분석하고 이의 개선방안을제시하였다. - 추출효율을 높이기 위하여 건강(dry ginger)의 입자를 작게하면 압력강하가 증대되어순환되는 용액의 유속을 제어하기가 힘들다. - 입자가 작을 시에는 유체의 흐름이chan-nelling현상을 나타낸다. - 위와 같은 조건에서는 물질 전달속도가 느리므로 추출효율을 증대시킬 수가 없다. - 따라서 percolation추출에 사용되는 건강의 입자크기는 30mesh크기 이상이어야 운전조작이 용이하나 추출효율이 낮으므로, 추출시간 6시간에 회수된 생강엑기스양은 약 $2.5\%$이다. 4) percolation추출의 단점을 보완하기 위하여 기계적교반 추출을 선택하여 다음과 같은 개선점을 찾았다. - 교반형 추출에서는 고 - 액분리시 cake 저항에서 문제가 야기되지 않는 범위까지 건강의 입자를 작게할 수 있으므로 추출효율을 크게 향상시킬 수 있었다. 즉, 작게 분쇄된 건강(30mesh통과$90\%$)을 대상으로 추출시간 3시간에 $7\%$의 회수율로 증대시켰다. 최적 운전조건은 다음과 같다. 건강시료:1kg 시료크기:-30mesh$90\%$ 용매:ethyl alcohol 3$\iota$ 교반속도:900r.p.m 추출온도:상온($15\~25^{\circ}C$) 추출시간:3시간 일차 추출조건과 동일하게 하여 얻어진 엑기스의 수율이 $2\~2.5\%$이므로 총엑기스의 수율은 건강(dry ginger)무게기준으로 $8.5\~9.5\%$이었다. 5) 교반추출의 효율이 개선되었다 하더라도 추출물의 분리가 용이하여야만 공정의 이용이 가능하다. 그러므로 교반추출후 고 - 액분리를 위하여 정압여과 장치를 이용하여 여과시 cake의 평균 비저항을 얻었으며, 이의 값은 $4.31\times10^8cm\;/\;gr$으로서 여과에는 어려움이 없다는 것을 의미한다. 따라서 추출속도와 효율이 상대적으로 우수한 교반형 추출기의 가능성을 예시할 수 있음을 알 수 있었다. 6) 추출물을 농축과정에서 휘발성 oil의 손실을 최대로 줄이기 위해서는 단순증류를 하지 말고 분별증류를 수행하여야 하며, gingerol과 같은 중요성분의 열분해 반응을 억제하기 위해서는 열전달 효율을 증대시켜 증류조작을 원활히 수행하여야 하므로, still내의 농축물을 계속 교반시켜야 하며 감압상태에서 증류온도는 $40\~50^{\circ}C$로 유지시키는 것이 가장 바람직하다. 7) Ethyl alcohol로 추출된 엑기스내의 수분이나 회분함량은 외국산 제품에 비하여 약간 낮고, 반면에 조지방 및 조단백 성분의 함량은 약간 높게 나타나고 있어 대체적으로 본 연구에서 얻어진 엑기스내의 비풍미성분(non- fla-vour component) 함량은 외국산에 비하여 많은 차이가 없다. 8) 수입 외국산에 비하여 국산엑기스(본 연구에서 ethyl alcohol로 추출)내의 무기성분등의 함량은 비교적 낮은 편이다. 9) 건강에서부터 oleoresin을 얻어 paradol을 제거시킨 후 순수한 gingerol을 분리하여 IR과 NMR로 확인한 결과, 국산건강의 엑기스에는 주로 6-gingerol이고 약간의 10-gingerol이 함유된 것으로 나타났다. 10) 순수하게 분리된 gingerol을 열분석(TGA와 DTG)한 결과 약 $75^{\circ}C$에서 gingerol의 열분해 반응이 일어남을 알수 있었다. 11) 건강 분말시료와 엑기스내의 미생물 검사 결과 건강분말에서는 세균수가 많이 존재하는 것으로 나타났으나, 이는 ethyl alcohol로 추출하는 공정 중 대부분의 균들이 사멸된 것으로 나타났다. 12) 관능적 측면에선, 본 연구에서 제조한 엑기스와 수입엑기스를 비교한 결과 생강 특유의 맛은 비슷했으나, 수입엑기스에서는 쓴맛과 톱밥냄새를 느낀다는 결과를 나타내었으며 전체적인 종합적 풍미는 국산 건강엑기스가 좋은 것으로 나타났다.

• Journal of the Microelectronics and Packaging Society
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.91-101
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• 2017

In this study, we conducted the preliminary research for high speed laser cutting of LED module. In particular, the feasibility of ultra-high speed laser cutting of 100 mm/s which exceeds the cutting speed of conventional dicing saw was examined. For this, copper/ceramic and silicone/ceramic hybrid substrates, which are the components of the LED module, were fabricated, and the surface morphology, surface roughness and flexural strength of the laser-cut samples were investigate and compared with the dicing-cut samples. To investigate optimal laser cutting conditions for hybrid substrates, the effects of various laser cutting conditions on cutting surface characteristics were studied using single ceramic and copper substrate. Optimal laser cutting conditions of the hybrid substrates were the use of Ar assist gas, high laser power and high assist gas pressure. Comparing the cutting surface of the hybrid substrates, the surface characteristics of the laser-cut samples are slightly inferior to those of the dicing-cut samples. The average surface roughness of the laser-cut samples was about $9{\mu}m$, and that of the dicing-cut samples was about $4{\mu}m$. However, considering very low cutting speed (3 mm/s) of the dicing saw, the surface morphology of the laser-cut sample was relatively uniform, and the surface roughness was not much different from that of the dicing-cut sample. The flexural strength of the laser-cut samples was equivalent to or slightly inferior to the flexural strength of dicing-cut samples. However, if the laser processing conditions are sufficiently optimized, the ultra-high speed laser cutting of the LED module will be possible.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.30 no.5
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• pp.279-286
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• 2017

Determination of the order of latent fingerprints deposition on the surface of thermal paper, often found in crime scenes, is related to the study of time course and aging of fingerprints and can provide additional information in criminal investigations. A preliminary study was performed to determine the deposition order of fingerprints left with two different conditions of deposition pressure and time (in seconds) after 1 day intervals for 7 days on thermal paper (receipt and fax thermal paper) using an iodine fuming method. The resultant images of the visualized fingerprints were analyzed with densitometric image analysis to measure the changes in the areas of the ridges, which can be correlated to the deposition order. No significant variation was found with the different types of thermal paper. The average areas of the friction ridges increased gradually or were similar to the values from day 1 for 3 days, and then a continual decrease was shown from day 4 through day 7. The area values from day 6 and day 7 were less than half of those from day 1. Furthermore, the test with overlapped fingerprints showed the possibility of differentiation between fingerprints that are 1-3 and 6-7 days old based on the clarity visible to the naked eye. Additional experiments with the deposition conditions can prove that the current method is valuable for the determining the order of fingerprint deposition on thermal paper.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Gas
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.71-78
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• 2023

In general, electric submersible pumps (ESPs), which have an average life of 1.0 to 1.5 years, experience a decrease in performance and a reduction in life of the pump depending on oil and gas reservoir characteristics and operating conditions in wells. As the result, the failure of ESP causes high well workover costs due to retrieval and installation, and additional costs due to shut down. In this study, a flow loop system was designed and established to predict the life of ESP in long­term operation of oil and gas wells, and the life cycle data of ESP from the time of installation to the time of failure was acquired and analyzed. Among the data acquired from the system, flow rate, inlet and outlet temperature and pressure, and the data of the vibrator installed on the outside of ESP were analyzed, and then the performance status according to long-term operation was classified into five stages: normal, advice I, advice II, maintenance, and failed. Through the experiments, it was found that there was a difference in the data trend by stage during the long­term operation of the ESP, and then the condition of the ESP was diagnosed and the failure of the pump was predicted according to the operating time. The results derived from this study can be used to develop a failure prediction program and data analysis algorithm for monitoring the condition of ESPs operated in oil and gas wells.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.142-153
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• 2016

In crime scene investigation, fingerprint identification is regarded to be one of the most important techniques for personal identification. However, objective and unbiased evaluation methods that would compare the fingerprints with diverse available and developing methods are currently lacking. To develop an objective and quantitative method to improve fingerprint evaluation, a preliminary study was performed to extract useful research information from the analysis with densitometric image analysis (CP Atlas 2.0) and the Automated Fingerprint Identification System (AFIS) for the developed fingerprints on porous surfaces. First, inked fingerprints obtained by varying pressure (kg.f) and pressing time (sec.) to find optimal conditions for obtaining fingerprint samples were analyzed, because they could provide fingerprints of a relatively uniform quality. The extracted number of minutiae from the analysis with AFIS was compared with the calculated areas of friction ridge peaks from the image analysis. Inked fingerprints with a pressing pressure of 1.0 kg.f for 5 seconds provided the most visually clear fingerprints, the highest number of minutiae points, and the largest average area of the peaks of the friction ridge. In addition, the images of the developed latent fingerprints on thermal paper with the iodine fuming method were analyzed. Fingerprinting condition of 1.0 kg.f/5 sec was also found to be optimal when generating highest minutiae number and the largest average area of peaks of ridges. Additionally, when the concentration of ninhydrin solution (0.5 % vs. 5 %) was used to compare the developed latent fingerprints on print paper, the best fingerprinting condition was 2.0 kg.f/5 sec and 5 % of ninhydrin concentration. It was confirmed that the larger the average area of the peaks generated by the image analysis, the higher the number of minutiae points was found. With additional tests for fingerprint evaluation using the densitometric image analysis, this method can prove to be a new quantitative and objective assessment method for fingerprint development.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.217-227
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• 2006

Micronutrient status in soils and crops of plastic film house and their relationship were investigated. Total 203 plastic film houses were selected (red pepper, 66; cucumber, 63; tomato, 74) in Yeongnam region and soil and leaf samples were collected. Hot-water extractable B and 0.1 N HCl extractable Cu, Zn, Fe, and Mn in soil samples and total micronutrients in leaf samples were analyzed. Contents Zn, Fe, and Mn in most of the investigated soils were higher than the upper limits of optimum level for general crop cultivation. Contents of Cu in most soils of cucumber and tomato cultivation were higher than the upper limit of optimum level, but Cu contents in about 30% of red pepper cultivation soils were below the sufficient level. Contents of B in most soils of cucumber and tomato were above the sufficient level but in 48% of red pepper cultivation soils B were found to be deficient. Micronutrient contents in leaf of investigated crops were much variable. Contents of B, Fe, and Mn were mostly within the sufficient levels, while in 71% of red pepper samples Cu was under deficient level and in 44% of cucumber samples Cu contents were higher than the upper limit of sufficient level. Contents of Zn in red pepper and cucumber samples were mostly within the sufficient level but in 62% of tomato samples Zn contents were under deficient condition. However, any visible deficiency or toxicity symptoms of micronutrients were not found in the crops. No consistent relationships were found between micronutrient contents in soil and leaf, and this indicates that growth and absorption activity of root and interactions among the nutrients in soil might be important factors in overall micronutrient uptake of crops. For best management of micronutrients in plastic film house, much attention should be focused on the management of soil and plant characteristics which control the micronutrient uptake of crops.