• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.173-178
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• 1995

The aim of this study was to describe the NO$_3$ leaching in grassland ecosy-stems. Field study was performed in the southwestern district of Germany from 1991 to 1993. The study included 3 different slurry application, conventional slurry application, 50% reduced slurry application and without slurry application. On each plot were installed 3 ceramic cups at 120cm depth. Samples were collected twice a month and analysed for NO$_3$ colorimetrically using a Tecator Auto-Analyzer. Percolation was calculated as the difference between precipitation and potential evapotranspiration. The NO$_3$ concentration in soil water was remarkably variable during the year. The average NO$_3$ concentration during the experiment was the lowest (8.5mg/l) without slurry application and the highest with 240kg N/ha cattle slurry (25.3mg/l). the NO$_3$-N leached per year were respectively 29, 23, and 12kg/ha in case of 240, 120 and 0kg N/ha when cattle slurry was applied. The conventional feeding density of cattle husbandry in the district caused the NO$_3$ contamination in ground water. When the amount of cattle slurry applied was reduced to 50%, the NO$_3$ loading in ground water was reduced greatly. Therefore, the reduction policy of cattle slurry can positively contribute to the prevention of the NO$_3$-contamination in groundwater.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.350-356
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• 2016

The biggest factor in the success of breeding animals is selection of foods, which is determined by quality and quantity of habitats(Newton, 2003), in the case of This high biomass wetlands as an indicator of ecosystem function about Common Kestrel's choice of hunting area is expected to be an important clue of quality and quantity of habitats. For this study, it is divided into four types(Glasslands, Paddy fields, Dry fields, Rparian land) about Common Kestrel's hunting area in Yugu-eup, Gongju-si, Chungcheongnam-do, Recorded the behavior of Common Kestrel for three years during the breeding season from March to June(2014~2016). Result of investigation, hunting area showed a high hunting behavior in riversides and flight-hunting was frequently investigated from may to June. In addition flight-hunting's main food acquisition is mammal(the vole), while perching behavior's main food acquisition is insect according to the fact flight-hunting were mainly done in riversides, perching behavior were highly investigated than flight-hunting at glasslands and paddy fields and dry field. Hunting spot's coverage rate of plants covering the ground showed differences depending on hunting areas, but height of plants were not significant. Height of the plant according to hunting methods of flight-hunting to catch mammal(vole) was analyzed to prefer lower height than perching behavior Based on these results riversides are considered as a very important environmental factors for Common Kestrel's prey selection in breeding session.

• Journal of The Geomorphological Association of Korea
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.17-29
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• 2012

In order to improve a trip pattern in Mt. Halla climbing only to a summit, two trip programs with nature interpretation have been developed using the geomorphic characteristics of Mt. Halla which are distinct from those of mountains in the Korean peninsula. It also aims to help conservation of natural environment of Mt. Halla and to enhance the visitor satisfaction in Mt. Halla. The subalpine trip program is carried out on a 1.5 km-long trail between Wissaeoreum Hut and Janggumokoreum. Program participants are able to learn expertise about, and understand vulnerability of, a subalpine ecosystem, Consequently, the program can obtain an educational attainment getting them to recognize the necessity of preserving the subalpine zone of Mt. Halla as an important natural resource. The mountain river trip program is performed on a 1.5 km-long reach of Byeongmun River between Gwaneumsa trailhead and a gorge upstream of Gurin Cave. The program is capable of exhibiting effectively the river characteristics of Jeju Island using the geomorphic and hydrologic properties of Byeongmun River which differ from those of rivers in the Korean peninsula. Since the subalpine grassland and ephemeral stream of Mt. Halla are the visiting places which are rarely experienced in the Korean peninsula, the program participants can understand the regionality of Jeju Island as well as Mt. Halla through trip activities.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.31 no.6
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• pp.409-422
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• 2022

Riverine wetlands are an important element of the river ecosystem and account for approximately 38% of the inland wetlands surveyed so far. The Shincheon Wetland located in Mangyeong River is also a channel wetland as the flow rate is slowed by the constructed weirs, leading to sediment accumulation. To identify the conservation value and ecological characteristics of Shincheon Wetland, its vegetation and plant diversity were identified using a phytosociological method, and a total of 45 vegetation-related datasets were collected. Overall, 24 plant communities, comprising a total of 153 taxa (49 families, 117 genera, 146 species, 2 subspecies, 5 varieties) were identified. The plant with the highest appearance rate in the communities was Humulus japonicus Siebold & Zucc. In addition, annual herb species, including Rumex crispus L., Bromusjaponicus Thunb., Erigeron annuus (L.) Pers., and Artemisia indica Willd. were frequently observed to be growing in the secondary grassland. Naturalized plants were surveyed in the 38 taxa; the urbanization index was 10.3% and the naturalized index was 24.8%. Plant communities were largely classified into submerged vegetation, floating and floating-leaved vegetation, annual and biennial vegetation, perennial herb vegetation, and woody vegetation. The distribution of plant communities reflecting various habitats, including the lentic and lotic zone maintaining a constant water depth, littoral zone experiencing intermittent water level fluctuations, and dry floodplain environment was also confirmed. Overall, plant community development plays an important role in the habitat for wild animals; therefore, it is expected to positively impact biodiversity enhancement.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.309-319
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• 2008

Roads are an indicator of anthropogenic activity causing ecosystem disturbances and often lead to habitat fragmentation, habitat loss, and habitat isolation. The Hallasan National Park(153.4$km^2$) on Jeju Island being distinguished for its unique geology, topography, and biota has also been designated as a core area of UNESCO Man and the Biosphere(MAB) Reserve. Although the high conservation value of this park has contributed to a rapid growth of tourists and road construction, landscape changes due to roads have not been examined yet. We used GIS systems to examine the fragmentation pattern caused by roads, in relation to its zonation, elevation, and vegetation. When a buffer was applied to roads(112m width for paved roads and 60m width for both legal and illegal trails), the park consisted of 100 fragments. The ten fragments generated after applying buffer to only paved roads and legal trails ranged from $0.002km^2$ to $38.2km^2$ with a mean of $14.2km^2$, and about 7% of both nature conservation zone and nature environment zone of the park were edge. Fragments in both east and west ends of the park and around the summit exhibited relatively high shape indices with means of 5.19(for 100 fragments) and 7.22(for 10 fragments). All five legal trails are connected to the pit crater of the mountain and vegetation changed from broadleaf forests and conifer forests to grasslands with elevation, consequently resulting in dramatic fragment size reduction in grasslands at high elevation, in particular above 1,400m, where endemic and alpine plants are abundant. These results show that in Hallasan National Park the risks of habitat deterioration and habitat loss due to fragmentation may be more severe in the nature conservation zone dominated by Baengnokdam than in the nature environment zone. Therefore, current road networks of the park appear to fall short of the goal of the national park for ecosystem conservation and protection. Considering that the entire Hallasan National Park also serves as a MAB core area, conservation efforts should focus, first of all, on park rezoning and road management to mitigate habitat fragmentation.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.435-443
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• 2012

This study investigated soil carbon storage and microbial activities influenced by different management practices in rice paddies and pastures. Soils under a single-crop farming of rice (CON) and rice-Italian ryegrass rotation farming (IRG) were compared in Jangheung, Jeollanam-do, Seocheon and Cheonan, Chungcheongnam-do. Soils from pastures were analyzed to investigate the effect of duration period (P1, P2, P3) in Namwon, Jeollabuk-do and Seosan, Chungcheongnam-do. In rice paddy, total and particulate carbon (PC) concentrations in the IRG soils were significantly higher than those in the CON soils both in Jangheung and Seocheon where the IRG has been established for three years, whereas carbon concentrations were not significantly different in Cheonan where IRG planting history is only one year. In rice paddy soils, PC was suggested as an early indicator to monitor changes in soil carbon storage followed by adopting different management practices. In pasture, total and PC concentrations increased with duration period especially in the 0-5 cm soils. Contrary to the rice paddy soils, the magnitude of change in PC concentration is not as great as that in total carbon concentration, implying that there is a need to develop a new early indicator other than PC using different fractionation scheme. The soil carbon storage in pasture also increased with years since establishment and the increasing rate was significantly greater in the early stage (0-5 yrs) than the later one (> 5 yrs). Microbial activities measured from fluorescein diacetate (FDA) hydrolysis analysis were significantly lower in the IRG soils than CON soils, whereas no difference was observed in the pastures of different ages. This shows that FDA activity is not a sensitive indicator to differentiate soil qualities influenced by management practices if it is used by itself.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.506-514
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• 2019

Unlike natural ecosystems, the urban ecosystem proVides an interdependent enVironment in which wild organisms and urban people co-exist. Hornets (genus Vespa) appearing in urban green and parks haVe a positiVe effect on urban ecosystems, but they also cause ecosystem disserVices that cause physical and psychological discomforts to the urban people. Children's parks, for example, are Very popular among children and residents for easy accessibility, and hornets also use them as bases and habitats. HoweVer, there is still a lack of spatial analysis of habitats and appearance characteristics of hornets in children's parks. This study installed hornet traps in 27 children's parks in Cheonan from April to NoVember 2018 in consideration of the life cycle of hornets. We captured a total of fiVe Vespa species (Vespa crabro, V. analis, V. mandarinia, V. ducalis, and V. Velutina) for 32 weeks and analyzed the emergence of hornets in relation to the composition of seasonal characteristics, species characteristics, and enVironmental spatial information. We captured a total of 818 hornets during the study period. They included 290 V. analis (35.4%), 260 V. crabro (31.8%), 100 V. ducalis (12.1%), 87 V. mandaninia (10.6%), and 81 V. Velutina(9.9%). Most of the hornets showed a common feature that queen hornets were largely captured in May through June after they awake from hibernation, and the number of caught hornets decreased sharply beginning in mid-June, which was the cooperatiVe period. HoweVer, V. Velutina showed a seasonal specificity that more than 80% were captured beginning in the third week of October when other hornet species had already entered a decline phase. The analysis of the number of hornets caught in each spot in children's parks showed significant difference among the spots as 363 hornets (44.3%) were captured in top children's parks, and 35 hornets (4%) were captured in bottom children's parks. In particular, the mean NDVI (Normalized difference Vegetation index) of the top six children's parks was 0.79, and that of the bottom six children's parks was 0.38 (t=2.67*, *=p<0.05), indicating a significant difference. The frequency of capturing hornets was high when the ground around the children's parks was grass or bare land. This study is meaningful as a reference study that confirms the ecological characteristics of hornets appearing in green and parks in the city. We expect it to be a foundation for effectiVe urban green area management in the future.

• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.159-166
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• 1996

To estimate removal rate of phosphorus in aquatic grassland ecosystems of Paldangho, this investigation was conducted along with the coast of a lake. The experimental results may be summarized on communities of Typha angustata, Miscanthus sacchriflorus Phragmites communis and Scirpus tabernaemontani as follows. The annual production of phosphorus for the litters in T. angustata, M saccharsflorus, P. cam-munis and S. taiernaemontani grasslands were 10.252 g /$m^2$, 3.833 g /$m^2$, , 2.656 g /$m^2$, and 5.210 g /$m^2$, respectively. The ratio of annual production of P accumulated on surface soils in a steady state provides estimates of the removal rate r, The estimated removal rates r of P were 0.58, 0.78, 0.68 and 0.59 in T. angustata, M. sacchariflorus, P. communis and S. tabernaemontani grasslands re- spectively. The removal and accumulation of 50, 95 and of 99% of its steady state level, the estimates for P of T. angustata were 1.195, 5.173 and 8.623 years, in M. sacchariflorus were 0.880, 3.842, and 6.403 years, and in P. cammunis were 1.014, 4.390, and 7.316 years respectively, In S. tabernaemontani grassland required period were 1.178,5.099 and 8.500. Key words:T. angustata, S. tabernaemantani, P. communis, S. tabernaemontani, Paldangho, Removal rate, Phosphorus.

• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.167-175
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• 1996

This study was carried out to investigate the removal rate of sulphur of the litters in the Phragmites communsis, Seirpus tabernaemontani, Miscanthus sacchariflorus and Typha angustata aquatic grassland ecosystem on the lake Paldangho. The annual litter productions of sulphur were 50.91 /$m^2$, in P. communis, 180.83 g /$m^2$, in S. tabernaemontani, 25.87 g /$m^2$, in M. sacchariflorus and 151.39 g /$m^2$, in T. angustata, respectively. The removal rates r, of sulphur in the litters were 0.86 in P. communis, 0.82 in S. tabernaemontani, 0.43 in M. sacchariflorus and 0.47 in T. angustata respectively, The times required to reach 50, 95 and 99 percent of the steady state levels and turnover values of sulphur on the grass-land floor were 0.81, 3.49 and 5.82 years in the P. communis, 0.85, 3.68 and 6.13 years in the S. tabernaemontani, 1.62, 7.00 and 11.67 years in the M. sacchariflorus and 1.49, 6.44 and 10.73 years in the T. angustata, It is considered that the high removal rates of sulphur in four grasslands of aquatic ecosystem contribute to the efficient removal of sulphur, a pollutant, at the lake Paldangho. Key words: Removal rate, Accmulation, Paldaugho, Sulphur, Phragmites communis, Miscanthus saechariflorus, Seirpus tabernaemontani, Typha angastata.

• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.297-304
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• 1996

The investigation was performed to reveal the removal rate of metal constituents of litters in a Phragmites communis Miseanthus sacchariflorus, Typha angastata and Seirpas tabernaemontani grasslands in the lake Paldangho. The removal rates of metal constituents are determined by the mathematical models. The removal rates and time required to decay up to a percentage of each metal constituent were calculated using these model. The removal rates of Cu, Fe and Zn were 0.61, 0.58 and 0.79 in Phragmites communis 0.39, 0.47 and 0.68 in Miseanthus saccharflorus; 0.26, 0.09 and 0.23 in Typha angustata: 0.56, 0.27 and 0.67 in Seirpus tabernaemontani respectively. The periods required to reach half time to the stedy state of the removal and accumulation for Cu, Fe and Zn were 1,13,1.19 and 0.79 years in Phragmites communis; 1.79, 1.49 and 1.02 years in Miscanthus sacchariflorus; 2.70, 7.43 and 2.96 years in Typha angustata ; 1.23, 2.58 and 1.04 years in Scirqus tabernaemontani, re-spectively. Key words: Phragmites communis, Miscanthus sacchariflorus, Typha angustata and Scirpus tabernaemontani, lake Paldangho, Removal rate, Cupper, Iron, Zinc.