• KOMUNHWA
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• no.58
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• pp.3-24
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• 2001

The origin of raw materials of Angdeok-ni earthenwares was reasonably interpreted by the combination of data derived from mineralogical and REE analyses. Geoscientific analysis, including microscope observation, X -ray diffractometry analysis and rare ear

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.101-108
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• 2016

Lead isotope ratio of bronze artifacts excavated from Dongchon Site in Sunchang have determined by TIMS. As results of comparison lead isotope ratio of bronze objects with the provenance data of galenas of Korea, China, and Japan, the provenance of three material of bronze objects were turned out to originate from the southern and northern part of China. On the other hands, data were plotted either in zone 3 of the South Korean galena map. The results of these scientific analysis of bronze objects can be used as basic data in comparison researches on manufacturing technology, provenance of bronze objects to be found in the future.

• The Korean Journal of Quaternary Research
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.35-45
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• 2010

The aims of this study are to clarify the geomorphological development of a alluvial plain and discuss the vegetation environments and agriculture activities in the Wangpo-River alluvial plain at Neungsan-ri, Buyeo by analyzing geomorphological classification, sedimentary facies and age datings. The alluvial plain at Wangpo-River was formed by the influences of Geum-River with the sea-level rising during the Holocene. The basin of Wangpo-River consists of natural levees, back marsh-type alluvial plains, valley plains and hills. The natural levees by Geum-River largely distributes at the area where Wangpo-River flows to Geum-River and the alluvial plains at the middle and lower reach are the back marsh areas of Geum-River. Moreover, the area along Wangpo-River show higher contents of coarse materials and thinner peat sediments than the back marsh. The lower sandy deposits in the alluvium of Wangpo-River was formed with the influences of human in the Bronze Age during the sea level falling and the peaty deposits was formed due to the water level rising of Wangpo-River during the sea level rising in the early Iron Age.

• 보존과학연구
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• s.36
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• pp.4-10
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• 2015

This paper confirms characteristics of lead isotopes of bronze artifacts excavated from Korea peninsula using 673 data classified according to Age, type and region. Lead isotopes data in Early iron ages are distributed in the southern Korean peninsula, but data in Joseon ages are concentrated in zone 3. Also Bronze artifacts excavated from Seoul, Gyeonggi, Chungcheong, Jeolla and Gyeonsang are manufactured using raw materials of the entire Korea peninsula, but bronzes excavated from North Korea aren't produced using raw materials of Gyeonsang provinces. Lead isotopes data will be able to find moving routes of raw materials and to separate the period of mixing and recycling of lead.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.40
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• pp.35-72
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• 2007

Since three has never been any incidence of having investigated kilns for firing soft stoneware in the proto-three kingdoms period so far, how they structured by reviewing historic literature and material was preconsidered in this study. It is presumed that after both Gimhae Daeseongdong-type and Sacheon Bonggyeri-type kilns for firing earthenware coexist early, through an internal alteration process which is mutually complex and momentous, the floor of plastic room has been flattened or slanted and expanded little by little into the closed-kiln structure. It seems that the structure of kilns for firing soft stoneware was a horizontal combustion type(水平燃燒式) and its plane shape was close to being rectangular in shape unlike that of kilns for firing stoneware found in Honam and Hoseo province in the period of (proto-) three kingdoms. On the other hand, it is likely that the horizontal combustion type structure of kilns for firing stoneware excavated in Samyong-ri, Jincheon preceded the vertical combustion type(垂直燃燒式)that of kilns for firing stonewere found in Sansu-ri. In addition, the term, monumeut for firing earthenware must be changed to kiln for firing earthenware and the terms of Pyeungyo(平窯) and Dyengyo(登窯) can be applied to kilns for firing tiles. Thus, it does not seem likely that the absolute equality that Wajil earthenware(soft stoneware) pottery is Pyeungyo and stoneware pottery is Dyeungyo is applied in all cases.

• Journal of the Korean Magnetics Society
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.7-13
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• 2002

The studies of non-figure plain coarse pottery from Jeju island is very important because it can explain the characters of plain coarse potteries of the bronze age and the early iron age. In this study, We analyzed the non-figure plain coarse popery from Jeju island in two ways. One is analysis of the chemical composition using X-ray fluorescence spectrometer and X-ray diffraction, the other is analysts of clay mineral contained iron, oxidized iron's genus, valence state and magnetic properties using Mossbauer spectroscopy. We confidence that non-figure plain coarse pottery is chiefly made of silicate minerals, like SiO$_2$. The content of noncrystalline ferrihydrite is supposed to be below 5-10 wt%, non-figure plain coarse pottery is considered to partly consist of Jeju island clay, which is made of neutral volcanic rock and the valence state of iron is Fe$\^$2+/ and Fe$\^$3+/. We presume the reason that the magnetic hyperfine field is lower than that of pure goethite is the change of crystal structure which transforms the combination states of Fe ions while the clay is being fired.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.35 no.5
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• pp.508-517
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• 2019

This study analyzed on alloys and by-product samples produced through the reproduction experiment of bronze mirror with geometric designs. The alloy ratio used in the first and second reproduction experiments was based on the analysis results of bronze mirror with geometric designs(Cu 61.68%, Sn 32.25%, Pb 5.46%) which is the national treasure No. 141. As a result of portable X-ray fluorescence analysis on the raw materials used in the reproduction experiment, the contents of copper raw materials were 98.85 wt% for Cu, tin raw materials were 99.03 wt% for Sn, and lead raw materials were 70.19 wt% for Pb, and 21.81 wt% for Sn. Sn and Pb were added 5 wt% more considering the evaporation amount of tin and lead during alloy melting. The result produced by the first reproduction experiment were 58.75 wt% for Cu, 36.87 wt% for Sn, 4.39 wt% for Pb, and the other result produced by the second reproduction experiment were 58.66 wt% for Cu, 35.89 wt% for Sn, and 5.50 wt% for Pb. The composition of the components was about 3.00 wt% in Cu and Sn respectively, and the microstructure was similar to the previous studies because the δ phase was observed mainly. The results of this study will be used as basic data for the materialistic characteristics of ancient bronze mirror in the future.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.223-229
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• 2013

It is not known in details for the A.D. period as the archaeomagnetic dating method to be fully facilitated in Korea but it has prepared for the revised shape of standard curve to trace the geomagnetic field variation, and there were cases to increase the survey on relics on the B.C. period to find out for the detailed archaeomagnetic field variation on the Bronze Age to the Early Iron Age. Furthermore, the survey cases on the relics on the Neolithic Age began to emerge a little by little archaeomagnetic field variation of the Neolithic Age through 34 pieces of the archaeomagnetic measurement data as making active advancement around mid-western region. Data is insufficient yet that it is difficult to find out the detailed trend of modification but it is estimated for approximate appearance. The archaeomagnetic field variation of the Neolithic Age made changes without breaking away from the scope of changes in the A.D. period as in the same way with the Bronze Age, and comparing to the variation of archaeomagnetic field for the Bronze Age, the magnetic inclination shifted within the scope of having almost no difference, but the declination is shown to skewed toward the east in its overall appearance. In addition, the comparison was made with the data of the Jomon Age in Japan and the archaeomagnetic measurement data of Korea has a little bit more depth for while the declination is skewed toward the east for 10 degree or more compared to those of Japan. However, in the part where the data is concentrated most intensely, the data for both countries has significant part to overlap to each other that the archaeomagnetic field variation of the Neolithic Age of Korea showed overall similar variation with certain partial changes when compared to those of Japan.

• The Korean Journal of Quaternary Research
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.34-47
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• 2009

AMS radiocarbon dates indicated that Eurimji reservoir, located at Jecheon City, Chungbuk Province, has been formed during the late Holocene Epoch. The sedimentary sequence at bottom reveals histories in hydrology, climate conditions and past vegetation dynamics. Ages controlled sedimentological and palynological analyses on ER 3-1 Core contribute to reconstruct paleoclimate and past hydrological conditions. These analyses suggest that lower interval (307.5m~309.5m elevations) of the ER 3-1 Core was deposited in stable from 1,920 yrBP to 1,420 yrBP, but upper layer sediment above these elevations was composed of reworked sediments during the pre and post 2,000 yrBP. Pollen assemblage indicates that watershed vegetation of the Eurimji reservoir, during the period of 1,920 yrBP~1,420 yrBP, was closely comparable to modern vegetation dominated Pinus and Quercus mixed vegetation. Also, riparian including Alnus, Fraxinus and Salix were inhabited along the banks of stream, and aquatics such as Typha, Nymphaea and Persicaria flourished at shore of the reservoir. According to cultural chronicle, it infers that the Eurimji reservoir was formed from the Bronze Age to the Iron Age or the beginning of ancient society. An integrated data suggested that Quercus-Pinus-Abies mixed forest flourished under cool and dry climate conditions during 3,200 yrBP~200 yrBP.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.54 no.2
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• pp.4-21
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• 2021

A stone mold from the Sabi period of Baekje was excavated at the western tombs in Neungsan-ri, Buyeo where there was a recent excavation survey (2016). It was believed and reported that such stone molds were used for copper needles during the early Iron Age; however, a close re-examination of the form revealed that they were used for bifid ornamental hairpins. Given its casting form, the stone mold of Neungsan-ri is estimated to have been used to make bifid ornamental hairpins in a ∩ shape, narrowing down toward the tip. It is considered an artifact of the Goryeo dynasty. The stone used to make the bifid ornamental hairpin mold of Neungsan-ri was chlorite-schist, the principal minerals of which include chlorite, amphibole, and talc. Similar rocks are in nearby Buyeo (Oesan-myeon), Cheongyang, Gongju, and Yesan. They are mainly found between Jiseon-ri, Oesan-myeon, Buyeo, Sucheol-ri, Yesane-up, and Yesan. Nearly 70 bifid ornamental hairpins from the Goryeo dynasty were excavated at Neungsan-ri, Buyeo and the surrounding areas. Among them, the bronze ones excavated from the tombs of Songguk-ri, Buyeo are estimated to have been made using this mold as they closely resemble the Neungsan-ri mold. Stone was likely the preferred material for molds to make bronze artifacts as it was easy to sink a die. Regarding the bifid ornamental hairpin cast excavated in Neungsan-ri, they obtained stones in nearby areas 20~50km from their location, made bronze artifacts, and distributed them to nearby sites during the Goryeo dynasty. These artifacts suggest that the casting technology of using a stone mold was still employed then.