• Korean Association of Arts Management
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• no.53
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• pp.71-99
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• 2020

This study focuses on the case of the National Museum of Modern and Contemporary Art, Korea (hereafter MMCA) that has faced the issue of securing autonomy as an art institution in association with the neoliberal logic of economy as part of globalization. The MMCA was opened with limited operational autonomy due to the government's development-driven national system and bureaucratic perspective. Since being selected as an institution subject to a range of restructuring consequent to the IMF crisis in 1997, the MMCA is being assessed for its operational autonomy since then. This paper examines the socio-cultural background of the implementation of the Korean type of 'Executive Agency' and 'Non-Departmental Public Body'. Furthermore, regardless of the result of either implementation or withdrawal after the projects, this paper explains how these administrative reforms lead the conflicts between stakeholders, which would promote the MMCA's autonomy. As a result, the institutional restructuring process based on the neoliberal perspective might result in the operational dilemma that must simultaneously fulfil the publicness in a different context. Moreover, unlike the original intent to establish a performance-based system based on the principle of competition while minimizing government intervention, this study illuminates that the influence of the nation(or government) as the actual agent of the projects may become permanent. It implies that since the establishment and development project of MMCA has initialized the concept of statism based on legal authority, the operational autonomy of the MMCA which is premised on the reinforcement of expertise and publicness cannot be prioritized over the direction and control of the government.

• Analyses & Alternatives
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.85-114
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• 2023

The purpose of this study is to analyze Russia-Central Asia relations since the launch of the EAEU in 2015 and forecast the future from a structural realism perspective. Bilateral relations have both elements of close cooperation and elements of conflict. Russia and Central Asia, which have the characteristics of an authoritarian alliance, also have a symbiotic relationship in which they have no choice but to cooperate with each other to maintain the regime. Based on this, Russia has made various efforts to reunify Central Asia. Central Asia also has no choice but to cooperate with Russia for its survival, but at the same time, it has expanded its scope of cooperation in the international community to avoid being subjugated to Russia again. However, as China's power expands, Russia's relative weakness, and wariness toward Russia increases after the Ukraine War, the gap in bilateral relations is widening. In particular, as China's influence grows, Russia's nervousness also increases. This is why Putin visits Central Asia and holds active summit talks even during the war in Ukraine. If competition between Russia and China surfaces, there is a high possibility that the international order in Central Asia will become unstable. However, it is still unlikely that the power of Russia and China will reverse in Central Asia. Above all, the security, historical, and cultural connections between Russia and Central Asia are areas that are difficult for China to catch up with. Therefore, a weakening of Russia's influence compared to the past is inevitable, but its superiority is expected to continue. If Russia breaks away from belligerence and transforms into an attractive cooperative partner, there is a possibility that bilateral relations will take an upward turn again. However, it seems unlikely that such changes and innovations will occur under the Putin regime. Therefore, the biggest obstacle to realizing Putin's goal of reunifying Central Asia is Putin himself.

• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.419-477
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• 2017

In Space contains valuable natural resources. These provide a compelling reason for entrepreneurs, investors, and governments to pursue space exploration and settlement. The Outer Space Treaty of 1967 explicitly forbids any government from claiming a celestial resource such as the Moon or a planet. Article II of the Outer Space Treaty states that "outer space, including the Moon and other celestial bodies, is not subject to national appropriation by claim of sovereignty, by means of use or occupation, or by any other means." The U.S. Commercial Space Launch Competitiveness Act of 2015 (CSLCA), however, makes significant advances in furthering U.S. commercial space industry, which explicitly allows U.S. citizens to engage in the commercial exploration and exploitation of 'space resources' including water and minerals. Thus, some scholars argue that the United States recognizing ownership of space resources is an act of sovereignty, and that the act violates the Outer Space Treaty. This paper suggests that it is necessary to guarantee the right to resources harvested in outer space. More specifically, a private ownership of extracted space resources needs to promote new space business and industry. As resources on Earth become increasingly difficult and expensive to mine, it is clear that our laws and policies must encourage private appropriation of space resources. CSLCA which addresses all aspects of space resource extraction will be one way to encourage space commercial activity.

• Journal of the Korean School Mathematics Society
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.65-85
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• 2003

The purpose of this research is to increase mathematical problem solving abilities VIa STAD evaluation after completing classes. to which ST AD group study is applied, and promoting the learning accomplishments of students by developing gradual self-leading learning materials about the research project on ' How to use an hour math class efficiently\ulcorner ' For this purpose, the items below were studied. Firstly, gradual self-leading learning materials were developed and applied which were composed of textbook abstracts, basic problems, developing problems and intensive problems rather than existing textbooks. Secondly, the ST AD group study model was selected and applied which invokes competitions among small groups of which learning goals were clear. individual responsibility was important. and successive opportunities were equal. The evaluation using STAD at each end of a chapter was announced instantly using the EXCEL scoring system. Though the results of experimental classes were limited in their size. experimental time, and class selection, there were meaningful changes in the aspect of being able to heighten the accomplishment desire of students by inducing voluntary competitions among small groups without any student omitted. As the result of applying this research to my class, the ST AD group study using gradual self-leading learning materials invoked the interests of students and increased learning accomplishments via increasing problem solving abilities in mathematics. The ST AD group study was easy to use by beginning teachers, and its process was simple. It increased interactions among students and learning motives because its compensation system was open to all students. Among various studying methods for small groups. STAD group study is expected to be widely used for mathematics classes.

• Information Systems Review
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.1-24
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• 2006

Now, the Korean footwear industry needs the concrete enhancement of its competitive edge for regaining of its previous well known reputation. For this purpose, this study emphasizes the cooperation between the members through the supply chain of Korean footwear industry, as a c-SCM(Collaborative Supply Chain Management) by aid of information system. The key issue will be how well to coordinate operations flow not only through internal process stages, but also through entire external supply chain stages. In other words, the target goal must be the system optimization through the entire supply chain beyond the local optimization of internal supply chain process. We, at first, analyze the traditional structure of supply chain in Korean footwear industry and find out critical problems, and then, we develop the collaborative information framework in conjunction with several collaborative process modules. The suggested collaborative production & supply planning system was designed for sharing information and it is based on ebXML(electronic business eXtensible Markup Language) framework. In this way, the enhancement of the efficiency and competitiveness can be expected through the synergy effect of coordination of information and material flow, the reduction of lead times, and production costs.

• Korean Security Journal
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• no.25
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• pp.1-25
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• 2010

This research aims to provide a solution for the improvement of private security according to the change in criminal environment. The main cause of crime can be found in the anti-functional dimensions including value set disorder, social phenomenon variation, information-based, globalization and urbanization. In this environment, the private security sector has dramatically increased in a quantitative viewpoint, but it is insufficient in a qualitative viewpoint. This paper recognized this problem and demonstrates a solution for improvement through classifying elements of private security into relevant legislation, education institutions, security companies and security associations. The analysis result is a follows: First, motivation and satisfaction rate of escort and security related major has shown to be high. However, respondents evaluated the guard educational institution negatively. Second, the motivation of entering into the private security sector for internal staffs has shown to be positive and sound. However, the job satisfaction rate has shown to be low due to excessive competition, negative perception of occupation and low earning. Third, respondents gave an average mark to the Security Association's management and operation. In addition, the mutual-aid project received the same mark. Negative feedbacks were given to the protection of member's interest and to association operation and policy, while positive feedbacks were given to the degree of member's cooperation towards association policies.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.132-146
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• 2017

Over the years(1971 to 1987), only 20 Korean film production companies had been granted the exclusive rights to make Korean films in Korea and to import foreign films with a quota system. They had been making trashy Korean movies to secure import quotas of foreign films. Newcomer's entry of market had also been limited and the growth of Korean films through innovation had been hampered. In the same period, The annual number of Rookie director is 10, the portion of debut films of all Korean films is 10.62%, and the audience portion of debut is only 10.5% of Korean movie audience. From 2004 to 2016, total number of rookie directors is 874, and 61.72% of 1,416 directors who made his debut over the 46 years from 1971 to 2016. This is far more than the number of directors who debuted for the last 32 years. From 2004 to 2016, the annual number of rookie directors is 62.15 and their debut film occupies 39.58% of the total amount of Korean movies released and 32.8% of the audience number. Since the full opening of the domestic market to foreign films industries in 1988, the liberalization of independent film production in 1999, as a result of innovation of a competitive system, the Korean movies have been loved by audiences. However, there are concerns that the decline of the screen quota in 2006, the monopoly of the 4 major distributors, increase in indie movies and Semi-adult movies for VOD, could be the potential threat for future innovation in Korean cinema.

• Journal of Korea Technology Innovation Society
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.545-571
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• 2016

The development of ICT brings a big change in manufacturing industries, and new information technology such as IoT, AR, and big data was applied on manufacturing process. As a result, the concept of smart factory has been introduced as a new manufacturing paradigm. In fact advanced countries like USA, Germany, and Japan have actively introduced smart factory in their manufacturing industries such as electronic, automobile, machinery, to improve production efficiency and quality. The manufacturing environment has been changed into flexible system, so that smart factory will be leading future manufacturing industries. Thes changes have more severe influence on Korean manufacturing industries. Mny industrial companies, have a strong interest in smart factory and they, particularly big enterprises, have been adopting smart factory to increase their manufacturing efficiencies. However, Korean small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) have many financial and technological difficulties so that the diffusion of smart factory in Korean SMEs has not been satisfiable up to present. However, smart factory is very important for enhancing their competitiveness in global market. Therefore, this study aims at identifying the standardization strategy of smart factory in so-called Korean 'roots industry' by presuming that the standardization will activate the diffusion of smart factory among Korean SMEs. For this purpose, first, this study examines the competitiveness of SMEs, especially in 'roots industry' and identifies the necessity of diffusion of smart factory among those SMEs. Second, based on the active review on the existing literature, this study identifies four factor groups that would influence the adoption or diffusion of standardized smart factory. They are technological, organizational, industrial and policy factors. Third, using those four factors, this study made two comprehensive case analyses on the adoption and diffusion of smart factory. These two companies belong to molding sector which is one of the important six sectors in 'root industry'. Finally, based on the theoretical and empirical analyse, this study suggests four strategies for activating the standardization of smart factory; international standardization, government-leading standardization, firm-leading standardization, and non-standardization.

• 전기의세계
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• v.41 no.12
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• pp.21-30
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• 1992

내연기관의 가솔린자동차보다 역사가 오래된 전기자동차는 상대적으로 주생성능과 가격 경쟁력의 열세로 그 자취를 감추었고 최근까지 주로 특수목적의 단거리 저속차량으로 사용되고 있다. 그러나 1890년대 후반부터 전세계가 자동차배기가스에 의한 대기오염과 지구온난화 현상등의 문제를 심각하게 공감하게 되었고 마침내 미국 캘리포니아주에서는 전가자동차의 강제판매를 규정화하게 이르렀다. 이 규정에 의하면 1998년도부터 차량 판매대수의 2%를 전기자동차 판매로 강제요구하고 있다. 이 비율은 2000녀도에 5% 2003년에는 10%로 늘어날 계획이다. 따라서 미국에 많은 자동차를 수출하고 있는 일본, 독일 및 여러 유럽국가에서는 이 사업에 막대한 자금을 투자하며 개발에 몰두하고 있다. 미국의 Big3도 에너지성의 도움으로 최근 USABC를 결성하여 전기자동차 개발에 박차를 가하고 있다. 지금까지 기존의 가솔린자동차 기술에 있어서 일본과 독일에 상대적 열세에 있었던 미국도 이번 캘리포니아주의 전기자동차 강제판매 규정에 따른 전기자동차 사업으로 미국자동차 시장의 새로운 판도를 조성하겠다는 의도인듯하다. 국내에서도 정부가 이 사업의 중요성을 심각히 인식하고 G7사업과제의 하나로 선정하여 산, 학, 연 각층의 전문가가 참여하여 성공적으로 개발을 마칠 수 있도록 적극 지원하고 있다. 지금까지의 평균주행성능을 보면 최고속도 100-120km/h, 일층전 최대주행거리 150-200km 정도이며, 아직 양산체제에 돌입하지 않았기 때문에 가격면에서 경쟁력이 없는 실정이다. 그러나 1990년도에 들면서 각종 요소부품들의 기술수준이 급성장을 이루어서 앞으로 10년정도 후면 성능과 가격면에서 가솔린자동차와 대등한 수준의 전기자동차 개발이 실현될 수 있으리라 예측된다.는 영향받지 않았다. Clonidine의 심박수 감소작용은 .뇌실내및 정맥내 diltiazem이나 nifedipine 처리후에 감약되었다. 5). 뇌실내 clonidine$(30{\mu}g)$ 처 리후 뇌실내 diltiazem$(400{\mu}g)$과 nifedipine$(350{\mu}g)$의 혈압하강및 심박수 감소효과는 영향 받지 않고 그대로 나타났다. 이상의 결과로 diltiazem과 nifedipine은 가토뇌내에서 methoxamine에 의한 혈압상승의 작용점인 alrfia-1 adrenoceptor의 흥분에는 영향을 미치지 못하나 clonidine의 작용점인 alpha-2 adrenoceptor의 흥분에 의한 혈압하강및 심박수 감소효과는 억제한다고 추론하였다.thin 함량은 110.6 mg/L로서 산업적인 생산성이 있는 것으로 나타났다. 이번 연구를 통하여 개발된 변이주 B76 및 이의 대량 발효를 위한 최종조건의 정립은 향후 astaxanthin의 산업적 생산공정에 필요한 기초자료로 이용될 것으로 기대된다.색총말내에 소형의 도형, 소형의 장형 연접소포 및 DENSE CORE VESICLE의 3가지 연접소포를 가지고 있었고 출현빈도수는 촉각엽에서 가장 큰 33%이었다. 제5형 신경연접은 축색종말내에 중등도크기의 원형, 대형의 원형연접소포 및 DENSE CORE VESICLE을 포함하였고 13%의 출현빈도수로 관찰되었다. 배추횐나비의 촉각에 있는 지각신경세포가 뇌의 촉각엽으로 뻗어 들어가 위의 5가지 신경연접중 어느 형을 형성하는지를 관찰하기 위하여 좌측 촉각의 기부를 제거하여 지각신경세포를 절단하였는데 그 결과, 좌측 촉각엽에서 제4형의 신경연접이 퇴행성 변화를 나타내었다.

• Korean journal of communication and information
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• v.31
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• pp.193-223
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• 2005

As the number of TV channels rapidly grows, the systematic marketing and PR communication of broadcasters are becoming more and more important. To overcome the challenges the sharply increased competition poses, TV stations ave to intensify their strategic marketing efforts. This paper analyses the editorial information aired about the broadcasters and their TV programming as part of the PR efforts made. This present research project is based on one week periods of analysis of TV programming produced and aired by German broadcasters. The program analysis of the five TV channels included in this study revealed a total of 406 cases in which editorial references were made. The result shows no systematic differences between the public and commercial Broadcasters. Channel-specific differences are, however, obvious. PR communication embedded in the regular programs is increasingly tied to media organization and frequently occurs in the reporting of journalistic content. The high number of promotions as part of informational, and even more so as part of magazine and news formats, must be viewed as problematic. Program related branding and the specific tools used to promote the programs provided further evidence regarding the importance of media economic factors. TV channels not only promote their own programs, but also those of affiliated stations, and the increasing influence of economic considerations will have long-range consequences on the variety and quality of the journalistic output. The study furthermore revealed that TV channels utilize program promotion at any time of the day.