• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.81 no.1
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• pp.21-29
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• 1992

This study was conducted to provide basic information for deciding silvicultural system appropriate to a natural mixed stand in Jindong-Ri. For this, the stand structure such as DBH distribution, height distribution, and volume per DBH class were analyzed and the possibility of selection cutting as a silvicultural system was discussed. The DBH structure of the stand has reverse J-shaped diameter distribution which is typical in a selection cutting stand. The possibility of selection cutting is also accepted in the height structure by showing multi-storied height distribution of the stand. On the other hand, volume structure per DBH class did not show the mature stand of selection cutting due mainly to the lack of number of trees at 30cm DBH class and above. It seems that the unclear part of stand structure should be solved by further studies. Also, the rate of increment for DBH and volume should be estimated to predict the future stand structure.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.86 no.1
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• pp.35-45
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• 1997

This study has been carried out to estimate carbon fixation, and carbon NPP based on equation form of $Wt=aD^bH^c$ in natural stand of Quercus mongolica and Quercus variabilis in Chungju. The effect of improvement of environment was also evaluated by estimating sink of $CO_2$ gas in forest ecosystem of Korea in a year. The following effects have been obtained in analysing estimate of allometric equation. Equation form of $Wt=aD^bH^c$ was the most adequate, those of $Wt=a(D^2H)^b$, $Wt=aD^b$ estimate of the biomass and the carbon fixation in Quercus natural stand of Chungju. Total above ground of Quercus mongolica was 130.58 t/ha and that of Quercus variabilis was 137.38 t/ha. Annual production of two stands was 9.96 t/ha/yr, 8.64 t/ha/yr, respectively. Carbon fixation of total above ground was 60.52t C/ha in Quercus mongolica stand, and was 62.22t C/ha in Quercus variabilis stand. Annual fixation of carbon was 4.78t C/ha/yr and 4.28t C/ha/yr, seperately. Annual emission of carbon estimated 2.44t C/ha/yr in contrast of forest area in Korea. It was showed that the annual fixation of carbon was higher 1.84t C/ha/yr~2.34t C/ha/yr than annual emission of carbon. But foliage was 2.39t C/ha/yr and 1.89t C/ha/yr, which occupied 40% and 50% of annual carbon fixation of total above ground. Annual carbon fixation may fluctuate about 1.89t C/ha/yr~2.39t C/ha/yr by seasons.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.248-256
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• 2004

Dendropanax morbifera Lev.(Araliaceae), Korean endemic and evergreen small tree is a component of evergreen forest and mainly distributed in sourthern region and islands in Korea. The ecological characteristics of 4 natural stands of D. morbifera.(Sundol, Suak, Hannam, and Sangho populations in Cheju island) were studied. In most of the D. morbifera natural stands, the following tree species appeared predominantly: Castanopsis cuspidata var. sieboldii, Carpinus laxiflora, D. morbifera, Quercus glauca, Quercus myrsinaefolia, Camellia japonica, and Acer pseudo-sieboldianum. Two tree species, such as C. cuspidata var. sieboldii and C. laxiflora appeared in the all investigated stands. D. morbifera occupied 17.2% of the upper story, 12.9% of the middle story, and 10.3% of the lower story, respectively. The distribution patterns by Morisita' s Index showed that D. morbifera was distributed randomly in the three stories. The frequency distribution of DBH D. morbifera species showed reverse J-shaped, therefore it seems to remain as a dominant species.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.99 no.3
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• pp.312-322
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• 2010

In Korea, Torreya nucifera (L.) Siebold & Zuccarini is widely distributed in the warm temperate zone of South coastal area and Jeju island, mainly as preserved forest in the vicinity of the Buddhist temple and Confucian temple. The objective of this study is in order to develop the conservation method and comprehension of vegetation community by current vegetation structure analysis of Torreya nucifera stand. As the results, the number of surveyed species in Torreya nucifera stand were total 148 species with 28 species of tree layer, 38 species of subtree layer, and 82 species of shrub layer. The appearance of the common species were Ligustrum obtusifolium Siebold & Zucc., Hedera rhombea Bean, and Trachelospermum asiaticum Nakai var. asiaticum. All the story of the surveyed region, Torreya nucifera maintained the current dominant species, but the subtree layer and shrub layer was decreased dominant rate because of the development of the crown of tree layer and biased growth of the subtree layer. Most of the tree layer and subtree layer in Torreya nucifera stands are composed of the sprout forest. Therefore, these results suggest that in order to maintain the healthy stand it is demanded for the application of selection thinning method for reducing crown competition in Torreya nucifera forests.

• Journal of Korea Foresty Energy
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.92-99
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• 1999

This study was carried out to understand the primary production of biomass, vertical biomass distribution in the stand and the difference of biomass production for part of the trees by stand density for natural Pinus densiflora forest at Mt. Baekdoo located in northeastern China. The primary production of biomass was estimated by the layers of trees, shrubs, herbs for five density classes. For the biomass estimation of the Pinus densiflora trees in stern, stembark and the above-ground tree, the regression model of logW = a + blog(D$^2$H) + c(D$^2$H) was adapted for all of the density classes where W is dry weight, D$_1$ diameter at breast height, and H, tree height. For the biomass estimation in branch and needle, and the needle area, the regression model of logW=a+blogD+cD was adapted for all of the density classes. With increasing stand density the biomass of trees increased but that of shrubs and herbs decreased. Net primary production of biomass in parts of the tree also increased with increasing stand density. However the percentage of the needle biomass among the total biomass in the above-ground tree decreased with increasing stand density. Consequently, primary production rate of biomass in the above-ground tree increased. The primary production of biomass for each part of the trees in natural Pinus densiflora natural forests showed in descending order : stern, needle, branch, and stembark regardless of stand density.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.100 no.1
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• pp.42-51
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• 2011

This study was conducted to analyze correlation of above- and below-ground biomass and to drive regression equation suitable for estimating standing tree biomass between natural and planted stands of Pinus densiflora for. erecta of one age-class in Gangwon province, Republic of Korea. Total 40 trees, 10 from the naturally regenerated and 10 from the planted stands in each of two studied sites, were uprooted to measure height, diameter at root color (DRC), and the dry weights of stem, branches, and needles. The length, weight, and volume of the main and horizontal roots were also measured. Most of the above-ground traits except height were highly correlated with most of the other above-ground traits and the below-ground traits except the length of roots (p < 0.05). Especially, the DRC, which is measured easily on the standing tree, was highly correlated with most of the traits in all studied stands (p < 0.01). Thus, the DRC would be the most desirable trait to estimate not only above-ground biomass but also below-ground biomass. However, height was not a good variable to estimate standing tree biomass of Pinus densiflora for. erecta of one age-class in Gangwon province because it was not correlated with most of other traits. Regression equations derived from the current study could be used effectively as a basic data for estimating above-ground and below-ground biomass using DRC.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 1994

A survey of the natural regeneration of the gallery forest at the Sao Bartolomeu river, Federal District - Brazil it was carry out. Plots of $100m^2$ let established the composition of the trees succession of one hectare. 4262 plants distributed in four classes according to the height were found. The phytosociological value of the classes was respectively 3,3 2,4 2,0 2,3 and through of them it was possible to identify the phytosociological position of the species. The results of the calculations of the relative index of the natural regeneration and value of importance shows that the most important species are Cheiloclinium cognatum A.C. Smith, Piptadenia communis Benth., Faramea cyanea M. Arg., Xylopia sericea St. Hil., Copeifera lansdorfii Desf., Cupania vernalis Camb., Matayba guianensis Aublet, Virola sebifera Aublet, Ocotea densiflora Meissn and Didimopanax morototoni (Aublet) Dcne et Pl.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.94 no.6
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• pp.488-495
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• 2005

This study was conducted to understand the influences of forest structure on throughfall, stemflow and interception loss. The study plots included the natural old-growth deciduous, Pinus koraiensis and Abies holophylla forests in Gwangneung and the rehabilitated young mixed forest in Yangju, Gyeonggido. The Pinus koraiensis and Abies hotophylla had been planted in 1976. The rehabilitated young mixed forest had been established to control erosion in 1974. Total and net rainfall were monitored from March, 2003 to October, 2004. Tipping bucket rain gauge recorded total rainfall. Throughfall and stemflow were measured by custom-made tipping bucket and CR10X data logger at each $10m{\times}10m$ plots at intervals of 30 minutes. Interception loss in the Pinus koraiensis plot were most as 37.2% of total rainfall and least as 22.6% in the rehabilitated young mixed forest. Stemflow in the rehabilitated young mixed forest was 10.7% of total rainfall and stemflow in the Pinus koraiensis plot was 2.4%. The average throughfall ratio ranged from 66% to 77% depending on the canopy coverage. The relationship of stemflow and total rainfall represented in a linear regression equation though the variation of data was large. The ratio of stemflow-conversion was 2% of total rainfall in the Pinus koraiensis plot and 12% in the rehabilitated young mixed forest, respectively. The stem storage of the natural old-growth deciduous was the largest of 0.21 mm whereas that of the Pinus koraiensis plot was the least of 0.003 mm. A deciduous forest produced stemflow more than a coniferous forest due to a smooth bark and steeply angled branches. Interception loss of all study plots increased linearly as total rainfall increased. The distribution of interception loss data related in total rainfall became wider in a deciduous forest than a coniferous. It resulted from seasonality of leaf area index in a deciduous forest. As considered above results, it was confirmed that there were great differences of throughfall, stemflow and interception loss depending on forest stand structures. The simulation model for predicting interception loss must have parameters such as forest stand characteristics and LAI in order to describe the influence of forest structure on interception loss.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.102 no.4
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• pp.515-521
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• 2013

The objective of this study was to estimate the changes of stand structure before and after applying the three different silvicultural treatments such as selection cutting system, two-storied system, and shelterwood system. This study has been conducted in the natural deciduous forests in Pyeongchang of Gangwon Province, Korea. Nine permanent sampling plots of 0.09 ha were established in the forests and each of the three silvicultural treatments was applied to three sampling points. Some tree variables were measured in each stand before and after the silvicultural treatments were applied. With these data, stand attributes were estimated in each stand before and after applying the silvicultural treatments. In this study, a competition index was used to analyze the differences among structures of stands managed by three different silvicultural treatments. Hegyi's distance-dependent competition index was estimated and compared to analyze the differences of stand structures among the stands before and after silvicultural treatments. A method using a height angle $50^{\circ}$ from the base of the subject tree was adopted as the selection method of competitor trees. Duncan's multiple range test and t-test were then employed to statistically analyze the difference of stand structure among the stands. The results revealed that competition status among trees in the stand seems to be improved after applying the silvicultural treatments. There are significant differences in the competition index between before and after silvicultural treatments for each stand. According to the evaluation of competition index, it was confirmed that spatial structure of the stands was improved by applying the silvicultural treatments.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.345-352
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• 2011

We investigated 12 plots using Herles' diversity of structure feature calculation method, which is based on the Shannon-Weaver-Index for estimation of species diversity. This study sought to facilitate a more systematic understanding of the structure of the forest stands in the Korean fir natural forest in Naeseorak. Although the change in the forest structure is dependent on the change in phase, factors of the natural forest were confirmed by associating individual structure features. As shown in the results of diversity of structure features, the diversity of the structure of the fir tree natural forest in Naeseorak was relatively low. The association between species diversity and overall factors (diversity) related with the change in the structure was found to be weak. The association between the number of trees and the diversity of forest structure stands was moderate, showing that the higher the number of trees, the less diverse the forest structure is. In most of the investigated plots, stem volume and volume of dead tree were associated with the height of natural regeneration, but these were not associated with other factors. Height of natural regeneration was found to be correlated to stand density, crown area and crown class, whereas tree height and BHD did not have any association with other factors. Overall, the results of the investigation are helpful in understanding the change in the structure of Korean fir natural forest. Further investigation with more plots is required.