• Journal of Korean Classical Literature and Education
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• no.33
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• pp.121-152
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• 2016

The purpose of this study is to illustrate the history of the Cheonsu-Temple天壽寺 and to describe the echo verse poem trend with regard to 'Waiting'待人 and why it is beautiful. The Cheonsu-Temple was located in the outskirts of Gaesung開城, the capital city during the Corea高麗 Dynasty. However, the temple was destroyed when the dynasty collapsed. Cheonsu-Station天壽院 was built amidst the temple ruins, as the temple was an important traffic point. The Cheonsu-Pavilion天水亭 was built in 1476 by Yi-Ye李芮 in the station's neighborhood. The station and the pavilion were completely ruined during the 17th century. Many poets visited the Cheonsu-Temple and composed poems in the latter part of the Corea Dynasty. 'Waiting'待人, written by Choi-Sarip崔斯立, -is the most famous work. Following this work, many poets composed echo verse poems 'Waiting' work that represented the anxiety of waiting for an old friend in front of the Cheonsu-Temple. The following is a highlighted verse: So many people who look like the old friend come to me, but it turned out no one was the man. This work is very picturesque. Over twenty echo verse poems 'Waiting' are categorized in three periods. They compared the "present" to the past by using the Zhenglingwei丁令威 origin from the former Joseon朝鮮 period. In the middle of Joseon period, Jungjong中宗 visited Cheonsu-Station and composed an echo verse poem 'Waiting'. The official literaries also composed poems there. In their works, they presented the collapse of the Corea Dynasty as inevitable and the construction of Joseon Dynasty as something reasonable. Cheonsu-Station was ruined in 17th century, followed after by the ruin of the Cheonsu-Pavilion. It appears that the echo verse poems to 'Waiting' in the latter Joseon period represented the ruin of the Cheonsu-Temple, the Cheonsu-Station, and the Cheonsu-Pavilion.

• Korean Architects
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• no.6 s.314
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• pp.32-37
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• 1995

• Korean Architects
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• no.7 s.113
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• pp.31-50
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• 1978

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.30 no.1B
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• pp.33-40
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• 2010

In this study, a two-dimensional hydrodynamic and sediment transport modeling system, HSCTM-2D is employed to simulate the amounts of long-term cohesive sediment deposition in two study bays, and its applicability is evaluated. The modeling system's two modules for hydrodynamic modeling and sediment transport modeling are calibrated, comparing the simulated results and the observed tidal levels, tidal current velocities, and suspended sediment concentrations in the Asan and the Cheonsu Bays, South Korea. It is found that there are good agreements between the simulation results and the observed values. The amounts of long-term cohesive sediment deposition of the two study bays are estimated using the modeling system, taking the suspended sediment concentrations from the open ocean in the tide-dominated environment into account. And, in the case of the Asan Bay, the annual deposition rate reaches 8.1 cm/yr; the Cheonsu Bay, 14.5 cm/yr. Overall, it is concluded that the modeling system is useful to understand the physical process of cohesive suspended sediment transport and deposition in tidal water bodies and to establish the mitigation strategy.

• Conservation Science in Museum
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• v.19
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• pp.19-40
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• 2018

Most stone monuments in Korea are made from the granitoids found extensively throughout the nation. To identify the provenance of the stone materials, this study carried out comprehensive analyses of the occurrence, physical properties, mineralogy, and chemical composition of Stupa for National Preceptor Wongong at Geodonsa Temple and Five-story Pagoda at Cheonsusa Temple, both located in the Gangwon region. Their features were compared with those of granite from Wonju City near the sites of the two monuments. Stupa for National Preceptor Wongong is composed purely of two-mica granite, whereas Five-story Pagoda was made from both two-mica and biotite granites. The occurrence and magnetic susceptibility of the two granite monuments generally coincide with those of granite from Wonju. When selecting materials for the restoration of stone monuments, it is deemed necessary to carry out a field survey on granite in areas adjacent to the locations of the stone monuments subject to restoration.

• Journal of the Korean Professional Engineers Association
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.14-17
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• 1999

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.47 no.4
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• pp.136-161
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• 2014

This paper investigates the Buddhist sculpture and wall-painting enshrined in the halls of Bunhwangsa (Bunhwang temple) at Gyeongju in the mid-Silla period, which are thoroughly unknown to us except through textual records of Samgukyusa compiled by Priest Ilyeon in the late thirteenth century. According to Samgukyusa, a clay portrait-sculpture of Monk Wonhyo, made by his son Seolchong, was placed in Bunhwangsa. This image faced to the side, because he turned his body toward Seolchong when Seolchong bowed to this image. This story suggests that the portrait image of Wonhyo was most likely made after the Vimalakirti images, which were popular in China from the Six Dynasties period on, especially the Vimalakirti images of the early Tang period, turning his head and body toward Bodhisattva Manjusi seated opposite. The Vimalakirti image of Seokkuram might show the portrait image of Wonhyo. A wall-painting of a Thousand-Armed Avalokiresvara who has a thousand arms with a thousand eyes, called by the name 'Great Mercy with a Thousand Hands', was enshrined on the north wall of the left hall of Bunhwangsa. During King Gyeondeok's reign, Himyeong and her five-year-old blind child prayed before this image, and the blind child gained eyesight. While praying, they sang a song pleading for one of the thousand eyes which the Bodhisattva had in his hands. This song implies that Thousand-Armed Avalokiresvara had a thousand eyes, one painted on each hand. The fact that Thousand-Armed Avalokiresvara of Bunhwangsa was called 'Great Mercy with a Thousand Hands' indicates that this painting was based on the scripture Thousand-Armed Avalokiresvara Sutra translated by Bhagavaddharma in about 655, in the Tang period, which also has 'Great Mercy' in its title. In the year 755, a gilt bronze image of Medicine Buddha was made in Bunhwangsa, using nearly 61 tons of bronze to cast. The huge amount of bronze suggests it includes not only the Buddha statue but many other images such as two attendant Bodhisattvas of Suryaprabha and Candraprabha, Eight Great Bodhisattvas, or Twelve Guardians. Seven images of Medicine Buddha might have been made in accordance with the scriptural text of Seven Medicine Buddha Sutra translated by Monk Yijing. Textual evidence and recent excavation have revealed that seven images of Medicine Buddha and their whole attendant images based on Seven Medicine Buddha Sutra were made in the Nara period from 751 to 762 when Queen Gomyo contructed Sinyakusiji temple for the recovery of her husband Shomu. It is fair to assume that one or seven Medicine Buddhas and a whole group of his (their) attendant images were made for the main hall of Bunhwangsa temple in 755.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Applied Entomolohy Conference
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• 2002.11a
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• pp.80-80
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• 2002

• Journal of the Korean Society of Groundwater Environment
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.66-79
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• 1998

This study purposes to elucidate the characteristics of local water quality and the evolutional process of the spring water have been studied with the samples from 55 selected springs, from the coast region to the Baegrogdam, a caldera lake of Halla mountain in Cheju Island. Results of hydrochemical analyses in the 55 spring water show that Gwaneumsa is pollued with high hydrogen concentration, and spring waters from Yusuarmchun, Jangsumul, Dukjisemmul, Sinch'onk'nmul, Youngchunsa, Woonyangchun, Harwontongmul, Dongheamul, Seakdalsengsu, Andukkyekok, Dotimul, Kinmul, Harkangmul and Jungkeummul are polluted by the pollution sources from the surface surrounding ground. Spring waters of Samyang3suwon, Meungbusa, Sernurungmul, Tosanmul, Jungkeummul, Kwakgimul, Aewolharmul, Konemul and Nokgomul are also polluted from the sea water intrusion. The electrical conductivity, pH and the concentration of nitrate nitrogen and bicarbonate increase when the precipitation increases, but the concentration of sodium, chloride and sulphate decrease when the precipitation increases. The concentrations of potassium, magnessium and calcium are nearly independent of the precipitaion. Quality characteristics of spring water show complicated group of spring water through piper's trilinear diagram. The high mountain region consists of groups of sodium or potassium type and bicarbonate type; the middle mountain region consists of groups of sodium or potassium type and no dominant type; the low mountain consists of groups of no dominant type and sulfate or nitrate type; the coast region consists of groups of sodium or potassium type and chloride type or no dominant type. These characteristics indicate that the spring waters are changed from bicarbonate type in the high and middle mountain regions into non-bicarbonate type in the coastal region, as the precipitated waters flow downslope.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Agricultural Machinery Conference
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• 2017.04a
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• pp.118-118
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• 2017

지구 온난화에 따른 환경변화로 인하여 최근 10년('02~'11)간 여름의 일수는 4일, 겨울 일수는 16일 각각 증가하였다. 현재 육계사 내의 고밀도 밀집사육으로 인하여 고온스트레스로 하절기 육계의 폐사율이 증가하고 있는 실정이다. 2016년 폭염으로 닭 406.1천수, 오리 15.7천수, 메추리 70천수, 돼지 8천수가 폐사하였다. 이에 혹서기 가축이 약430만수가 폐사하였으며 피해 보상금액 128억원 소요되었다. 본 연구에서는 하절기 고온스트레스 경감과 폐사율 저감을 위해 계사 냉난방 공조와 냉온 음용수 급수를 병행할 수 있는 고효율 환경 개선 시스템을 개발하여 고온스트레스 저감 및 생산성 향상에 목적이 있다. 계사 냉난방 공조 및 냉온음용수 급수 병행 시스템 설계요인을 분석하고 냉난방 공조부하, 냉온수 생산 부하를 고려한 시스템 용량 산정하고 히트펌프, 축열조, 냉난방 및 냉온수 분배장치 등 구성요소로서 공조 및 냉온음용수 급수시스템을 설치하였다. 시스템 용량은 공기-물 히트펌프(10kW,1대), 축열조(10톤), 음용수조(2톤), 열교환기(열교환량,5만kcal/h), 물순환펌프(250W,2대) 및 팬코일유닛(1만kcal/h,4대)으로 시스템 모니터링 및 제어 시스템 개발하여 계사 내 환경, 시스템 성능에 대한 실시간 모니터링을 통하여 저장하였다. 조사항목으로 위치별 온습도, 체중, 사료섭취량, 페사율 등을 조사 분석하였다. 연구결과 계사의 내부온도는 시험구에서는 평균 $25.3^{\circ}C$를 나타내었고 대조구에서는 평균 $28.1^{\circ}C$로서 $2.8^{\circ}C$ 높게 나타났으나 상대습도는 시험구 76.2%, 대조구 75.0%로 큰 차이가 없었다. 냉수급여에 따른 계사 높이별 내부온도는 상하의 온도차가 $4.5^{\circ}C$로 크게 차이가 났다. 육계의 음수량은 혹서기 냉수를 급여한 시험구에서 일일 23.2L, 대조구에서는 21.5L를 섭취하였다. 일일 사료섭취량은 냉수를 급여한 시험구에서 937g, 대조구에서는 725g을 섭취하였다. 사료섭취량은 냉수를 급여한 시험구가 212g 많이 섭취하였으며 사료요구율은 시험구는 1.86, 대조구는 1.91로서 시험구가 낮게 나타났다. 체중은 냉수를 급여한 시험구가 359g 많았으며 증체량은 냉수를 급여한 시험구에서 495g, 대조구에서는 392g으로 나타났다. 폐사율은 냉수를 급여한 시험구에서 84%가 폐사율을 줄일 수 있었다.