• Journal of Korean Historical Folklife
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• no.45
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• pp.263-289
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• 2014

King Munjong(文宗), the eleventh King of the Goryeo Dynasty, was the son of King Hyeonjong(顯宗), the eighth king, and the younger stepbrother(異母弟) of King Jeongjong(靖宗), the 10th king. Although King Jeongjong had four sons, he abdicated the throne to King Munjong. King Taejo(太祖) had opened the possibility for sons other than the eldest son to succeed to the throne. When King Jeongjong died, his sons were children under the age of 10 years. In the early period of the Goryeo Dynasty, when kings had young sons, there were precedents of abdicating the throne to their grown-up younger brothers. In addition, King Jeongjong and Munjong had an identical blood background. During the period, Goryeo people also naturally accepted the fact that a former king's younger brother succeeded to the throne. In this background, King Munjong ascended the throne. However, King Munjong did not ascend the throne after identifying state affairs with politic power. Therefore, he needed to increase his authority as the king. Moreover, as the sons of King Jeongjong had grown up, they could stir up trouble in future succession to the throne. Therefore, King Munjong intended to concentrate power on himself and remove trouble in future succession to the throne by selecting his son as successor to the throne. After the installation of Wangtaeja(王太子, the Crown Prince), King Munjong expanded and organized Donggunggwan(東宮官, the establishment of Secretariat of Wangtaeja) and carried out various rituals related to Wangtaeja. The control system for Donggunggwan was completed institutionally in 1068. At this time, the newly organized Donggunggwan was operated as a miniature version of the central government office. In addition, the ritual for the installation of Taeja, which was held in 1054, complied with regulated procedures. After the ritual of the installation, a ceremony to congratulate on Jangheungjeol(長興節, the birthday of Wangtaeja) was held in 1056. In 1064, the wedding ritual of Taeja took place, and the ritual for Taeja regulated in Yeji(禮志) of "Goryeosa(高麗史)" was carried out. In addition, the installation of Wangtaeja was made known overseas, and the Taeja of Goryeo was proclaimed by the Kitan three times. Such various measures played an important role in strengthening the status of Taeja as the man of authority next to the king. Later, Taeja demonstrated his status as the man of authority following the king by participating in state affairs on behalf of King Munjong who was not able to move about freely in his later years.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.133-146
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• 2015

King and Crown Prince's Gwanbok (冠服) written in "Goryeosa" Yeobokji was the bestowment of robes and crowns by the Son of Heaven who yielded hegemony over East Asia. It designated the King and Crown Prince of Goryeo as real and authentic as well as confirmed the political status of Goryeo in East Asia. In "Goryeosa" Yeobokji, the King's Gwanbok is of higher stature than the adornments of the King's ritual robes (祭服) and court robes (朝服) which held a domestic political significance. In East Asia, bestowment of voiture (車) and robe (服) usually appeared in the multistate system. In the $10^{th}$ century, the Later Jin (後晋) spread the idea of investiture and bestowment to Khitan (契丹). The Liao (遼) or Khitan and the Jin (金), the Conquest Dynasties, endeavored to establish the legitimacy of the Son of Heaven by imitating Sinocentrism by means of investiture and bestowment. In the reign of XingZong (興宗) and DaoZong (道宗) of Liao, the ritual of investiture and bestowment for Goryeo was in the making, adding titles and bestowments in the occasion of the elevation of Emperor Liao's honorific title. King Munjong (文宗) of Goryeo reached 9-bestowment which symbolized the first of the feudal lords in East Asia. This exceptional respect for Goryeo went on to Jin's investiture and bestowment. From then, 9-bestowment was defined as an international decorum (禮) toward Goryeo. This historical study of Gwanbok (冠服) of "Goryeosa", indicates: First, the King's Ceremonial Robe with Nine-symbol Design were designated from the early to middle of the Goryeo Dynasty by investiture and bestowment from the Conquest Dynasties. Second, the bestowed King's Robe and Crown had simultaneous functions for domestic order and international order. Goryeo did not follow ideological Sinocentrism but followed practical interest by accepting Confucian Li (禮) philosophy passed on through the Conquest Dynasties.

• Journal of Korean Library and Information Science Society
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.427-456
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• 2009

Jwa-lee Wonjong Gongsin-Nokgwon(佐理原從功臣錄券) is a book which recorded the titles of position and the names of retainers who made Sung-jong into Chosun dynasty's king. This study aims to research into existing only 1 books of Jua-ik Wonjong Gongsin-Nokgwon, which were to analyze the reasons of grant, structure and forms, the characteristics of meritorious retainers' official positions and social status. As the result, Jwa-lee Wonjong Gongsin-Nokgwon is the metal typologic book which was made up Eul-hae(乙亥) letter type. The structure of the Jwa-lee Wonjong Gongsin-Nokgwon was composed of the beginning(卷首) the body(本文) the end(卷末). Jwa-lee Wonjong meritorious retainers formed the total of 1,059 persons(1st grade : 64 persons, 2nd grade : 272 persons, 3rd grade : 723 persons) with 513 official titles. Also an analysis of their family name confirmed that 1,059 persons were "Lee" which constituted the largest group(21%), "Kim" were second group(15%).

• Journal of the Korean Society for Library and Information Science
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.391-415
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• 2008

Gwa-ik Wonjong Gongsin-Nokgwon(佐翼原從功臣錄券) is a book which recorded the titles of position and the names of retainers who made Se-jo into Chosun dynasty's king. This study aims to research into existing 4 books of Gwa-ik Wonjong Gongsin-Nokgwon, which were to analyze the reasons of grant, structure and forms, the characteristics of meritorious retainers' official positions and social status. As the result, Gwa-ik Wonjong Gongsin-Nokgwon is the metal typologic book which was made up Choju-Gapin(初鑄甲寅) letter type. The structure of the Gwa-ik Wonjong Gongsin-Nokgwon was composed of the beginning(卷首) the body(本文) the end(卷末). Gwa-ik Wonjong meritorious retainers formed the total of 2,356 persons(1st grade: 80 persons, 2nd grade: 846 persons, 3rd grade: 1,430 persons) with 295 official titles. Also an analysis of their social status confirmed that 2,265 persons were Yang-ban(兩班) which constituted the largest group, Jung-in(中人) were 71 persons, Chun-in(賤人) were 11 persons and Yang-in(良人) were 9 persons.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Library and Information Science
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• v.47 no.3
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• pp.227-250
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• 2013

Jeongsa-gongshin-nokgwon (定社功臣錄券) is a document issued during the reign of King Taejong. The king appointed the vassals of merit who suppressed the First Rebel of Prince in 1398 as Jeongsa-gongshin (定社功臣) and gave them titles and rewards as described in the Jeongsa-gongshin-nokgwon document. This study explores the reasons and process of the rewards given to the vassals by way of the existing copy of Jeongsa-gongshin-nokgwon. The form and organization of the document were analyzed in detail. The titles given to the vassals were classified into each grade and their characteristics were sought. The content of the document was also analyzed in detail. The result of the study suggested the following. Jeongsa-gongshin-nokgwon is a manuscript and it consists of 3 parts: introduction (卷首), main text (本文), and ending (卷末). Names and titles given to 29 vassals of merit are listed of which 12 vassals were first grade and 17 vassals were second grade. The ranks of first-grade vassals of merit were higher than the ranks of second-grade vassals of merit. In the first-grade vassals of merit, there were relatively more relatives of the king. The rewards and privileges given to them were different, depending on their grade. The content of regulation was also different within the same grade, depending on the person. The formation and names of government officers, who worked in the temporary office in charge of rewards to the vassals of merit (Gongshin-dogam, 功臣都監), were verified by the approval signatures and last names found in Jeongsa-gongshin-nokgwon.

• Journal of Korean Library and Information Science Society
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.211-240
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• 2010

Gwang-Kuk Wonjong Gongsin-Nokgwon(光國原從功臣錄券) is a book which recorded the titles of position and the names of retainers who corrected the Chosun dynasty's genealogy. This study aims to research into existing 4 books of Gwang-Kuk Wonjong Gongsin-Nokgwon, which were to analyze the reasons of grant, structure and forms, the characteristics of meritorious retainers' official positions and social status. As the result, Gwang-Kuk Wonjong Gongsin-Nokgwon is the metal typologic book which was made up Jaeju-Gapin(再鑄甲寅) letter type. The structure of the Gwang-Kuk Wonjong Gongsin-Nokgwon was composed of the beginning(卷首) the body(本文) the end(卷末). Gwang-Kuk Wonjong meritorious retainers formed the total of 872 persons(1st grade: 137 persons, 2nd grade: 136 persons, 3rd grade: 599 persons) with 354 official titles. Also an analysis of their social status confirmed that 872 persons were "Yang-ban(兩班)" which constituted the largest group(748 persons : 85.8%), "Jung-in(中人)" were second group(103 persons : 11.8%), "Yang-in(良人)" were 13 persons(1.5%) and "Chun-in(賤人)" were 8 persons(0.9%).

• Journal of the Korean Society for Library and Information Science
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.27-60
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• 2012

Jeong-Kuk Wonjong Gongsin-Nokgwon(靖國原從功臣錄券) is a book that recorded the titles of position and the names of retainers who helped the King Jung-Jong's revolution. This study aims to analyze the existing two books of Jeong-Kuk Wonjong Gongsin-Nokgwon, in order to figure out the reasons of grant, structure and forms, the characteristics of meritorious retainers' official positions and social status. The result shows that, Jeong-Kuk Wonjong Gongsin-Nokgwon was printed with the Choju-Gapin (初鑄甲寅) letter metal movable types. This book was composed of the beginning(卷首), the body(本文), and the end(卷末). Jeong-Kuk Wonjong meritorious retainers formed the total of 3,340 persons(1st grade: 418 persons, 2nd grade: 1,016 persons, 3rd grade: 1,906 persons) with 432 official titles. Also an analysis of their social status confirmed that 2,376 persons were "Yang-ban(兩班)" which constituted the largest group(2,376 persons: 71.1%), "Jung-in(中人)" were second group(494 persons: 14.8%), "Yang-in(良人)" were 272 persons(8.2%) and "Chun-in(賤人)" were 198 persons(5.9%).

• Journal of Korean Library and Information Science Society
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.365-385
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• 2012

The Naesabones(內賜本) are the books awarded to the organizations and the individuals by the Kings of Joseon(朝鮮) Dynasty. The organizations include the history archives[史庫], the government offices[官廳], the private academies[書院] and the county public schools[鄕校]. The individuals include the royal family members and the members of the cabinet. In Joseon Dynasty, the books were distributed to the government offices, the members of the cabinet, and the people who participated in printing that book. Also after the official ceremonies, the books were given as the rewards. The purpose of this study is to examine the bibliographical features of the naesabones - especially awarded to the individuals - now in Kyujanggak.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.52 no.1
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• pp.120-147
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• 2019

In this study, we divided the portraits in the reign of King Seonjo into those which were created before and after the Japanese invasion. We then examined various aspect of costumes expressed in the portraits of meritorious vassals. To analyze official uniforms (Heuk-Danryeung), we examined the Samo height; the side wings' type and pattern; the Danryeung pattern; the Mu style; the processing method of lateral lines in Danryeung the rank badge and rank belt, the color of Dabho and Cheolrik, which were undergarment of Danryeung and Heuk-wa. The meritorious vassals' portraits, prior to Imran, were analyzed with a portrait of Han Eung-in, a Gwang-kuk Pyeong-nan meritorious vassals. The Samo was the highest of the Choson dynasties, and the cloud and treasure pattern was identified on the side wings. The Heuk-Danryeung was a dark blue(acheongsaeg) Danryeung of manja-shaped cloud patterns with a large outward wrinkled Mu, and it had a wild goose badge (second rank) and a Sabgeumdae. It did not coincide with the Pumgye(Jaheondaebu) recorded in Gugjo-inmulgo. Reddish Dabho for Dangsang-kwan, green Cheolrik which was undergarment of Danryeung, and Heuk-wa. were identified. After the invasion of Japan, portraits of Hoseong, Seonmu, and Cheong-nan meritorious vassals were analyzed through eighteen portraits, including Lee Hyeon-bok. After the invasion of the Japanese, the height of the Samo's top was much lower and the width of the side wings was wider than before the invasion of Japanese. The Heuk-Danryeung was a dark blue (acheongsaeg) Danryeung of manja-shaped cloud patterns with a stretching backward Mu. Rank badge and rank belts were almost identical with the record, but there were two exceptions (Sin-jab and Kim, Sae-sin). Therefore, it was reaffirmed that the meritorious vassals' portraits were drawn by the Pumgye at the time of appointment. Among the undergarments of Heuk-Danryeung, green Dabho(11), blue Dabho(4), reddish Dabho(3), and blue Cheolrik(10), green Cheolrik(6), reddish Cheolrik(1), and yucheongsaeg Cheolrik(1) were identified, However, it is suggested that the Dabho of Hoseong, Seonmu, and Cheong-nan meritorious vassals should be the reddish Dabho of Dangsang-kwan, which is the same as the previous Imran, and a green Cheolrik.

• (The)Study of the Eastern Classic
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• no.37
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• pp.509-546
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• 2009

Joseon was a Confucian dynasty. It was ruled by Kings of the Royal family that had secured the orthodoxy of clan rules under Confucian ideas. Royal family was the main prop of Confucian culture and Kings were leaders who leaded society and culture from the top. Therefore, Kings should complete more strict and intense education than noblemen. The Royal family and the government should have to establish prime educational environments and systems to foster successors qualified for the throne. This study focused on educational institutes and educational ceremonies. Study on educational institutes could clarify the purposes of educational institutes that were installed along the growth of throne successors and the educational courses that successors completed by each period. On the other hand, study on educational ceremonies could make it clear how were throne successors given with authority and did they internalize the duty of sense as the leader to lead next generation. In addition, by tracing the form with which politics and education had combined each other through ceremonies, it could be learned that the ceremonies of Joseon Dynasty had have a unique 'educational function'.