• Asia Marketing Journal
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.117-149
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• 2007

It can be explained by congruity theory as a process that consumers engage in a matching process to identify personal community that is congruent with their self-images to find the identification between the self and the personal community. Personal community cues that evoke certain images are viewed as activating similar beliefs about the self (e.g., high status). Individuals prompt a comparison process to determine whether the personal community and self-image are congruent and imagine prototypical users of the personal community and select ones that maximize similarity to their actual or desired self-concept. Identity is devided into personal identity and social identity. Consumers are likely to be influenced by both personal identity and social identity. In this article the influencing factors of the commitment to on-line personal community are explored by the sources of both personal identification and social identification. The results are as follows. The maintenance expression and enhancement expression of personal self influence the level of personal identification positively and the maintenance expression and enhancement expression of social self influence the level of social identification positively. The level of both social and personal identification positively influence the commitment to on-line personal community which gives positive responses to the source enterprise that allows the cyberspace and the other benefits to be used.

• Korean Journal of Culture and Social Issue
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• v.11 no.spc
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• pp.21-55
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• 2005

The purpose of this paper is to examine the concept of trust in Korean culture using the indigenous psychological analysis. First, this paper raises central questions that arise in Korean families, schools, companies and society: 1) Why are some Korean families disintegrating? 2) What core values do Korean schools teach? 3) What are the goals that Korean companies pursue? 4) Does trust exist in Korean society? Second, this paper reviews a series of empirical studies conducted using the indigenous psychology approach. The results indicate the following three major themes: 1) trust is based on relational culture and ingroup identity; 2) emotional attachment and bond provide the basis of trust; 3) the emphasis on cultivation of virtue through constant self-cultivation rather than ability and the control of the environment. Third, this paper raises central issues that need to be addressed: 1) the extension and expansion of trust beyond the narrow confines of the family and ingroup to include outgroup members; 2) recognition and balance of public rationality and private emotions and relations in society; 3) the achievement of balance between self-regulation and the control of the environment.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Marine Environment & Energy
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.70-77
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• 2008

In this study, to establish countermeasure from marine casualties as a basic study fur long-term prediction of topographical change around Jinudo in the Nakdong river estuary, spatio-temporal topographical change monitoring was carried out. Also, in order to estimate the deposition variations concerning SS (Suspended Solid) flux which moved at St.S1 during neap and spring tide, respectively. From the topographical monitoring, it was found that the annual mean ground level and deposition rate were 141 mm and 0.36 mm/day and all parts except the northern part of Jinudo had the active topographical changes and a tendency to annually deposit. From vertical distribution of SS net fluxes, $SS_{LH}$ (latitudinal SS net flux) during spring tide overall flows average 28 $kg/m^2/hr$ (eastward), and $SS_{LV}$ (longitudinal SS net flux) flows average 11.1 $kg/m^2/hr$ (northward). And, $SS_{LH}$ overall flows average 4.8 $kg/m^2/hr$ (eastward), and $SS_{LV}$ flows average 1.5 $kg/m^2/hr$ (northward) during neap tide similar with spring tide. The depth averaged values of the latitudinal and longitudinal SS net fluxes during spring tide were approximately 6 times higher than those during neap tide. As result of, it was considered that topographical change of southern part of Jinudo was affected by resuspension of bottom sediments due to strong current in bottom layer during flood flow.

• The Sea:JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF OCEANOGRAPHY
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• v.4 no.4
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• pp.255-265
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• 1999

CTD castings and current observations are taken in June, July and October, 1997 and May and July, 1998 to investigate the effect of the Keum River dyke on the structure of physical properties and the type of the Keum River estuary. Tide and tidal current relation shows that the ebbing is longer than the flooding by 1.5 hours with the early current reversing before high tide. In the rainy season (May to July), frequent large fresh water discharge during the ebbing from the dyke changes vertical salinity difference and time variation of salinity greatly near the head of the estuary, where salinity becomes lower than 2‰ in summer fresh water flooding. Halocline developed by the fresh water discharge makes two-layer structure, of which strength and depth increase in the low tide. The relationship between tide phase and surface salinity variation shows the phase lag of 2.5 hours near the head of the estuary but the standing wave relation down the estuary. This phase lag implies that a low salinity water diluted by the fresh water discharge for 2-3 hours in the ebb period moves with tidal excursion. In the dry season, vertical salinity difference reduces significantly. We calculate stratification and circulation parameters using the observed salinity structure, surface current and fresh water discharge. The Keum River estuary shows a partially mixed type, changing the stratification parameter from the rainy to the dry season. Mean flows of observed tidal current at lower and upper layer are landward and seaward, which are consistent with the circulation of a partially mixed estuary. Based upon the estuary type and circulation we suggest that the suspended materials will move toward the upstream due to low-layer mean flow and then the Keum River estuary will be a deposit environment.

• Korean Journal of Hospice Care
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.29-48
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• 2008

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to provide the basic information on the improvement plan by identifying the role accomplishment and job satisfaction of the hospice nurses and analyzing the factors that impact such role accomplishment and job satisfaction. Methods: The data was collected of 189 hospice nurses who have been working more than 6 months in 56 hospice programs registered in Korea Hospice Association and Korean Catholic Hospice Association from October to November, 2007 by structured questionnaire which was developed by Ryu(1979), based on the Riehl's nursing role and the research of Choe(2005) on the role of hospice nurse. Results: The role accomplishment and job satisfaction of the study subject were 3.53 point and 3.39 point, respectively. The roles of hospice nurses were accomplished by the order of advocator, nursing care provider, coordinator (cooperation), educator, quality manager, counsellor, administrator, and researcher. The job satisfaction of the hospice nurses was shown highest in the satisfaction of professional status, followed by the satisfaction of the interaction, satisfaction of the task itself, satisfaction of the administrative aspect, satisfaction of the autonomous, and the lowest in the satisfaction of the pay. The role accomplishment of the subjects according to their socio-demographic and job characteristics was found to have a significant difference by their age, marriage status, academic background, and position. It also has a significant difference by whether they play role of coordinator, whether they took whole responsibility as hospice, working experience as hospice/palliative nurse, and the level of hospice/palliative nursing training(p<.05). In the study of job satisfaction of the subjects according to their socio-demographic and job characteristics, the job satisfaction was found to have a significant difference by the increase of age, the number of duties consisting the hospice team, whether they play role of coordinator, whether they take whole responsibility as hospice, the level of hospice/palliative nursing training, and whether they wish to work for as long as possible(p<.05). The role accomplishment and the job satisfaction of the subjects showed a statistically significant positive correlation. (r=.541, p<.01) Conclusion: Raised saiary will be increased hospice nurse's job satisfaction. And we suggest a repetitive study using the identical tool to the equally extracted subjects with same representativeness of each hospice/palliative institute type. For the expanded role and enhanced professional standard of hospice nurses, we also suggest a study on the improvement plan to enhance the roles of researcher and administrator.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.157-172
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• 2023

The recent Fourth Industrial Revolution is accelerating changes due to digital transformation. According to this trend, the existing start-up paradigm is changing, and new business models based on new technologies and creative ideas are emerging. In addition, the diversity of mentoring relationships and environments such as online mentoring, reverse mentoring, group mentoring, and multiple mentoring is also increasing. However, most mentors in their 50s and 60s, who are mainly active in the start-up field, have been able to help mentees a lot based on their own experience and expertise, but they are having difficulty responding to the changing environment due to a lack of understanding and experience of new technologies and environments. To cope with these changes well, mentors must constantly study, acquire and apply the latest technologies to improve their understanding of new technologies and the environment. In addition, it is necessary to have an understanding and respect for the diversity of mentoring relationships and environments, and to maximize the effectiveness of mentoring by actively utilizing them. Therefore, mentors should recognize that they directly affect the growth and development of mentees, constantly acquire new knowledge and skills to maintain and develop expertise, and actively deliver their knowledge and experiences to mentees. Therefore, in this study, was tried to empirically analyze the relationship between mentoring's influence on mentor's job satisfaction through mentor's personal learning and self-efficacy. The results of the empirical analysis were as follows. Among the functions of mentoring, career function and role modeling were found to have a positive effect on both personal learning and self-efficacy, which are parameters, and job satisfaction, which is a dependent variable. On the other hand, psychological and social functions have a positive effect on personal learning, but they do not have an effect on self-efficacy and job satisfaction. In addition, as a result of analyzing the mediating effect, all mediating effects were confirmed for career functions, and only the mediating effect of self-efficacy was confirmed for role modeling. Through this study, mentoring is an important factor in promoting job satisfaction, personal learning and self-efficacy, and this study can be said to be academically and practically meaningful in that it confirmed personal learning and self-efficacy as factors that increase mentor's job satisfaction, and the focus of mentoring research was shifted from mentee to mentor to study the impact of mentoring on mentors.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.39-47
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• 2016

Younger starters to be ready on the entrepreneurial performance and raising and producing potential creative person who demonstrates entrepreneurial spirit are not only important factor for added value creation along with national growth but also economic development to join the ranks of advanced countries. Thereby, a lots of interests and supports are focused in entrepreneurship and the startup activities. However, to create business achievement, we should nurture successful entrepreneurship based on using infrastructure in entrepreneurial ecosystem induced by aggressive investments and supports of the policy. Therefore, this study is empirical test of 203 young CEO of techniques which possibly create added value and national development, inventive type in knowledge service and opportunity type. Research finding is that entrepreneurship and entrepreneurial preparation have meaningful effects on the performance and the ready state. Entrepreneurship has no direct effects on entrepreneurial infra system. Entrepreneurial preparation has meaningful effects on entrepreneurial infra system. We induced that it is hard to earn business achievement by only using entrepreneurial infra system in that entrepreneurial infra system has no effect on business achievement. Lastly, entrepreneurship infra system has no relationship as mediating effects with effects of entrepreneurship on business achievement in mediating effect test. While young CEOs with entrepreneurship create business achievement without using entrepreneurship infra, entrepreneurship infra has relationship as mediating effect with effect of entrepreneurial preparation on business achievement. Namely, we induced the result that using entrepreneurship infra aggressively improve achievement in entrepreneurial preparation. Through this study, we need entrepreneurship education for young CEOs and effort to develop entrepreneur's competence to improve achievement and we concluded that approaching systematically in entrepreneurial preparation and using various entrepreneurship infra aggressively are important factors to improve achievement.

• Archives of design research
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.129-140
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• 1998

This study aimed to grqJe for and present guideline roodel when the qJerator of domestic small manufacturing industry try to introch1ce the first industrial design by easier and more effective method. As the method of study, first of aiL examined the necessary of introducing industrial design throogh coosidering about the role and importance of small business. And next, analysed and examined the result of researching by enquete that is for qJerators of cbnestic small business. As a result, preconditioos for effective introducing industrial design were found. And, based 00 the preconditioos that were found through researching by enquete, examined the approachable introducing methods. Finally, set up the effectivable introducing methods of industrial design for doo1estic small manufacturing industry as a graphical model. As a result of study, First, the operator of small business who try to introduce industrial design needs to be well aware of these six cooditions as a prenise of effective awroach.1) coosciousness of role and versus a nation and a people of own industry Cereative 2) managing coosideratim and examinatim of a necessity of introducing industrial design as a cata1yst 3) A certain understanding aIntt essence and value of industrial design 4) Study and examinatim about a case of sucessful introducing industrial design arxl common introducing method of small business.5) Befarehand examinatim of introducing method making use of professional design organization and consultatim wicket 6) Prodent examination about the appointlrent puprpose, method of designer and infonmtion about designer. Second, as the position of small bnsiness that introduce industrial design fur the first time, it is confirmed that the aroroach going with introducing types - preliminary introducing, partitial introducing, regular introducing, whole industry level introducing - considered necessity rate of introducing industrial design and introducing range at the same time. This method is able to approach step by step, but it is confinmed that there is a characteristic in being able to select the method freely, and understanding easily for being coostructed visual form.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.93-102
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• 2011

With the increasing interest in boosting conventional markets, many authors have paid considerable attention to the roles of shop owners, store image improvement, and how to attract or maintain customers. Nevertheless, it is not easy to find papers related to the relationship between shop owners and their contribution to trading areas, directly or indirectly, in the academic world. Accordingly, research for answering the following question has been initiated: what kind of roles do shopkeepers should play in revitalizing poor conventional markets? Based on the previous studies focusing on enhancing traditional markets, this research was approached from the new insights that have been obtained concerning how to boost conventional markets, that is, from the perspectives of a shop owner and a trader. Therefore, this research aims at identifying some resolutions associated with the roles of shop owners to enhance a shopping district in a specific area, classifying their business roles into a few categories, depending on the degree of their participation in improving the shopping environment. Compared with previous studies focusing on emphasizing the importance of improving customer services from a shopkeeper's perspective, this research provides a new insight as far as how to boost conventional markets. It is, furthermore, necessary to note how market participants, particularly shop owners as they are the key players, can contribute to rebuilding their business area together with their customers. As a research technique for effectively achieving the research goal, the authors adopted a documentation methodology based on a large amount of the existing literature for studying how to rebuild traditional markets. Concerned about the ways to revitalize conventional markets, many authors have proposed a variety of strategies, and have suggested more detailed action plans from a practitioner's perspective. By analyzing these research results, the authors will have accomplished the research aim. Rather than simply identifying the roles of shop owners, the author found that they had to understand their social contribution for enhancing their trading areas, as well as their functional roles, in forming a regional society. The conventional market should be, thus, regarded as the place to share regional culture. Consequently, the authors draw some conclusions from the research results. In order to answer the above question, it was found that the roles of shop owners have been considered as one of the most important ways for revitalizing traditional markets. With respect to their roles, it is evident that their business activities are closely related to the improvement of the trading area in terms of sociality, regional development, and market revitalization, by selling products or services to the customers visiting that area. In a word, this implies that shop owners have to actively take part in boosting conventional markets as a core player. Although the authors have properly achieved the research aim, this study has a limitation, like most other research, in adopting a documentation method. Because the research is based on existing data results provided by the prior research conducted a long time ago, whether the research findings are applicable in a contemporary market should be re-examined in future research from a practitioner's perspective, rather than from an academic's perspective.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.413-433
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• 1994

Jinhae Bay once was a productive area of fisheries. It is, however, now notorious for its red tides; and oxygen deficient water-masses extensively develop at present in summer. Therefore the shellfish production of the bay has been decreasing and mass mortality often occurs. Under these circumstances, the three-dimensional numerical hydrodynamic and the material cycle models, which were developed by the Institute for Resources and Environment of Japan, were applied to analyze the processes affecting the oxygen depletion and also to evaluate the environment capacity for the reception of pollutant loads without dissolved oxygen depletion. In field surveys, oxygen deficient water-masses were formed with concentrations of below 2.0mg/l at the bottom layer in Masan Bay and the western part of Jinhae Bay during the summer. Current directions, computed by the $M_2$ constituent, were mainly toward the western part of Jinhae Bay during flood flows and in opposite directions during ebb flows. Tidal currents velocities during the ebb tide were stronger than that of the flood tide. The comparision between the simulated and observed tidal ellipses showed fairly good agreement. The residual currents, which were obtained by averaging the simulated tidal currents over 1 tidal cycle, showed the presence of counterclockwise eddies in the central part of Jinhae Bay. Density driven currents were generated southward at surface and northward at the bottom in Masan Bay and Jindong Bay, where the fresh water of rivers entered. The material cycle model was calibrated with the data surveyed in the field of the study area from June to July, 1992. The calibrated results are in fairly good agreement with measured values within relative error of $28\%$. The simulated dissolved oxygen distributions of bottom layer were relatively high with the concentration of $6.0{\sim}8.0mg/l$ at the boundaries, but an oxygen deficient water-masses were formed within the concentration of 2.0mg/l at the inner part of Masan Bay and the western part of Jinhae Bay. The results of sensitivity analyses showed that sediment oxygen demand(SOD) was one of the most important influence on the formation of oxygen depletion. Therefore, to control the oxygen deficient water-masses and to conserve the coastal environment, it is an effective method to reduce the SOD by improving the polluted sediment. As the results of simulations, in Masan Bay, oxygen deficient water-masses recovered to 5.0mg/l when the $50\%$ reduction in input COD loads from Masan basin and $70\%$ reduction in SOD was conducted. In the western part of Jinhae Bay, oxygen deficient water-masses recovered to 5.0mg/l when the $95\%$ reduction in SOD and $90\%$ reduction in culturing ground fecal loads was conducted.