• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
• /
• v.22 no.3
• /
• pp.205-210
• /
• 1992

In order to develop a controlled-release oral drug delivery system (DDS) of theophylline (TP), microporous membrane-coated tablets were prepared and evaluated in vitro and in vivo. Rapidly water-soluble core tablets of TP (300 mg) were prepared by wet granulation and compression technique, Then the core tablets were spray-coated with polyvinylchloride (PVC) in which micronized sucrose particles were dispersed. Effect of formula compositions of coating suspensions on the pharmaceutical characteristics such as membrane strength and dissolution was investigated in vitro. The membranes remained unbroken in pH 1.2 buffer at $37^{\circ}C$ at least for 2 hours after the disintergration test. TP was released from the coated-released tablets at a zero-order rate over 8 hours. The release at pH 1.2 and 4.0 was similar in rate but a little more rapid than that at pH 6.8. The coated tablets were administered to three healthy male volunteers and their saliva profiles of TP were compared with those from the commercial sustained release TP tablets such as Slobid and Asconthin. Saliva TP concentrations from the coated tablets were successfully sustained over 48 hours after the dosing and were comparable to those of the commercial sustained-release tablets. The membrane-coating technique is very simple and does not need any sophisticated equipments. In this respect, the membrane-coated tablets may be superior to the commercial sustained-release tablets and this technique is worth adopting by the pharmaceutical industries.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
• /
• v.28 no.1
• /
• pp.35-42
• /
• 1998

A $3{\times}3$ Latin square crossover study for the bioequivalence of three ondansetron formulations was conducted. Test products were $Vominon^{\circledR}$ 8 mg and $Vominon^{\circledR}$ 4 mg tablets and reference product was $Zofran^{\circledR}$ tablet. Twenty one healthy Korean male subjects received each formulation at the ondansetron dose of 8 mg and plasma concentrations of ondansetron were monitored by HPLC for over a period of 12 hr after the oral administration. Statistical procedure for bioequivalence evaluation of AUC {e.g., analysis of variance (ANOVA), multiple comparison and confidence intervals} was carried out. There were no significant differences in AUC among the formulations. The confidence intervals for the AUC of $Vominon^{\circledR}$ 8 mg and $Vominon^{\circledR}$ 4 mg were between -0.24 and 15.54% and between -2.41 and 13.36% respectively, within a range that proposed by the Korea Food and Drug Administration Guidelines for Bioequivalence. These statistical procedure could be standardized and generally applicable for the assessment of bioequivalence for multiple (more than two) formulations.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
• /
• v.7 no.5
• /
• pp.830-836
• /
• 2006

In this paper described an auto tuning neuro-fuzzy PID controller based neural network. The PID type controller has been widely used in industrial application due to its simply control structure, easy of design, and inexpensive cost. However, control performance of the PID type controller suffers greatly from high uncertainty and nonlinearity of the system, large disturbances and so on. In this paper will design to take advantage of neural network fuzzy theory and pid controller auto toning technique. The value of initial scaling factors of the proposed controller were determined on the basis of the conventional PID controller parameters tuning methods and then they were adjusted by using neural network control techniques. This controller simple structure and computational complexity are less, and also application is easy and performance is excellent in system that is strong and has nonlinearity to system dynamic behaviour change or disturbance. Finally, the proposed auto tuning neuro-fuzzy controller is applied to magnetic levitation. Simulation results demonstrated that the control performance of the proposed controller is better than that of the conventional controller.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
• /
• v.7 no.1
• /
• pp.59-65
• /
• 1999

A bioequivalence study of the Dong Wha Cisapril tablets(Dong Wha Pharm. Ind. Co., Ltd.) to the Prepulsid tablets(Janssen Korea Ltd.), formulations of cisapride, was conducted. Twenty four healthy Korean male subjects received each formulation at the dose of 5 mg as cisapride in a 2$\times$2 crossover study. There was a 1-week washout period between the doses. Plasma concentrations of cisapride were monitored by an LC/MS method for over a period of 36 h after each administration. AUC(area under the plasma concentration- time curve from time zero to infinity) was calculated by the linear trapezoidal and extrapolation method. $C_{max}$ (maximum plasma drug concentration) and $T_{max}$ (time to reach $C_{max}$) were compiled from the plasma drug concentration-time data. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed that there are no differences in AUC, $C_{max}$ and $T_{max}$ between the formulations. The apparent differences between the formulations in these parameters were all far less than 20% (i.e., 6.8, -6.6 and 1.8% for AUC, $C_{max}$ and $T_{max}$, respectively). Minimum detectable differences(%) at $\alpha$=0.05 and 1-$\beta$=0.8 were all less than 20% in these parameters between the formulations (i.e., 16.5, 11.4 and 16.4% for AUC, $C_{max}$ and $T_{max}$, respectively). The 90% confidence intervals for these parameters were also within 20% (i.e., -2.9~ 16.4, -13.2~0.1 and -7.8~ 11.4% for AUC, $C_{max}$ and $T_{max}$, respectively). These results satisfy the bioequivalence criteria of the Korea Food and Drug Administration (KFDA) guidelines (No. 98-51). Therefore, these results indicate that the two formulations of cisapride are bioequivalent and, thus, may be prescribed interchangeably.hangeably.y.hangeably.

• The Journal of Korea Institute of Information, Electronics, and Communication Technology
• /
• v.14 no.4
• /
• pp.239-246
• /
• 2021

In the field of computer graphics and HCI, there are many studies on systems that create characters and interact naturally. Such studies have focused on the user's response to the user's behavior, and the study of the character's behavior to elicit positive emotions from the user remains a difficult problem. In this paper, we develop a prototype of an interaction system to elicit positive emotions from users according to the movement of virtual characters using artificial intelligence technology. The proposed system is divided into face recognition and motion generation of a virtual character. A depth camera is used for face recognition, and the recognized data is transferred to motion generation. We use imitation learning as a learning model. In motion generation, random actions are performed according to the first user's facial expression data, and actions that the user can elicit positive emotions are learned through continuous imitation learning.

• Korea Journal of Hospital Management
• /
• v.14 no.4
• /
• pp.149-162
• /
• 2009

The purpose of this study is to design strategic hospital service based on each hospital's features. For this study, an assessment was conducted by 398 in-patents of one university hospital located in Seoul. The self-questionnaires, which were investigated from Oct. 15th to 29th in 2008, compared central reception desk with ward reception desk in satisfaction and re-use rate of patients. The major results of this study are as follow. First, according to each reception desk user, they have different satisfaction of it. As for the staff kindness, admission procedure, discharge procedure and manner of staff, those made patients be gratified as well. Second, when it comes to the intention of re-use, there were no significant features between them. Only convenience in admission and discharge procedure, however, was an attractive factor for the recommendation. Third, this study found out the reasons for higher re-use rate of central reception desk users. Regarding service, they were contented with the time for test and treatment. As for the hospital service, they would like to re-use this hospital because of convenient steps of paying interim fee and getting certificates. Forth, this study found out the reasons for higher re-use rate of ward reception desk users. As a point of hospital service view, they responded that respected privacy, hospital facility and general service were good for staying. As for the manner of staff, they mentioned nurses and staff in charge and whole staff members were kind. When it comes to the procedures of patient management, steps of discharge and paying interim fee were convenience. In conclusion, the results of this study suggest that providing a ward reception desk service can boost the satisfaction and re-use rate of in-patients. Furthermore, this strategic management method would be good for not only cutting the moving line but also efficient in-patient care system. These results can be used for the strategic hospital marketing field, as well. Even though this study has a limitation of the targeted populations which were only in a ward reception desk running hospital, it can say that having competitiveness in satisfaction of hospital service is good for promoting and differencing each hospital. Consequently, whole general management system would be adjusted first for differencing each hospital; however, this sort of additional factor should be concerned as well. I expect that this study would give meaningful data for designing strategic and differencing marketing method to lots of hospitals.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
• /
• v.27 no.4
• /
• pp.303-311
• /
• 1997

Proliposomal patch of clenbuterol, ${\beta}_2-agonist$ bronchodilator, was prepared and its feasibility as a novel transdermal drug delivery system was examined. Proliposomal granules containing clenbuterol was prepared by a standard method using sorbitol and lecithin with (Rx 2) or without cholesterol (Rx 1). The porous structure of sorbitol in the proliposomes was maintained allowing tree flowability of the granules. Following contact with water, the granules were converted probably to liposomes almost completely within several minutes. It indicates that proliposomes may be hydrated, when they are applied on the skin under occlusive condition in vivo, by the sweat to form liposomes. Clenbuterol release from Rx 1 and Rx 2 proliposomes to pH 7.4 isotonic phospate buffer (PBS) across cellulose membrane (mol. wt. cut-off of 12000-14000) was retarded significantly compared with that from the mixture of clenbuterol powder and blank proliposomes. Interestingly, proliposomes prepared with lecithin and cholesterol (i.e., Rx 2 proliposomes) showed much more retarded release of clenbuterol than proliposomes prepared only with lecithin (i.e.. Rx 1 proliposomes), indicating that clenbuterol release from proliposomes can be controlled by the addition of cholesterol to the proliposomes. Proliposomal patches were prepared using PVC film as an occlusive backing sheet, two sides adhesive tape (urethane, 1.45 mm thickness) as a reservoir for proliposome granules and Millipore MF-membrane (0.45 mm pore size) as a drug release-controlling membrane. Rx 1 or Rx 2 proliposomes containing 4.6 mg of clenbuterol were loaded into the reservoir of the patch. Clenbuterol release from the patches to pH 7.4 PBS was determined using USP paddle (50 rpm)-over-disc release method. Clenbuterol release from the proliposomal patches was much more retarded even than from a matrix type clenbuterol patch (Boehringer Ingelheim ltd). Being consistent with clenbuterol release from the proliposomal granules, the release from the patches was highly dependent on the presence of cholesterol in the proliposomes : Patches containing Rx 2 proliposomes showed several fold slower drug release than patches containing Rx 1 proliposomes. When the patch containing Rx 1 proliposomes was applied on to the back of a hair-removed rat, clenbuterol concentration in the rat blood was maintained during 6-72 hrs. Transdermal absorption of clenbuterol from the patch was accelerated when the patch was prehydrated with 50 ml of pH 7.4 PBS before topical application. Above results indicate that sustained transdermal delivery of clenbuterol is feasible using proliposomal patches if the cholesterol content and pore size of the release rate-controlling membrane of patches, for example, are appropriately controlled.

• 한국HCI학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 2008.02b
• /
• pp.571-575
• /
• 2008

Recently, media mix, or mix Policy, the marketing mix, as several different personalities mixed media, as appropriate to maximize the effectiveness of interactive for the increased interest. This is the era of constrained expression of the existing inter-rack area or add to interactivity, the reproduction of the emerging relationship with the user, and extend it by looking for a new alternative, in this thesis is that the elements of these inter activity When applied to the area of the city would be extended. Only the concept of a writer at work that gives meaning to the poem from the perspective of the author's intent at the same time, and enjoy self-representation within the subjective meaning of work and how to seek grant. Therefore, work on the readers and writers are interactivity variety of ways to communication and effect relationship sincerity rise causes. This thesis at the interactivity are three ways to take advantage of the present work in the area of the author and sentimental self-image gain. First, the type of sentimental survey based on the rack at the interactivity to expand the city's area of representation, and second, through user existing types of active interaction in a variety of subjective interpretations allow us to escape, and Third, the interaction between the author and user way through the city to establish new forms of expression.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
• /
• v.23 no.3
• /
• pp.165-177
• /
• 1993

The relationship between the plasma haloperidol (HP) concentration and clinical response, and the effects of its active metabolite, reduced haloperidol (RH) on clinical response of HP were investigated in schizophrenic patients. In clinical study I, with 17 schizophrenic patients (male 8, fermale 9) who were administered with three different fixed doses of HP (15, 30 and 50 mg/day) for 3 weeks, the concentrations of HP and RH in plasma and blood and clinical response had been checked before and every week during the study. The clinical response was evaluated by the method of brief psychiatric rating scale (BPRS), and relative improvement of clinical response based on baseline BPRS (before drug treatment) was calculated. The concentrations of HP and RH in plasma and blood were assayed by HPLC. In clinical study II, the plasma RH/HP concentration ratios were checked in 11 patients who were administered with high doses of HP, over 60 mg a day, because of the poor clinical response at usual doses of HP. Plasma HP concentration and relative improvement of BPRS at 3 week in schizophrenic patients showed a 'curvilinear' relationship, and the clinical response was improved relatively over 50% based on the baseline BPRS in the range of $5{\sim}57\;ng/ml $ of HP in plasma. Also, the plasma RH concentrations were increased nonlinearly as the plasma HP concentration increased, and in high plasma HP concentration, over 30 ng/mI, clinical response gradually decreased, while the plasma RH/HP concentration ratio increased nonlinearly. Blood partition coefficients of HP and RH were not changed according to daily HP dose and duration of drug therapy. From these results, it is noted that the higher plasma RH/HP concentration ratio, resulted from the accumulation of RH as HP concentration increased, might explain the 'curvilinear' decrease of HP clinical response.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
• /
• v.21 no.5
• /
• pp.274-280
• /
• 2020

The purpose of this study was to identify the average cost and present status of non-benefit medical expenses by using the data of tertiary hospitals released by the Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service(HIRA), and to compare the data to find cost variations. The target of analysis was the present status of the non-benefit medical expenses reported by 41 tertiary hospitals among the 44 previously designated hospitals (three were excluded due to revocation or new designation) for 2015, 2016, 2017, and 2018 (until April). This study was conducted after approval of using the released data of the HIRA's data opening system. This study was analyzed by its general characteristics, annual non-benefit medical expenses by frequency analysis, and annual understanding of variation by designating Coefficient of Variation (C.V.). The research found out that the number of details of non-benefit medical expense was gradually increased: the numbers of categories were 51 in 2015, 53 in 2016, and 98 in 2017, but there was a rapid increase in 2018 by 193. As a result, to standardize non-benefit medical expense items across tertiary hospitals due to their variations in the expenses, the government should expand standardized non-benefit medical expenses and make it mandatory for medical institutions to use the standardized items or names of such expenses.