• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.205-210
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• 1992

In order to develop a controlled-release oral drug delivery system (DDS) of theophylline (TP), microporous membrane-coated tablets were prepared and evaluated in vitro and in vivo. Rapidly water-soluble core tablets of TP (300 mg) were prepared by wet granulation and compression technique, Then the core tablets were spray-coated with polyvinylchloride (PVC) in which micronized sucrose particles were dispersed. Effect of formula compositions of coating suspensions on the pharmaceutical characteristics such as membrane strength and dissolution was investigated in vitro. The membranes remained unbroken in pH 1.2 buffer at $37^{\circ}C$ at least for 2 hours after the disintergration test. TP was released from the coated-released tablets at a zero-order rate over 8 hours. The release at pH 1.2 and 4.0 was similar in rate but a little more rapid than that at pH 6.8. The coated tablets were administered to three healthy male volunteers and their saliva profiles of TP were compared with those from the commercial sustained release TP tablets such as Slobid and Asconthin. Saliva TP concentrations from the coated tablets were successfully sustained over 48 hours after the dosing and were comparable to those of the commercial sustained-release tablets. The membrane-coating technique is very simple and does not need any sophisticated equipments. In this respect, the membrane-coated tablets may be superior to the commercial sustained-release tablets and this technique is worth adopting by the pharmaceutical industries.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.35-42
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• 1998

A $3{\times}3$ Latin square crossover study for the bioequivalence of three ondansetron formulations was conducted. Test products were $Vominon^{\circledR}$ 8 mg and $Vominon^{\circledR}$ 4 mg tablets and reference product was $Zofran^{\circledR}$ tablet. Twenty one healthy Korean male subjects received each formulation at the ondansetron dose of 8 mg and plasma concentrations of ondansetron were monitored by HPLC for over a period of 12 hr after the oral administration. Statistical procedure for bioequivalence evaluation of AUC {e.g., analysis of variance (ANOVA), multiple comparison and confidence intervals} was carried out. There were no significant differences in AUC among the formulations. The confidence intervals for the AUC of $Vominon^{\circledR}$ 8 mg and $Vominon^{\circledR}$ 4 mg were between -0.24 and 15.54% and between -2.41 and 13.36% respectively, within a range that proposed by the Korea Food and Drug Administration Guidelines for Bioequivalence. These statistical procedure could be standardized and generally applicable for the assessment of bioequivalence for multiple (more than two) formulations.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제7권5호
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• pp.830-836
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• 2006

본 논문에서는 기존의 PID 제어기와 퍼지 제어기의 특성을 공통으로 갖는 새로운 형태의 신경회로망 기반 자동 동조 뉴로-퍼지 PID제어기를 제안하였다. 제안된 제어기는 퍼지의 선형성을 이용하여 퍼지 PID 제어기의 퍼지 연산부를 간략화 시키고 일반 PID 제어기와 유사한 입출력 특성을 갖도록 하였으며 비선형 성분 보상을 위하여 제어기 출력에 가장 큰 영향을 미치는 출력측 스케일 계수를 단일 신경 회로망 구조로 변경하고 PID 제어기 구조를 유지하게 하였다. 또한 단일 신경 회로망 구조를 이용함으로써 신경회로망의 초기 연결강도와 계산량에 대한 문제점을 해결하고 오차의 부호 정보에 따라 학습계수를 변화시키는 가변 학습계수 역전파 알고리즘을 사용하여 오버 슈트가 작으면서도 빠른 수렴 속도를 갖도록 하였다. 제안된 제어기를 비선형성이 강한 시스템으로 알려진 자기 부양(magnetic levitation) 시스템에 실제 적용하여 본 논문에서 제안한 제어기의 우수한 성능을 확인하였다.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.59-65
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• 1999

A bioequivalence study of the Dong Wha Cisapril tablets(Dong Wha Pharm. Ind. Co., Ltd.) to the Prepulsid tablets(Janssen Korea Ltd.), formulations of cisapride, was conducted. Twenty four healthy Korean male subjects received each formulation at the dose of 5 mg as cisapride in a 2$\times$2 crossover study. There was a 1-week washout period between the doses. Plasma concentrations of cisapride were monitored by an LC/MS method for over a period of 36 h after each administration. AUC(area under the plasma concentration- time curve from time zero to infinity) was calculated by the linear trapezoidal and extrapolation method. $C_{max}$ (maximum plasma drug concentration) and $T_{max}$ (time to reach $C_{max}$) were compiled from the plasma drug concentration-time data. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed that there are no differences in AUC, $C_{max}$ and $T_{max}$ between the formulations. The apparent differences between the formulations in these parameters were all far less than 20% (i.e., 6.8, -6.6 and 1.8% for AUC, $C_{max}$ and $T_{max}$, respectively). Minimum detectable differences(%) at $\alpha$=0.05 and 1-$\beta$=0.8 were all less than 20% in these parameters between the formulations (i.e., 16.5, 11.4 and 16.4% for AUC, $C_{max}$ and $T_{max}$, respectively). The 90% confidence intervals for these parameters were also within 20% (i.e., -2.9~ 16.4, -13.2~0.1 and -7.8~ 11.4% for AUC, $C_{max}$ and $T_{max}$, respectively). These results satisfy the bioequivalence criteria of the Korea Food and Drug Administration (KFDA) guidelines (No. 98-51). Therefore, these results indicate that the two formulations of cisapride are bioequivalent and, thus, may be prescribed interchangeably.hangeably.y.hangeably.

• 한국정보전자통신기술학회논문지
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.239-246
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• 2021

컴퓨터 그래픽스 및 HCI 분야에서 캐릭터를 만들고 자연스럽게 상호작용하는 시스템에 관한 많은 연구가 있었다. 이와 같은 연구들은 사용자의 행동에 대한 반응에 중점을 두었으며, 사용자에게 긍정적 감정을 끌어내기 위한 캐릭터의 행동 연구는 여전히 어려운 문제로 남아있다. 본 논문에서는 인공지능 기술을 이용하여 가상 캐릭터의 움직임에 따른 사용자의 긍정적 감정을 끌어내기 위한 상호작용 시스템 프로토타입을 개발한다. 제안된 시스템은 표정 인식과 가상 캐릭터의 동작 생성으로 구분된다. 표정 인식을 위해 깊이 카메라를 사용하며 인식된 사용자의 표정 데이터는 동작 생성으로 전달된다. 우리는 개인화된 상호작용 시스템 개발을 위하여 학습모델로서 모방학습을 사용한다. 동작 생성에서는 최초 사용자의 표정 데이터에 따라 무작위 행동을 수행하고 지속적인 모방학습을 통하여 사용자가 긍정적 감정을 끌어낼 수 있는 행동을 학습한다.

• 한국병원경영학회지
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.149-162
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• 2009

The purpose of this study is to design strategic hospital service based on each hospital's features. For this study, an assessment was conducted by 398 in-patents of one university hospital located in Seoul. The self-questionnaires, which were investigated from Oct. 15th to 29th in 2008, compared central reception desk with ward reception desk in satisfaction and re-use rate of patients. The major results of this study are as follow. First, according to each reception desk user, they have different satisfaction of it. As for the staff kindness, admission procedure, discharge procedure and manner of staff, those made patients be gratified as well. Second, when it comes to the intention of re-use, there were no significant features between them. Only convenience in admission and discharge procedure, however, was an attractive factor for the recommendation. Third, this study found out the reasons for higher re-use rate of central reception desk users. Regarding service, they were contented with the time for test and treatment. As for the hospital service, they would like to re-use this hospital because of convenient steps of paying interim fee and getting certificates. Forth, this study found out the reasons for higher re-use rate of ward reception desk users. As a point of hospital service view, they responded that respected privacy, hospital facility and general service were good for staying. As for the manner of staff, they mentioned nurses and staff in charge and whole staff members were kind. When it comes to the procedures of patient management, steps of discharge and paying interim fee were convenience. In conclusion, the results of this study suggest that providing a ward reception desk service can boost the satisfaction and re-use rate of in-patients. Furthermore, this strategic management method would be good for not only cutting the moving line but also efficient in-patient care system. These results can be used for the strategic hospital marketing field, as well. Even though this study has a limitation of the targeted populations which were only in a ward reception desk running hospital, it can say that having competitiveness in satisfaction of hospital service is good for promoting and differencing each hospital. Consequently, whole general management system would be adjusted first for differencing each hospital; however, this sort of additional factor should be concerned as well. I expect that this study would give meaningful data for designing strategic and differencing marketing method to lots of hospitals.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.303-311
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• 1997

Proliposomal patch of clenbuterol, ${\beta}_2-agonist$ bronchodilator, was prepared and its feasibility as a novel transdermal drug delivery system was examined. Proliposomal granules containing clenbuterol was prepared by a standard method using sorbitol and lecithin with (Rx 2) or without cholesterol (Rx 1). The porous structure of sorbitol in the proliposomes was maintained allowing tree flowability of the granules. Following contact with water, the granules were converted probably to liposomes almost completely within several minutes. It indicates that proliposomes may be hydrated, when they are applied on the skin under occlusive condition in vivo, by the sweat to form liposomes. Clenbuterol release from Rx 1 and Rx 2 proliposomes to pH 7.4 isotonic phospate buffer (PBS) across cellulose membrane (mol. wt. cut-off of 12000-14000) was retarded significantly compared with that from the mixture of clenbuterol powder and blank proliposomes. Interestingly, proliposomes prepared with lecithin and cholesterol (i.e., Rx 2 proliposomes) showed much more retarded release of clenbuterol than proliposomes prepared only with lecithin (i.e.. Rx 1 proliposomes), indicating that clenbuterol release from proliposomes can be controlled by the addition of cholesterol to the proliposomes. Proliposomal patches were prepared using PVC film as an occlusive backing sheet, two sides adhesive tape (urethane, 1.45 mm thickness) as a reservoir for proliposome granules and Millipore MF-membrane (0.45 mm pore size) as a drug release-controlling membrane. Rx 1 or Rx 2 proliposomes containing 4.6 mg of clenbuterol were loaded into the reservoir of the patch. Clenbuterol release from the patches to pH 7.4 PBS was determined using USP paddle (50 rpm)-over-disc release method. Clenbuterol release from the proliposomal patches was much more retarded even than from a matrix type clenbuterol patch (Boehringer Ingelheim ltd). Being consistent with clenbuterol release from the proliposomal granules, the release from the patches was highly dependent on the presence of cholesterol in the proliposomes : Patches containing Rx 2 proliposomes showed several fold slower drug release than patches containing Rx 1 proliposomes. When the patch containing Rx 1 proliposomes was applied on to the back of a hair-removed rat, clenbuterol concentration in the rat blood was maintained during 6-72 hrs. Transdermal absorption of clenbuterol from the patch was accelerated when the patch was prehydrated with 50 ml of pH 7.4 PBS before topical application. Above results indicate that sustained transdermal delivery of clenbuterol is feasible using proliposomal patches if the cholesterol content and pore size of the release rate-controlling membrane of patches, for example, are appropriately controlled.

• 한국HCI학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국HCI학회 2008년도 학술대회 2부
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• pp.571-575
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• 2008

최근 미디어믹스(media mix)나 폴리시믹스(policy mix), 마케팅믹스(marketing mix)처럼 서로 다른 성격의 여러 가지 매체를 적절하게 혼용하여 효과를 극대화 하는 인터렉티브에 대한 관심도가 높아졌다. 이는 시대적으로 제약적인 기존의 표현영역에 인터랙티비티(interactivity)를 추가하거나, 재생산하여 사용자와의 관계성을 부각하고, 확장시켜 새로운 대안을 찾고 있는 것으로, 본 논문은 이러한 인터랙티비티의 요소를 시에 적용하여 시의 영역을 확장하고자 한다. 작가만이 작품개념의 시에 의미를 부여하는 관점에서 벗어나 시를 통해 작가의 의도 표현과 동시에 감상자가 작품 내에서 주관적 의미를 부여할 수 있게 만드는 방법을 모색한다. 따라서 작품상에서 작가는 인터렉티비티한 다양한 방법으로 독자와 소통하게 되며, 관계성의 상승효과를 일으킨다. 본 논문에서는 시에 인터렉티비티를 활용하는 세 가지 방법을 제시하고 작품 안에서 작가와 감상자가 얻는 심상의 영역을 넓힌다. 첫째, 형식을 바탕으로 한 관조적으로 감상하는 시에 인터랙티비티(interactivity)를 추가하여 시의 표현영역을 확장하고, 둘째, 감상자의 능동적인 인터랙션을 통하여 기존형식에서 벗어나 주관적으로 다양한 해석을 가능케 하며, 셋째로 작가와 감상자의 상호작용을 통해 시의 새로운 표현 방식을 확립한다.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.165-177
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• 1993

The relationship between the plasma haloperidol (HP) concentration and clinical response, and the effects of its active metabolite, reduced haloperidol (RH) on clinical response of HP were investigated in schizophrenic patients. In clinical study I, with 17 schizophrenic patients (male 8, fermale 9) who were administered with three different fixed doses of HP (15, 30 and 50 mg/day) for 3 weeks, the concentrations of HP and RH in plasma and blood and clinical response had been checked before and every week during the study. The clinical response was evaluated by the method of brief psychiatric rating scale (BPRS), and relative improvement of clinical response based on baseline BPRS (before drug treatment) was calculated. The concentrations of HP and RH in plasma and blood were assayed by HPLC. In clinical study II, the plasma RH/HP concentration ratios were checked in 11 patients who were administered with high doses of HP, over 60 mg a day, because of the poor clinical response at usual doses of HP. Plasma HP concentration and relative improvement of BPRS at 3 week in schizophrenic patients showed a 'curvilinear' relationship, and the clinical response was improved relatively over 50% based on the baseline BPRS in the range of $5{\sim}57\;ng/ml $ of HP in plasma. Also, the plasma RH concentrations were increased nonlinearly as the plasma HP concentration increased, and in high plasma HP concentration, over 30 ng/mI, clinical response gradually decreased, while the plasma RH/HP concentration ratio increased nonlinearly. Blood partition coefficients of HP and RH were not changed according to daily HP dose and duration of drug therapy. From these results, it is noted that the higher plasma RH/HP concentration ratio, resulted from the accumulation of RH as HP concentration increased, might explain the 'curvilinear' decrease of HP clinical response.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제21권5호
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• pp.274-280
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• 2020

이 연구의 목적은 건강보험심사평가원에서 공개한 2015년 4월부터 2018년 4월까지 상급종합병원의 비급여 진료비 자료를 사용하여 비급여 진료비 항목별로 현황 및 평균 비용과 변이가 있는지 파악하는 것이다. 조사대상은 2015년, 2016년, 2017년, 2018년 4월 기준 상급종합병원 44개 기관 중 취소되거나 신규로 지정된 기관은 제외하고 최종 41개 상급종합병원의 비급여 진료비 현황이다. 연구방법은 건강보험심사평가원 정보공개창구에서 공개 자료를 요청한 후 승인을 받아 진행하였다. 분석방법은 일반적 특성과 연도별 비급여 항목 현황은 빈도분석, 연도별 변이 파악은 변동계수(C.V.)를 선정하여 분석하였다. 연구 결과, 비급여 진료비 세부항목의 현황을 비교 분석한 결과 비급여 항목의 개수가 2015년에는 총 51개였지만, 2016년 53개, 2017년, 98개로 점점 증가 추세를 보였으며 2018년에는 총 193개 항목으로 급격히 증가하였다. 상급종합병원 비급여 진료비 변이에 따른 항목 표준화를 위해서 정부는 비급여 진료비 표준화를 확대하고 의료기관은 표준화된 비급여 진료비 항목이나 명칭 등을 사용하도록 의무화하여야 한다.