• Title/Summary/Keyword: 착화순서

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Physical Properties of Octahedral Iron (Ⅱ) Complexes of Vicinal-Dioximes (팔면체형 철 (Ⅱ) Vicinal-디옥심 착물의 물리적 성질)

  • Chong-Shik Chin;L. Vaska
    • Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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    • v.24 no.5
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    • pp.380-392
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    • 1980
  • Six coordinate low spin iron(Ⅱ) complexes of vicinal-dioximes, [Fe$(DH)_2B_2$] and [Fe$(DH)_2$B(CO)]($(DH)_2$=$(CHDH)_2$(bis(1,2-cyclohexadinedioximato) bivalent anion), $(DPGH)_2$-(bis(diphenylglyoximato) bivalent anion), $(F{\alpha}DH)_2(bis(furil-{\alpha}-dioximato)$ bivalent anion); B = monodentate neutral nitrogen base), have been prepared and their physical properties have been investigated with respect to the effects of the equatorial ligands, $(DH)_2$. The order of ${\pi}$-acceptor CO stretching frequency for [Fe$(DH)_2$B(CO)] is $(F{\alpha}DH)_2$ > $(DPGH)_2$> $(CHDH)_2$, while non-${\pi}$-acceptor $NH_3$ stretching frequencies for [Fe$(DH)_2(NH_3)_2$] show the opposite order to that of CO, i.e., $(CHDH)_2$ > $(DPGH)_2$ > $(F{\alpha}DH)_2$. These infrared spectral data together with Fe-N (oxime) and Fe-N (oxime) and Fe-N (B) stretching frequency data suggest that the nitrogen atoms of $(CHDH)_2$ are more basic and poorer ${\pi}$-acceptors than the corresponding nitrogen atoms of $(DPGH)_2$ and $(F{\alpha}DH)_2$, respectively. It has been found from the electronic spectral data of [Fe$(DH)_2$] and [Fe$(DH)_2$B(CO)] that the energy of the charge transfer band from iron(Ⅱ) to $(DH)_2$ increases as the basicity of $(DH)_2$ increases.

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Studies on the Flowering and Maturity in Sesame 1. Flowering Habit by Different Plant Types (참깨 개화, 등숙에 관한 연구 -제 1 보 참깨 초형에 따른 개화특성에 관한 연구-)

  • Lee, J.I.;Kang, C.W.;Lee, S.T.;Son, E.R.
    • KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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    • v.29 no.1
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    • pp.76-83
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    • 1984
  • This experiment was performed to investigate the flowering habit of sesame (Sesamum indicum L.). Sesame varieties tested could be classified into 8 different plant types by their morphological traits such as capsule shape, capsule setting habit and branching types among sesame gene pool of Crop Experiment Station, ORD. The first flower was appeared at the lowest node on main stem. Flowers were appeared progressively toward the tip of the main stem and also toward the tips of branches. The interval of flowering for a node was about one day, but 3 to 8 days for the flowers on the tips. Side flowers started at 4 to 5 nodes lower than those of center flower at the same day. Flowers were beared 2 by 1 node on the middle part of flower setting node (7-9) in mono capsule setting habit in spite of its normal is 1 by 1 node on the other nodes. Flowers were beared opposite direction on each node of stem and flowering toward the tip of main stem composed of cross shape between nodes and spiral, reverse of clockwise direction. We called this habit as cross spiral flowering order and cross spiral phyllotaxis. The first flower on branches was appeared when center flower on the 5th node of main stem began to flower. The branches produced at higher nodes on main stem showed larger flowering periods and more number of flowers than that at lower parts. BTB (Branch, Tricapsule, Bicarpels, 4 Loculi) type showed three capsule setting habits and same flowering period both on main stem and branches while BTQ (Branch, Tricapsule, Quadricarpels, 8 Loculi) type showed three capsule setting habit on main stem and mono-capsule setting habit on branches. In BTQ type, the period of flowering was much shorter on branches than on main stem. Branching type was considered more promising than non branching type for the breeding of early maturing high yielding variety because branching type has the advantage of bearing a lot of flowers in comparatively short flowering period.

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Diesel Combustion Strategies Effect on Exhaust Emissions and Hydrocarbon Species (디젤 연소 전략에 따른 배기가스 및 탄화수소 종 분석)

  • Han, Man-Bae
    • Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers B
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    • v.36 no.7
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    • pp.759-765
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    • 2012
  • This study investigates the effect of diesel combustion strategies on exhaust emissions and hydrocarbon species emissions for a 1.7 L common rail direct injection diesel engine at 1500 rpm and 3.9 bar BMEP. The first strategy is a method to adopt no EGR with a split injection composed of pilot and main injection (split injection). The second is to adopt a moderate EGR rate with main injection only (single-1). The third is to use a high level of EGR and main injection with rail pressure increase, $i.e.$ low-temperature diesel combustion (single-2). Split injection and single-1 showed a renowned phenomenon of a PM-NOx trade-off, whereas single-2 was observed of a PM-NOx trade-off to reduce PM and NOx simultaneously. HC speciation results show that the split injection produced the least amount of HC species, regardless of the carbon number bin, followed by single-1 and single-2. The ratios of methane, acetylene, and CO to THC increased as a combustion A/F ratio is richer due to reduced oxygen content in the vicinity of the combustion zone, thus enhancing pyrolysis.

Flowering Order and Variation of Yield Characteristics by Capsule Position in Sesame (참깨 개화순서 및 착삭부위에 따른 수량형질의 변이)

  • Ree, Dong-Woo;Park, Kyeong-Yeol
    • KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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    • v.30 no.1
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    • pp.69-75
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    • 1985
  • Field experiments were performed to obtain the basic information of flowering order and variation of yield characteristics by capsule position in sesame. Flowering order was advanced regularly about one day interval from 5th capsule-setting node to upper node. Developing order of flowers at the same nodes, the chief bud was generally flowered eariler than side buds, 3 days below 8th node, 2 days from 9th to 16th node, and 2 - 3 days above 17th node. The number of capsule per plant and total grains were 98% from 1st to 16th capsule - setting node, but the number and the weight of matured grain were 99% from 1st to 13th node. The weight of matured grain among nodes was the heaviest at 5th capsule - setting node. The variation of yield characteristics among nodes was higher than individual plants. Yield characteristics of 6th node was shown lowest variation in comparision with those of other nodes.

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A Study on the Kinetics of Copper Ions Reduction and Deposition Morphology with the Rotating Disk Electrode (RDE를 이용한 구리이온의 환원속도 및 전착형태에 관한 고찰)

  • Nam, Sang Cheol;Um, Sung Hyun;Lee, Choong Young;Tak, Yongsug;Nam, Chong Woo
    • Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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    • v.8 no.4
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    • pp.645-652
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    • 1997
  • Electrochemical characteristics and kinetic parameters of copper ion reduction were investigated with a platinum rotating disk electrode (RDE) in a diffusion controlled region. Reduction of Cu(II) in sulfate had one-step two-xelectron process, while the reduction of Cu(II) in chloride solution was involved two one-electron processes. The transfer coefficient of Cu(II) in sulfate solution was lowest, and the transfer coefficient of Cu(I) in halide solutions had the value of nearly one. In chloride solutions, electrodeposition rate of Cu(II) was about one hundred times faster than Cu(I). Diffusion coefficient increased in the order of Cu(II) in chloride solution, Cu(I) in the iodide, bromide, chloride solution, Cu(II) in sulfate solution. The calculated ionic radii and activation energy for diffusion decreased in the same order as above. Morphological study on the copper electrodeposition indicated that the electrode surface became rougher as both concentration and reduction potential increases, and the roughness of the surface was analyzed with UV/VIS spectrophotometer.

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Studies on Press Drying of Fire-Retardant Treated Plywood (내화처리합판(耐火處理合板)의 열판건조(熱板乾燥)에 관(關)한 연구(硏究))

  • Kim, Jong Man
    • Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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    • v.56 no.1
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    • pp.1-25
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    • 1982
  • Plywood used for construction as a decorative inner material is inflammable and can cause fire accidents. causing destruction of human life and property. To diminish the fire disaster, fire retardant plywood is indeed required. In the methods of manufacturing the fire retardant plywood, a soaking method is occasionally used. However after soaking plywood into fire retardant chemical solutions redrying of soaked plywood is of the utmost importance. In this study 3.5mm and 5.0mm thickness plywoods were selected for fire retardant treatment. Treating solutions were prepared for 20% dilute solutions of ammonium sulfate, monoammonium phosphate, diammonium phosphate, borax-boric acid minalith, and water solution, 1-, 3-, 6-, and 9 hour-soaking treatments in borax-boric acid and minalith, and 6- and 9 hours in the other chemicals were applied and after the treatment hot drying was applied to treated plywoods at $90^{\circ}C$, $120^{\circ}C$ and $150^{\circ}C$ of press temperature. Drying rates, drying curves, water absorption rates of fire retardant chemicals, weight per volume and fire retardant degree of plywood were investigated. The results may be summarized as follows: 1) In the 9 hours-soaking treatment of fire retardants by hot and cold bath method, the chemical retentions of 3.5mm thickness plywood could be attained within the range ($1.125-2.25kg/(30cm)^3$) of minimum retention specification as follows: $1.353kg/(30cm)^3$ in monoammonium phosphate, $1.331kg/(30cm)^3$ in diammonium phosphate, $1.263kg/(30cm)^3$ in ammonium sulfate, $1.226kg/(30cm)^3$ in borax-boric acid. But the chemical retention, $0.906kg/(30cm)^3$, in minalith could not be attained within the range of minimum retention specification. And also in case of 5.0mm thickness plywood, chemical retentions, as $1.356kg/(30cm)^3$ and $1.166kg/(30cm)^3$ respectively, of ammonium sulfate and diammonium phosphate could be attained within the range minimum retention specification, but the other fire retardant chemicals could not. 2) In the 6- and - hours-soaking treatments of 3.5mm and 5.0mm thickness plywood, the drying curve sloped of chemical treated plywood was smaller than that of water treated. The drying rate related to thickness of treated plywood, was about three times as fast in 3.5mm thickness plywood compared with 5.0mm thickness plywood. 3) In the treatment at $120^{\circ}C$ of hot platen temperature, the drying rates of chemical-treated plywood showed the highest quantity in diammonium phosphate of 3.5mm and 5.0mm thickness plywood. But the drying rate of water treated plywood was highest during the 6- and 9 hours-soaking treatments. 4) The drying rate remarkably increased with proportion to increase of the platen temperature, and the values were respectively 1.23%/min., 6.54%/min., 25.75%/min. in hot platen temperature of $90^{\circ}C$, $120^{\circ}C$, $150^{\circ}C$ in 3.5mm thickness plywood and 0.55%.min., 2.49%/min., 8.19%/min. in hot platen temperature of $90^{\circ}C$, $120^{\circ}C$, $150^{\circ}C$ in 5.0mm thickness plywood. 5) In the fire retardant degree of chemical treated plywood, the loss in weight was the smallest in diammonium phosphate, next was in monoammonium phosphate and ammonium sulfate, and the greatest was in borax-boric acid and minalith. And the fire-retardant effect in burning time, flame-exhausted time and carbonized area were greatest in diammouniun phosphate, next were in monoammonium phosphate and ammonium sulfate, and the weakest were in borax-boric acid and minalith.

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