• International Area Studies Review
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.759-780
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• 2009

The purpose of this paper is to analyse the effect of Korean FDI(1990-2008) in China by industries on exports and imports between two countries. We use time series regression, Vector Error Correction Model and Impulse Response Function as methodologies. Our findings through empirical tests are as follows. First Korean FDI in China increases Korean exports with China but shows a tendency to decrease due to the local content of China. Second Korean FDI in China increases Korean imports in SITC 8 with China. Finally Korean trade surplus caused by Korean FDI in China shrinks due to the decreasing of exports and increasing of imports in Korea. Korean FDI in China should be oriented host country's market oriented rather than production efficiency oriented because of unfriendly foreign investment environments in China.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.514-528
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• 2022

This study attempted to understand the characteristics of foreign direct investment by Chinese companies from the perspective of Dunning's OLI paradigm. This development of OFDI by Chinese companies was influenced by the Chinese government's policy, internal factors of the Chinese economy, and the economic and institutional environment of the investment target country. The characteristic of Chinese companies' OFDI is that investment in developed countries is gradually increasing amid regional concentration in Asia. And the proportion of tertiary industries is high, In the meantime, the structure of the secondary industry is changing. In addition, Chinese companies are gradually expanding and showing characteristics by considering the economic and political factors of the investment target country in the selection of overseas investment areas, and then selecting areas with little cultural difference from China's system. This characteristic of OFDI by Chinese companies is basically evaluated to be in line with the OLI paradigm of Dunning. However, the difference is that Chinese companies' OFDI not only advances in overseas investment using the strengths of companies, but also advances in investment to compensate for their shortcomings.

• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.1-42
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• 2014

This study analyzes how heterogeneous across firms' productivity level the effects of foreign direct investment (FDI) on the productivity of firms in a host country are. The study uses firm level data over 2000~2009 in South Korea and takes a quantile regression approach to estimate FDI's heterogeneous effects on the invested firm ('direct effects') and other domestic firms in the industry to which the invested firm belongs ('intra-industry spillover effects'). Major empirical results are as follows. In manufacturing sector, FDI has positive and statistically significant direct effects on the invested firm. In addition, the higher the quantiles of firms' productivity level are, the larger the positive productivity effects are. FDI also has positive and statistically significant intra-industry spillover effects on domestic firms in low quantiles of productivity while it has negative and statistically significant or insignificant spillover effects on those in high productivity quantiles. In service sector, on the other hand, Sufficient evidence is not found that FDI has statistically significant direct effects or intra-industry spillover effects. Taken together, the study suggests that FDI has heterogeneous effects on the productivity of firms in host country, depending on the firms' productivity level and sector.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.343-356
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• 2009

SCS method was applied to make the assessments of direct runoff according to land use changes in Jeju island. Land uses were obtained from 5 year-period remote sensing time series data from 1975 to 2000 which are provided by Water Management Information System (WAMIS). Hydrologic soil groups were categorized based on soil series of National Academy of Agricultural Sciences (NAAS), and permeable geologic structures such as Sumgol, Gotzawal and so on. The land uses of Jeju island are obviously characterized by urban-agricultural areas increases, and forest areas decrease. According to land use changes, curve number (CN) for Jeju island was consistently increased from 65.3 in 1975 to 69.6 in 2000. From 1975 to 2000, the amount of direct runoff and ratios increased due to CN changes. When the rainfall data in 1995 was applied to each year, the direct runoff amounts were $299.0{\sim}351.6\;mm$, and runoff ratios were $15.1{\sim}17.7%$. In the case of the application of the rainfall data in 2000, the direct runoff amounts were $136.9{\sim}161.5\;mm$, and runoff ratios were $9.7{\sim}11.5%$. Since direct runoff can be closely related to groundwater recharge and sustainable groundwater yield, the groundwater influence caused by land use changes or district exploitations should be considered for the reasonable water management and development in Jeju island.

• Korean Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
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• v.8 no.5
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• pp.101-108
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• 2007

To execute a construction project, many construction participants are engaged in the project. Especially many subcontactors role is very important, but their contract statute seems weaker rather than prime contractor. So to protect the subcontractor and to activate fair subcontract, Fair Transactions in Subcontracting Act was enacted. Direct payment to subcontractor clause of the act can protect subcontractor from the fear of insolvency of prime contractor, on the other hand can cause dispute about the interpretation of defect liability. Therefore the positive act and regulation were examined, and the effects of direct payment to subcontractor were analyzed. And the treatment direction of direct payment were suggested in this paper. Summary is as follows; (1) Statute of subcontractor for the ordering subject must be considered (2) Contract relationship must be reflected in the performance bond, subcontract bond, and subcontract construction conditions (3) To clarify the defect liability for the direct payment, retainage to guarantee the repair during contract period may be reflect on the subcontract construction conditions.

• Journal of the Korean GEO-environmental Society
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.5-13
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• 2013

Soils around a pile are highly constrained when the vertical load is applied to the pile. However, the conventional direct shear test cannot evaluate the shear strength of the soils under the normal confinement condition. The goal of this study is to evaluate the shear behaviors according to the normal displacement confinement condition including free normal displacement (FND) and constrained normal displacement (CND) during direct shearing. Jumunjin sands were prepared at the different relative densities and loaded at the different normal stresses. The specimens were sheared according to the normal confinement conditions. Experimental results show that shear strengths obtained by the CND tests are higher than those obtained by the FND tests. In addition, for the constrained normal displacement condition, the increment of shear strength increases with the increase of relative density, while the increment of shear strength decreases with the initial normal stress. This study suggests that the effect of confinement condition on the shear strength should be considered when the stability of constrained soils is analyzed.

• Industry Promotion Research
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.69-81
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• 2021

Pakistan is a South Asian auspicious developing country. Based on the corruption perception index report 2020 by transparency international, Pakistan has ranked 124 with total scores of 31 globally and 188 ranks with a score of -2.25 in terms of political stability ranging from 0 (lowest) to 100 (highest). More crucially, the inflow of foreign direct investment toward Pakistan has declined between 2008 and 2019. Though political instability and government corruption have both positive and negative linear relationships with foreign direct investment, we tested the moderating impact of government corruption between political instability and inward foreign direct investment over time. We also tested the relationship between political instability and inward foreign direct investment in different phases of political regimes in the same country. Our results suggested that authoritarian regimes attracted more inward foreign direct investment than that during democratic periods of government. Furthermore, we found that there was low inward foreign direct investment when government corruption was high in the country. However, government corruption weakened the positive relationship between political instability and inward foreign direct investment (FDI).

• The Journal of the Acoustical Society of Korea
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.446-460
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• 2022

In this paper, we propose an algorithm to improve target detection rate degradation due to direct blast in a bi-static sonar systems with high duty cycle using an adaptive filters. It is very important to suppress the direct blast in the aforementioned sonar systems because it has a fatal effect on the actual system operation. In this paper, the performance was evaluated by applying the Normalized Least Mean Square (NLMS) and Recursive Least Square (RLS) algorithms to the simulation and sea experimental data. The beam signals of the target and direct blast bearings were used as the input and desired signals, respectively. By optimizing the difference between the two signals, the direct blast is removed and only the target signal is remained. As a result of evaluating the results of the matched filter in the simulation, it was confirmed that the direct blast was removed to the noise level in both Linear Frequency Modultated (LFM) and Generalized Sinusoidal Frequency Modulated (GSFM), and in the case of GSFM, the target sidelobe decreased by more than 20 dB, thereby improving performance. In the sea experiment, it was confirmed that the LFM reduced the level of the transmitted direct wave by 10 dB, the GSFM reduced the level of the transmitted direct wave by about 4 dB, and the side lobe of the target decreased by about 4 dB, thereby improving the performance.

• Journal of Korea Entertainment Industry Association
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• v.13 no.8
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• pp.345-356
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• 2019

This study investigated the influence of media sports contact motivation on direct sports participation in order to induce direct sports participation through media sports. In this regard, this study aimed to provide the basic data of media sports and sports participation by studying the effects of consumer's exercise commitment and exercise duration. From April 1, 2019 to April 31, 2019, a survey was conducted on 300 males and females in G and J provinces. To determine the purpose of the study, IBM's SPSS Ver. 21.0 and AMOS Ver. The analysis was performed using a statistical program of 21.0. The results of the study are as follows. First, media sport contact motivation was found to have an effect on exercise commitment. In addition, media sports contact motivation was found to have an effect on exercise persistence and sports participation. In addition, exercise commitment was found to have an effect on exercise duration, and exercise duration was found to affect sports participation. Second, in terms of media sports contact motivation and sports participation, exercise persistence had a mediating effect. In addition, it was found that exercise commitment had a mediating effect on the relationship between media sports contact motivation and exercise persistence, and exercise persistence had a mediating effect on the relationship between exercise commitment and sports participation. Third, media sports contact motivation did not have a direct effect on sports participation. Also, exercise immersion has no mediating effect in the relationship between media sports contact motivation and sports participation. However, in terms of media sports contact motivation and sports participation, exercise commitment and exercise persistence showed a double mediating effect.

• Monthly Korean Chicken
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• s.138
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• pp.122-127
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• 2006

도계장에서는 항상 비품이 발생한다. 골절, 피부병변, 착색이상 등 여러 가지 상태의 계육이 비품으로 분류되어 큰피해를 입고 있다. 가까운 예로 미국의 경우 이에 대한 피해액이 연간 5천만 달러로 추산되고 있다. 국내에서는 이러한 문제 때문에 육계 담당 부서에서는 항상 비품에 대해서 스트레스를 받고 있다. 하지만 이러한 문제들이 정말 스트레스가 되는 원인은 사육 중에 발견되기보다는 도계 후에 발견되며, 이에 따라상품가치가 현저히 감소하고 추가적인 작업이 요구되기 때문일 것이다. 대부분의 회사들이 이 문제를 접하게 되면, 주로 곰팡이 독소 흡착제를 사용하는 것이 유일한 대책인 것으로 생각한다. 이런 경우엔 약품에 대한 효과는 잘 모르겠지만, 필자의 느낌으로는 일정한 시간이 흘러 자연스럽게(?) 해결되는 과정을 걷는 듯 하며, 관련 부서에서는 이 약제의 효과에 대해 판단하기보다는 일단 직면한 문제가 해결되었 다고 결과론적으로 만족하는 듯 하다. 필자는 이 지면을 통해 그 동안의 관점과는 다른 측면에서 이런 문제의 원인과 그 대책에 대해 간략히 논하고자한다. 도계장에서는 항상 여러 가지 비품들이 발생한다. 이 모든 것들을 논하기에는 너무 범위가 넓기 때문에 여기서는 독자들의 이해를 위해 비품들 중에서 등 부위의 상처와 복부의 상처(배꼽 닭)에 대해 국한하도록 하겠다. 아마도 이 부분외의 다른 비품들은 대부분 그 원인을 쉽게 추정할 수 있기 때문이다. 먼저, 독자들에게 질문하고 싶은 것이 있다. 이러한 비품들의 직접적인 원인은 무엇인가? 앞서 얘기한 것과 같이 각 회사들의 대책으로 이용되는 곰팡이 독소 흡착제를 보면, 곰팡이 독소가 가장 직접적인 원인으로 생각할 수도 있다. 하지만 결론적으로 직접적인 원인은 외상이다. 즉, 외부의 물리적인 작용에 의한 상처인 것이다. 이런 측면에서 볼 때 가장 직접적인 원인은 외상이며, 이 외에 깃털발육 이상(혹은 저하), 바닥상태 불량 등과 같은 사양관리 이상과 면역 억제성 질환 및 지혈능력의 저하 등이 직접적인 원인으로 인한 문제들을 더욱 악화시키는 간접적인 원인으로 작용한다.