• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.20 no.11
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• pp.136-143
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• 2019

This study investigated the effects of environmental temperature and humidity on the physiological indicators such as respiratory rate, rectal temperature, and rumination time in cows. Twenty lactating Holstein cows were used for this study. The temperature/humidity index, which can be measured by the temperature and humidity of barns, was divided into three stages to distinguish the heat stress level of cows. The temperature and humidity indexes of each stage were classified into 70 ~ 75 for T1, 76 ~ 81 for T2, and 82 ~ 87 for T3, respectively. The respiratory rates per minute were 58.60 at T1, 66.12 at T2, and 84.05 at T3, respectively (P < 0.05), and the average rectal temperatures (℃) of the cows were 38.41 in T1, 38.69 in T2 and 39.05 in T3, respectively (P < 0.05). The body surface temperatures (℃) were 36.41 in T1, 36.51 in T2, and 37.39 in T3, respectively. The rumination times (minutes/day) were 473.10 in T1, 454.76 in T2, and 399.60 in T3, respectively (P < 0.05). As global warming continues to damage the dairy industry, further research is needed to improve the welfare of dairy cows and reduce their heat stress.

• Proceedings of the Ginseng society Conference
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• 1984.09a
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• pp.97-105
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• 1984

Effect of water extract of red ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) from Nagano prefecture on (1) forced exercise in mice using rope climbing test, (2) extinction of memory in hanging stressed mice and rectal temperature during the exposure to hanging stress, (3) sex and learning behavior of chronic hanging stressed mice, (4) sex cycle in the adult female mice using chronic hanging stress, and (5) motor coordination and one trial passive avoidance response in $40\%$ alcohol administered mice using rotar-rod and step-through tests, were studied. Drugs tested were given orally. (1) When it was given before the forced exercise, it potentiated the performance of the forced exercise. When it was given just after the forced exercise once a day for 2 weeks, it protected the mice against the reduction of the performance on the forced exercise. (2) When it was given just after the stress once a day for 4 days, it delayed the extinction of passive avoidance response in both step through and stepdown tests, and protected the stressed mice against the decrease in rectal temperature slightly. (3) It protected the stressed mice against the decrease of sex behaviour and the increase in the failure of performance of passive avoidance response, and delayed the extinction of passive avoidanc

• Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.467-475
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• 2002

Hyperthermia using transrectal thermal probes has been used for a noninvasive treatment of prostate diseases. However it is known that heating the rectal wall at excessively high temperature can lead to destruction of the rectal mucous membrane. and it is difficult to maintain an optimum temperature over the entire prostate. Thus, a more accurate understanding of the heat transfer mechanism between prostate and hyperthermia system is needed Numerical analysis was performed to investigate how the cold/warm stimulations on the prostate surface affect the temperature distribution in the prostate model. The general purpose software "FLUENT" was used for obtaining a finite volume solution to the unsteady conduction equation and to calculate the time-varying temperature in the prostate. Effects of the warm/cold stimulations and the stimulation frequency on the temperature distribution were simulated. and we visualized how hyperthermia affected the inside of the prostate. It was found that the effect of hyperthermia by using a typical heating method is limited due to the low thermal conductivity of the prostate. Consecutive repetitions of warm and cold stimulations were considered to provide the thermal irritations inside a prostate. The effects of temperature difference and duration of warm/cold stimulations were investigated, and basic data for the optimum period and effective patterns of stimulations were obtained. A simplified bioheat equation was also solved to describe effects of the blood flow on the blood-tissue heat transfer. The effect of blood flow was not dominant compared to that of warm/cold stimulations. These results might be used as data for design of prostate treating probe, prostatic therapy and thermal stimulation effects on the prostate.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.115-128
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• 1986

Hyperthermia can enhance the radiation effect as a synergistic reaction in combined X-ray irradiation and hyperthermia; hyperthermia sensitize radioresistant S-phase cells and inhibit cellular recovery from sublethal damage. We fabricated 100 watts, 2450 MHz microwave applicator for hyperthermia and planned the method and condition of heating and measured the temperature by using Agar phantom as a preliminary test. For biological examination, 102 rats were divided into 4 groups as hyperthermia, X-ray irradiation (6Gy-15Gy), combined X-ray and hyperthermia, and normal control groups. Microscopic examination of the rectum and bladder was done and the results were as followings: 1. The microwave generator with 100 watts, 2450MHz magnetron could be heating up to $40^{\circ}{\sim}50^{\circ}C$ for one hour in living tissue. 2. The thermal distribution in tissue equivalent phantom with microwave can be maintained at $40^{\circ}{\sim}44^{\circ}C$ in area of 3cm in depth and 2-10cm in diameter. 3. In Hyperthermia alone group, there was submucosal edema of the rectum but no histologic change in the urinary bladder was seen. 4. The minimal necrosis of the mucosa was appeared in the rectum and bladder after 15 days of 6 Gy and 8 Gy irradiation respectively. The minimal necrosis of the muscle layer of rectum and bladder was appeared after 15 days of 8Gy and 60days of 10Gy irradiation respectively. 5. In combined group of radiation and hyperthermia, thermal enhancement ratio (calculated at necrosis of mucosa and muscle layer) of rectum and bladder was 1.0, and it suggest that there is no change of tolerance dose of normal rectum and bladder.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.39 no.5
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• pp.39-47
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• 2001

The purpose of this study was to investigate two different kinds of t-shirts on thermal responses at air temperature of $23{\pm}2^{\circ}C$, relative humidity of $70{\pm}5%$ and wind velocity not more than 0.5 m/sec. Five healthy men wearing boxy type t-shirts or fitted type t-shirts, participated as the subjects. Rectal temperature, skin temperatures, heart rate, clothing microclimate and subjective sensation were measured every 2 minute during experiment(rest, walking, recovery each 20 min.) and compared between two experimental garments(boxy type and fitted type t-shirts). Rectal temperature was lower in recovery phase at wearing fitted type t-shirts. Chest skin temperature was higher at wearing fitted type t-shirts and thigh and leg skin temperature were higher at wearing boxy type t-shirts.

• Aerospace Engineering and Technology
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.143-150
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• 2010

This study examined the effect of cold water finger immersion at various water temperature on cold-induced vasodilation (CIVD) and its reproducibility to the cold stress. Ten healthy collegiate men ($21.4{\pm}2.5$ yrs, $175.8{\pm}4.1$ cm, $69.6{\pm}7.6$ kg, $11.2{\pm}3.7$ %fat) underwent two tests. At the first test (1ST), subjects immersed their middle fingers at $43^{\circ}C$ water for 5 min followed by a resting at an ambient air for 25 min. Then they immersed the finger at one of the five water temperatures (Tw: 5, 8, 11, 14, or $17^{\circ}C$) at random order for 20 min. Once a testing at one Tw was completed, they immediately repeated the testing procedure for another Tw. The second test(2ND) was performed within a week after 1ST with having an identical procedure of 1ST except the order of Tw. During the test, rectal temperature, finger temperature from middle finger nail bed, and heart rate were measured every six second. In conclusion, maximal finger temperature(Tfmax), and Tfmax minus Tw was highly reproducible in this experiment. Minimal finger temperature (Tfmin) and Tfmax were higher as Tw decreased. And Tfdiff was higher as the colds tress decreased. No differences were found in time variables of temperature responses.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Emotion and Sensibility Conference
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• 2001.05a
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• pp.194-199
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• 2001

쾌적한 스포츠웨어는 기능성에 있어서 자연환경의 변화조건과 인체의 운동 및 활동에 맞추어 열절달 및 수분전달 등을 적절히 조절할 수 있어야 한다. 이에 본 연구에서는 일반환경조건 및 강우환경조건하에서의 형상기억 투습방수직물 소재의 스포츠웨어 착용에 따른 인체생리반응 및 쾌적감을 규명하기 위하여 스포츠웨어를 제작하여, 인공기후실에서 환경조건변화에 따른 온열생리학적 특성 및 주관적 감각을 측정, 그 특성을 비교, 고찰하였다. 평균피부온은 강우환경조건에서 온도가 낮게, 변동폭이 많게 나타났다. 변화경향을 운동부하를 기점으로 온도의 상승이 나타났고, 운동 2단계에 가장 높은 온도를 나타냈으며, 이후 감소하였다. 직장온은 일반환경조건에 비해 강우환경조건에서 온도의 미세한 상승을 보였다. 의복내 기후는 두 조건 모두에서 가슴부위보다 등부위의 온·습도의 변동폭이 크게 나타났고, 강우환경조건에서의 의복내 온도를 제외하고는 모두 등부위의 온·습도가 높게 나타났다. 최고 혈압은 운동의 강도에 따라 비례하여 상승하고, 최저 혈압에는 큰 영향없이 나타났으며, 변화경향은 의복내 온도의 경향과 역으로 나타났다. 평균혈압은 일반환경조건에서 6.9mmHg 높게 나타났다. 심박수는 일반환경조건에서 4.4beats/min 높게 나타났다. 강우환경조건의 주관적 감각의 평가에서, 신체에 직접 가해지는 빗물 등으로 인해 불쾌감이 증가하였고, 운동 후에는 일반환경조건과 달리 냉감이 증가하였으며, 습윤감은 최고치에 달하였다.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.173-181
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• 1999

The purpose of this study was to investigate actual sleeping environments in Ondol rooms depending on the season. The experiment was performed on five healthy women. The bedroom environments using Ondol were measured in five cases (three apartments and two houses). The environments in bedroom, bedding temperature, skin temperature and thermal sensation were measured continuously through the seven days for each season in real life. This data of sleeping environments were analyzed in the view of seasonal variations and housing types. Annual average bedroom temperatures: $26.2{\sim}31.0^{\circ}C$ in apartments, $15.7{\sim}33.6^{\circ}C$ in houses. Annual average bedroom humidity: 48.3~82.1% RH in apartments, 64.9~87.0% RH in houses. During sleeping, temperatures of contact surfaces like sheets and under quilts ranged between $30.5^{\circ}C$ and $34.1^{\circ}C$ regardless of season or housing type. Annual average rectal temperature was $36.8^{\circ}C$ with no significant difference in season or housing type. In the point of thermal sensation, neutral temperature of the bedroom was $25.9^{\circ}C$ in apartments and $20.3^{\circ}C$ in houses. It was concluded that in spite of thermal environmental variations according to the seasons, skin, bedding and bedroom temperatures in apartments were better and more stable than those of houses. It is regarded that while houses are brick structured, apartments are steel-frame structured. Due to better insulation and air tightness, apartments were affected less from outdoor temperature and maintained higher room temperature than houses.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.31 no.9_10
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• pp.1465-1474
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• 2007

We analyzed the effects of regular Jjimjilbang(Korean sauna) exposure on the heat tolerance in young and old females. Subjects were young(n=7) and old(n=7) females who never had a bath in Jjimjilbang for last year. Jjimjilbang training group took a bath in Jjimjilbang once a week 19 times. Jjimjibang expsure was limited three times per day, Jjimjil were taken free way. To prove the effects of the heat tolerance, Subjects were exposed to hot and humid air$(40.0{\pm}0.5^{\circ}C,\;60{\pm}5%RH)$. In the condition, subjects were taken a foot bathing$(40.0{\pm}0.5^{\circ}C)$ and simulated for 30 min., and rectal temperature, skin temperatures, clothing microclimate, blood pressure, total body weight loss, local sweat and subjective sensation were measured. The results are as follow: Rectal temperature, skin temperatures, clothing microclimate, total body weight and subjective thermal comfort sensation were decreased gradually(p<.001). Local sweat of upper arm was decreased(p<.01). In conclusion. the regular Jjimjilbang exposure has positive effects upon improvement in regulation of body temperature, especially in heat tolerance.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.46 no.1
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• pp.39-45
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• 2008

We analyzed the effects of regular Jjimjilbang(Korean sauna) exposure on the physiological responses in seven elderly farmers(Male=3, Female=4). Jjimjil training group took a bath in Jjimjilbang 8 times twice a week. Jjimjibang exposure was limited three times per day. Rectal temperature, total sweat rate, body fat (%), blood pressure, pulse, $Na^+$ concentration in sweat, and subjective sensation were measured during Jjimjil training exposure. The results are as follow: During Jjimjil exposure, changes of rectal temperature in male farmers were more stabilized than female farmers. The gradual decrease in total sweat rate and Na+ concentration in sweat was observed in both sexes. After Jjimjil exposure, the decrease in blood pressure was observed in both sexes, but not observed changes according to regular Jjimjil exposure. Subjective thermal comfort sensation was changed positively. In conclusion, the regular Jjimjil exposure has positive effects upon improvement in regulation of body temperature, blood pressure, and $Na^+$ concentration especially in heat tolerance.