• Journal of Korean Society of Coastal and Ocean Engineers
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.602-610
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• 2008

A beach has such functions as disaster prevention, providing an amenity place, attracting people and maintaining the coastal ecosystem. Already well known that a beach provides an amenity place, it has also been ascertained through various examples that a sand beach performs a very important function to maintain the coastal ecosystem as well. However, Beach erosion began to occur in Korea in the 1990's and posed a social problem in the late 1990's. Nowadays, along the shorelines of Korea's many beaches, about 400 beaches have reported erosion. This study demonstrate the Disaster Overall Prevention System for Beach Erosion and it's application. The Disaster Overall Prevention System for Beach Erosion is a coastal management system established for managing the implementation of long-term countermeasures to protect eroded beaches effectively in this study. Especially, the economic feasibility test and adaptive management for sustainable mitigation included in DOPS. The coastal prevention work applied to Namae beach is carried out by Disaster Overall Prevention System. Consequently, beach nourishment is proposed as a main countermeasure. Also, submerged artificial reefs and groin integrating artificial rock are proposed as secondary countermeasures for beach erosion. This resulted to be the optimal beach erosion countermeasure from DOPS, considering the economic and environmental conditions of the study area.

• International Area Studies Review
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.189-209
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• 2018

The purpose of this study is to identify international research trends of SDGs by analyzing the networks among the 17 goals of the SDGs. The research scope covers the World Development and the Journal of Development Studies which are the top impact journals in the field of international development. The interconnected 17 SDGs are divided into five categories of people, planet, partnership, peace and prosperity. In this study, we analyzed the abstracts of the papers of the above two journals using Atlas.ti, a qualitative analysis software, in order to identify the connections between 17 goals. The findings from the analysis of 730 abstracts published in two journals since 2015 are summarized as follows. First, issues related to gender have featured prominently in both journals. Second, China and India have been the most popular case countries in both journals. In particular south-south cooperation led by China and India has been dealt with by the World Development. Thirdly, both journals have their own biases towards to certain SDGs. For instance, the World Development have not had many articles on SDG 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16 and 17. The SDGs closely associated with the environment and climate change such as 6, 12, 13, 14, and 15 have also been sidelined by the Journal of Development Studies. More balanced research paying attention to all the SDGs in an integrated and balanced manner is required to provide evidence and knowledge conducive to realizing the transformative vision of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.146-156
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• 2023

Since the tourism complex development projects is promoted for areas with good natural environment and excellent landscapes, it has s significant environmental impact on the surrounding area. Therefore, this study investigated the current status and various environmental influences of tourist complex based on environmental impact assessment reports from 2012 to 2021. Based on the results of the current status analysis of the development projects, EA-INDEX for the tourism complex development projects was developed and applied to comprehensively and quantitatively analyze various environmental impacts. Through this, we investigated eco-friendliness of the development projects by year in the natural environment conservation sector, resource conservation sector, and living environment protection sector. As a result we found that the tourism complex development projects were carried out in a way that increases eco-friendliness over the past ten years, especially in in the natural environment conservation sector. On the other hand, in the case of resource conservation, it has been confirmed that eco-friendliness is decreasing, so it is necessary to make efforts to improve it when establishing new development plans in the future. It is expected that the result of this study will be useful for identifying the development trend and environmental impact of development projects. If an analysis is made that synthesizes information such as policy events and social issues related to development projects in the future, it is also expected that a broader explanation will be possible to identify trends in development projects using EA-INDEX.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.56 no.2
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• pp.264-279
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• 2023

The 50th anniversary of the UNESCO World Heritage Convention was in 2022. In order to reflect on the present and future of the meaning of World Heritage, this paper examines the development and changes of the UNESCO World Heritage system. After promulgating the convention in 1972, the UNESCO World Heritage system prioritized the protection of heritage sites in the world that were at risk due to armed conflicts and natural disasters to bequeath heritage to the next generation. In addition, the UNESCO World Heritage's emphasis on Outstanding Universal Value represents the particular culture of human beings formed during a certain period of time, and acts as a significant source of soft power in public diplomacy. The UNESCO World Heritage might be perceived as a shared heritage that has not only become a channel to understand various national values, but also an effective medium to convey one of UNESCO's main principles, that is, peacebuilding. However, the UNESCO World Heritage is now at the center of conflicts of heritage interpretation between many stakeholders related to invisible wars, such as cultural wars, memory wars, and history wars as the social, political, and cultural contexts concerning World Heritage have dramatically shifted with the passing of time. Paying attention to such changing contexts, this paper seeks to understand the main developments in UNESCO World Heritage's discourse concerning changes to the World Heritage Operation Guidelines and heritage experts' meetings by dividing its 50-year history into five phases. Next, this paper analyzes the main shifts in keywords related to UNESCO World Heritage through UNESDOC, which is a platform on which all UNESCO publications are available. Finally, this paper discusses three main changes of UNESCO World Heritage: 1) changes in focus in World Heritage inscriptions, 2) changes in perception of World Heritage protection, and 3) changes of view on the role of the stakeholders in World Heritage. It suggests new emerging issues regarding heritage interpretation and ethics, climate change, and human rights.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.12 no.8
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• pp.3547-3554
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• 2011

The aim of this study is to take hold of the present situation as well as the perspective of the domestic alcohol specialized hospitals. The structured questionnaire was prepared to understand the type of services, manpower and systematic programs. Among eight hospitals that stand for the alcohol addiction specialized hospitals, six hospitals agreed to participate in the survey, which was made from Jun. 17 to July 15, 2010. The average number of beds of the surveyed hospitals was 208. They were mostly private ones(66.7%), located in urban area(50%), and had experiences of alcohol treatment less than five years(50%). While all of them practiced both the inpatient and outpatient services, only 33% provided the systematic outpatient program that was at least 2 or 3 hours per week. All hospitals practiced the physical and individual psychological evaluations, but only 16.1% had the daytime programs. The beds of protective ward were 72% of all beds, and the beds of night and day occupied 7.6% and 2.6% respectively. It was found that although the average number of mental health social worker and mental health nurse was larger than that required in the regulation of mental health law there are significant deviations between hospitals. However, the manpower of psychiatrists and nurses were comparatively large. The first problem indicated by clinical experts was the patient's refusal of care, which results in an inefficiency in the treatment. The next problem was the lack of local health care institutions that can attend on the discharged patients were important issues. Also the low reimbursement and indifferences to the alcohol abuse were considered as important issues.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.45 no.4
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• pp.23-34
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• 2017

This study focused on a planned site located in Gosangol Village in Daegu Metropolitan City that aims to build an urban agricultural park combining urban agriculture and urban park for the sustainable realization of urban agriculture. Accordingly, this study has significance in two perspectives: firstly, suggesting development strategies to be considered when building an urban agricultural park as a theme park, and secondly, presenting guidelines for spatial programs and facilities to be introduced for actual applications. The results are as follows. Firstly, building an urban agricultural park fills a role as a local community space prompted by the demand-oriented evolution of urban parks, and agricultural behaviors to be incorporated in the theme. In this context, 'building an urban agricultural space focusing on sustainability', 'constructing green space systems focusing on agricultural landscape', and 'structuring leisure spaces for communications in the community' are presented as development strategies. Secondly, key functions that an urban agricultural park should have include production and trade of agricultural products on the production side, soil preservation, resource cycling and green space provision on the environmental side, leisure and experience, community vitalization, education, and social security on the social and cultural side, and entertainment functions, ecological functions, and protective functions as urban park functionality. Thirdly, key facilities needed when building an urban agricultural park include urban agricultural facilities other than park management facilities, landscape facilities, recreational facilities, sports facilities, educational facilities, and convenient facilities, and family gardens as the key facility of the urban agricultural park should be scaled in consideration of various purposes and behaviors of their use. This study has a limitation that the subject site was limited to a specific area but has significance in that it presented a planning model for the spatial structuring of park-type urban agriculture.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.52 no.1
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• pp.190-211
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• 2019

In March 2015, The Agency for Cultural Affairs of Japan implemented a project called "Japan Heritage," which aims to promote the unique narratives of cultural properties of the region by branding the locality for revitalization in preparation for the 2020 Tokyo Olympics and Paralympics. This bottom-up approach of cultural policy has been called a "Cool Japan Strategy of Cultural Heritage" in the 21st century, which effectively incorporates local cultural heritage and tourism. However, although a total of 67 Japan Heritage projects have been designated as of December 2018, almost none has been introduced in the academic forum in Korea. On the basis of this background and a lack of academic awareness in Korea on Japan's recent cultural policies, this research aims to focus on the three cases of Gunma Prefecture implemented in local, global, and glocal aspects. To specify, the cases are the "Gunma Silk Heritage" project, implemented in 2011, the "Tomioka Silk Mill and Related Sites" project that was included on the UNESCO World Heritage List in 2014, and "The Best Wife in the World - Silk Story of Gunma," case certified as the first project of "Japan Heritage" launched in 2015. Based on the questionnaire method conducted with the World Heritage Registration Promotion Division in Gunma Prefectural Government, as well as a literature view, the research revealed that the consecutive implementation of a series of cultural heritage projects in Gunma is not coincidental, but rather a strategy aiming to create a synergism where each project complements the others. Moreover, this paper demonstrates that Gunma Prefecture has been utilizing the local silk industry as a tangible and intangible cultural resource in multi-layered heritage projects, resulting in a "spiral synergy effect" and a "chain of the recognition process." In conclusion, it illustrates the recent trend of utilizing cultural heritage in the context of the Cool Japan strategy, which seeks to move away from the administration of maintaining the status quo cultural heritage protection to a proactive one with greater potential growth. This research may thus provide meaningful insight into the utilization of domestic historical and cultural resources as well as related policy-making, in that it will ultimately promote the chain effect of linking the multiple heritage policies and projects at the local, global, and glocal levels.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.43-52
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• 2012

With the slowdown in environmental issues and the change of environmental consciousness, ecotourism is being discussed in various social fields. Ecotourism is being popularized for environmental protection, and now it is becoming a mainstream product from one of mass tourism. Ecotourism's emphasis on sustainable development in the tourism destination's society, economy, and environment, through ecotourism study and education, enable people to understand the core value of the ecological environment. 2011 was nominated as "the Year of World Forest" by the UN. In the recent years, forests are becoming increasingly important with their own values and functions in environment, economy, society, and culture. In particular, the global environmental issues caused by climate change are becoming an international agenda. Forests are the only effective solution for the carbon dioxide that causes global warming. Moreover, forests constitute a major part of ecotourism, and are now most used by ecotourists. For example, Korea, wherein 60% of the land is forest, attracts ecotourists. With the increasing interests in environment, the number of tourists visiting the ecosystem forest, which is highly valued for its conservation, is increasing significantly every year and is receiving considerable attention from the government. However, poor facilities in the forest ecotourism sites and improper market strategies are the reasons for the poor running of these sites. Furthermore, tourists' environmental awareness affects ecology environmental pollution or the optimization of forest ecotourism. In order to verify the relationships among tourist attractiveness, environmental consciousness, charm degrees of the attractions, and attitudes after tours, we established some scales based on existing research achievement. Then, using these scales, the researcher completed the questionnaire survey. From December 20, 2010 to February 20, 2011, after conducting surveys for 12 weeks, we finally obtained 582 valid questionnaires, from a total of 700 questionnaires, that could be used in statistical analysis. First, for the method of research and analysis, the researcher initially applied the Cronbach's (Alpha) for verifying the reliability, and subsequently applied the Exploratory factor analysis for verifying the validity. Second, in order to analyze the demographics, the researcher makes use of the Frequency analysis for the AMOS, measurement model, structural equation model computing, and also utilizes construct validity, convergent validity, discriminant validity, and nomological validity. Third, for the analysis of the ecotourists' environmental consciousness, impacts on tourist attractiveness, charm degrees of the attractions, and attitudes after the tour, the researcher uses AMOS 19, with the path analysis and equation of structure. After the research, researchers found that high awareness of natural protection lead to high tourist motivation and satisfaction and more positive attitude after the tour. Moreover, this research shows the psychological and behavioral reactions of the ecotourists to the ecotourist development. Accordingly, environmental consciousness does not affect the tourist attractiveness that has been interpreted as significant. Furthermore, people should focus on the change of natural protection consciousness and psychological reaction of ecotourists while ensuring the sustainable development of ecotourists and developing some ecotourist programs.

• Korean Security Journal
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• no.20
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• pp.249-270
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• 2009

There have been great demands for various private searches and collecting information activities. but in korea it is still banned to supply private investigation service and to use the term 'private investigation'. So establishment of desirable model for private investigation service system is essential factor in strategic approaching for privatization of policing. In most developed countries private investigation service system is generally permitted and various methods to solve the side effects of that are considered. It is necessary to revise more the Security Business Law to introduce private investigation service system so that the dispute on determining how to do and what to do. It looks like that police agrees with the introduction of the private investigation service system because this could be an option when it comes to the job that its members can take after retirement and because this system helpful their own work. Actually Korea government have tried to prepare the law enactment of the private investigation service system since 1999 but have been failed. This study focuses on implementing the suitable system for private investigation service in Korea, which includes the consideration of the logical validity of the introduction by comparing with other foreign private investigation service system. We should make research and effort to cope with such as a partial amendment about the problem and the side effect that can be happened in a beginning stage of system trial.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.54 no.2
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• pp.56-77
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• 2021

Toponyms are located not only in the site between human cognition and the physical environment but also in the name of cultural heritage. Accordingly, certain identities and ideologies for which human groups and community have sought, their holistic way of life, and all cultural symbols and cosmos, such as sense of place and genius loci, are included in their toponymic heritage. Denoting, symbolizing, integrating and representing the culture and nature belong to the human community. Based on these perceptions of the toponymic heritage, the aims of this article are to examine the values of a toponym as an Intangible Cultural Heritage (ICH) and to suggest the application methods using the toponymic functions for governing of tangible cultural heritage. This article discusses the multivocality, diversity, and non-representational theory of landscape phenomenology intrinsic to the terms of culture and cultural landscape and then the domestic and international issues on the toponymic heritage in the first chapter on the values of toponym as a part of the ICH. In particular, it analyzes the preceding research in the field of toponymy, as well as the Resolutions of UNCSGN and UNGEGN on "Geographical names as culture, heritage and identity" including indigenous, minority and regional language names since 1992, which is related to the UNESCO's Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage in 2003. Based on this, I suggest that the traits of toponymic cultural heritage and its five standards of selection, i.e., cultural traits of toponyms, historical traits, spatial traits, socio-economic traits and linguistic traits with some examples. In the second chapter discussing on the methods using the toponymic denoting functions for creating and governing of the tangible cultural heritage, it is underlined to maintain the systematic and unified principle regarding the ways of naming in the official cultural heritage and its governing. Lastly, I introduce the possible ways of establishing a conservative area of the historical and cultural environment while using the toponymic scale and multi-toponymic territory. Considering both the spatial and participatory turns in the field of heritage studies in addition to the multiple viewpoints and sense of cultural heritage, I suggest that the conservative area for the cultural heritage and the historical and cultural environment should be set up through choosing the certain toponymic scale and multi-toponymic territory.