• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.58-64
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• 1983

The fatty acid composition of phospholipid from the leaves of rice plants grown at $28^{\circ}C$ and harvested at the 3-4 leaf stage was determined for 8 cultivars. Change among cultivars observed in the composition has been found to be correlative to the chilling susceptivity of the plants at the given leaf-stage. The chilling-resistant cultivars contain phospholipid with higher degree of unsaturation and larger relative proportion of unsaturated fatty acids than the chilling-sensitive ones. The indices for unsaturation of phospholipid from a cultic-ar are well in accordance with its resistance to cold damage. clearly demonstrating that the fluidity of biomembrane which is generally regarded as the prerequisite for a cell to maintain its membrane-related physiological activity at a low temperature is exclusively controlled by the fatty acid composition of phospholipid. Also identified were the components of phospholipid, which are phosphatidyl serine and phosphatidyl coline as major components and phosphatidyl inositol as minor component plus 3 phospholipids in trace proportion, from every cultivar at the early growth-stage.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.103-110
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• 2018

The purpose of this study is to discover a food material having anti-obesity effects and to disseminate information on the effects of the material to people who are interested in anti-obesity. For this study, 11 kinds of Auricularia (wood ear) spp., including 8 strains of Auricularia auricula-polytricha, and 3 strains of A. auricula-judae, were presented by the Jeollanamdo Agricultural Research & Extension Services. 3T3-L1 (preadipocyte cell) was used for identifying the inhibition effect on adipocyte differentiation. As a result, this study found that all the extracts had slightly different degrees of inhibition effects on adipocyte differentiation. Among the A. auricula-polytricha strains, strain 21001 showed the most significant effect (4.58%), and the inhibition effect of strain 21002 (4.43%) was the greatest among A. auricula-judae strains. Overall, the inhibition effect of A. auricula-polytricha strains was greater than that of A. auricula-judae strains. The results of mRNA and protein analysis also demonstrated that the inhibition effect of A. auricula-polytricha 21001 was superior to that of any other strains. An in vivo study using 56 ICR mice (6w, male), was performed for 4 weeks. A. auricula-polytricha 21001, which exhibited the most significant effect in the in vitro study was used to compose six different types of feeds. Daily body weight gain of the high-fat diet containing 0.2% 21001 extract feeding group was $0.22{\pm}0.08g$ (*p < 0.05), and it was 31.25% lower than that of the high-fat diet feeding group ($0.32{\pm}0.06$). Internal organ weight measurement and blood analysis were performed immediately after animal sacrifice. The results proved that treatment with more than 0.1% of A. auricula-polytricha strain 21001 could significantly reduce (more than *p < 0.05) the weight of liver and epididymal fat, and levels of glucose, total cholesterol, AST, and ALT in blood.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.51 no.spc1
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• pp.185-192
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• 2006

This experiment was conducted to assess genetic diversity of waxy corn inbred lines and to identify SSR markers related to major characteristics affected kernel quality for improving waxy corn $F_1$ hybrid with good quality. Diversity of 64 waxy com inbred lines was evaluated using 30 microsatellite markers. The 30 microsatellite markers representing 30 loci in the maize genome detected polymorphisms among the 64 inbred lines and revealed 225 alleles with a mean of 7.5 alleles per primer. The polymorphism Information content (PIC) value ranged from 0.14 to 0.87, with an average of 0.69. Based on Nei's genetic distances, the 64 inbred lines were classified into 9 groups by the cluster analysis. The group I included 26 inbred lines (41%), other groups included 3 to 9 inbred lines. One-way analysis of variance was conducted to identify significant relationship between individual markers and major characteristics that affect kernel quality. The analysis showed that umc1019 was related to amylopectin and crude protein content, me 1020 to amylopectin content and peak viscosity, and bnlg1537 to 100-kernel weight, kernel length, and kernel width.

• Proceedings of the Korea Society of Poultry Science Conference
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• 2002.11a
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• pp.124-125
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• 2002

Two experiments were conducted to investigate the response of chitosan supplementation in diet on the major economic traits of broiler in two different breeds. In the both experiments, the Arbor Acres and Ross breeds were used as experimental stocks and two groups were assigned in each breed. The control group birds(CON) were fed with basal diet only and the experimental group birds(EXP) were fed with basal diet added with 10.5mg chitosan/bird/day. The chitosan was supplied to birds from day-old in experiment 1 and from 15-day-old in experiment 2. In experiment 1, the mean body weight at 35-day-old were significantly(P〈0.05) heavier by 121.2 g and 243.7 g in the EXP groups than in the CON groups of Arbor Acres and Ross, respectively. Whereas, the mean body weights at 35-day-old in experiment 2 were lighter by 91.7 g and 70.2 g in the EXP groups than in the CON groups of Arbor Acres and Ross, respectively : however, the comparisons between breeds in the mean body weight at 35-day-old did not show significant difference in each other in both breeds. In the mean feed conversion ratio of Arbor Acres from 14 to 35-day old in experiment 1, it did not show significant difference between EXP and CON groups although the feed conversion ratio of the EXP group of Ross was significantly higher(P〈0.05) than the CON group. In experiment 2, the feed conversion ratios from 14 to 35-day-old did not show significant differences between the two breeds. The percentage of mean abdominal fat depositions of EXP groups in both breeds In experiment 1 were significantly(P〈0.05) higher than those of CON groups. And the percentage of mean abdominal fat deposition of Ross was significantly(P〈0.05) lower than that of Arbor Acres. In experiment 2, the percentage of mean abdominal fat depositions did not show significant difference between EXP and CON groups in both breeds. Whereas, the interaction effects between breed and experimental groups on the above economic traits did not show significant in both experiments.

• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.311-318
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• 2006

Ultrastructure of germ cells, the cyst epithelial cells and interstitial cells during spermatogenesis of the stone flounder, Kareius bicoloratus (Pleuronectidae) sampled on the west coast of Korea were investigated by electron microscopic observations. In the primary spermatocyte, the synaptonemal complexes appear in the zygotene stage of the prophase during maturation division. In the growing testis, especially, the interstitial cells (Leydig cells) appear near the primary, secondary spermatocytes and spermatids. Well-developed interstitial cells (steroid hormone secreting cells) which are located in the interlobular space in growing testis have three morphological characteristics of a vesicular nucleus, mitochondria with tubular cristae and smooth endoplasmic reticulum. During spermatogenesis, the primary and secondary spermatocytes attach to the cyst epithelial cell (Sertoli cell) having an elongated ovoid or triangular nucleus and several mitochondria in the cytoplasm. In the growing testis, lipid droplets, the mitochondrial rosettes and glycogen particles appear in the cytoplasm of the cyst epithelial cells near the secondary spermatocytes and spermatids. Particularly, the mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, little lipid droplets and the large amount of glycogen particles are present in the cytoplasm of the cyst epithelial cell in the late growing testis. In the late stage of spermiogenesis, the proximal centriole is joined to the nuclear envelope, the distal centriole forms the basal body of the flagellum and gives rise to the axial filament of the flagellum. No acrosome of the sperm is formed as seen in other teleost fish. The head of the spermatozoon is approximately $3{\mu}m$ in length and its tail is about $30{\mu}m$ in length. The axoneme of the tail flagellum of the spermatozoon consists of nine outer doublet microtubules at the periphery and two centrial singlet microtubules at the center. The spermatozoon of this species has two axonemal lateral fins. Especially, the cyst epithelial cells which located near groups of gametes in the various stages, show three functions: nutrition, phagocytosis and steroidogenesis. Especially, the nuclei of cyst epithelial cells in the recovery stage of the testicular developmental stages appear to be irregular in shape after spermiation. Of three functions of the cyst epithelial cell, several characteristics of phagocytosis are showed in the cytoplasm of the cyst epithelial cells in the recovery stage of the testicular developmental stages. At this stage, therefore, it is assumed that the cyst epithelial cells are involved in degeneration and resorption of undischarged germ cells after spermiation.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.119-136
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• 1998

The lipids of milk provide energy and many essential nutrients for the newborn animal. They also have distinctive physical properties that affect the processing of dairy products. Milk fat globules mainly consist of neutral lipids like triacylglycerols, whereas the globule membranes contain the complex lipids mostly, Phospholipids are a small but important fraction of the milk lipids and are found mainly in the milk fat globule membrane and other membranous material in the skim-milk phase. The milk fats of ruminant animals are characterized by the presence of relatively high concentrations of short-chain fatty acids, especially butyric and hexanoic acids, which are rarely found in milks of non-ruminants. The fatty acids of milk lipids arise from de novo synthesis in the mammary gland and uptake from the circulating blood. The fatty acid compositions of milks are usually complex and distinctive, depending on the nature of the fatty acids synthesized de novo in the mammary gland and those received from the diet in each species. The content and composition of milks from different species vary widely; presumably, these are evolutionary adaptations to differing environments. The actual process by which these globules are formed is unkonwn, but there are indications that triglyceride-containing vesicles which bleb from endoplasmic reticulum may serve as nucleation sites for globules. Recent studies on milk have centred on the manipulation of milk lipids to increase specific fatty acids, i.e. 20-carbon omega-3 fatty acids (eicosapentaenoic acid 20:5n3, decosahexaenoic acid 22:6n3) from marine sources because the fatty acids are closely associated with a decreased risk of coronary heart disease.

• The Korean Journal of Zoology
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.57-68
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• 1974

These experiments were performed in order to study histologically and histochemically on the epithelial cells of gall bladder in Carassius carassius, Bufo bufo gargarizans, Natrix tigrina lateralis, Urloncha striata var. domesticus and Bos taurus var. domesticus. The results of the observation were as follows: 1. There were different cell types in the epithelium of gall bladder in each animal and it could not be supported histochemically that the epithelia cells of gall bladder were divided into two cell types of the rod-shaped and barrel-shaped ones. 2. The epithelium of gall bladder in Carassius carassius, Bufo bufo gargarizans, Natrix tigrina lateralis, Urloncha striata var. domesticus and Bos taurus var. domesticus was simple columnar epithelium. 3. The eosinophilities of cytoplasm in the epithelial cells of gall bladder were in uniform stronger in the upper portion of nucleus in Carassius carassius, Bufo bufo gargarizans and Natrix tigrina lateralis than its other portions, and in Urloncha striata var. domesticus and Lepus cuniculus var. domesticus existed uniformly in all portions, but there were many non-eosinophilic cells in Bufo bufo gargarizans and many cells that weakly eosinophilic around nucleus in Bos taurus var. domesticus. 4. The periodic acid Schiff's reactivities in the epithelial cells of gall bladder were different in each other and the epithelial cells in PAS reaction were divided into two cell types of the dark and light ones. There presented the light cells of 6.4%, 4.3% and 3.7% of epithelial cell of gall bladder in Carassius carassius, Bufo bufo gargarizans and Urloncha striata var. domesticus for each other, but were not presented in Natrix tigrina lateralis and Bos taurus var. domesticus. 5. The ninhydrin-Schiff-active proteins were much in the epithelial cells of gall bladder in Bos taurus var. domesticus, Carassius carassius, Urloncha striata var. domesticus and Natrix tigrina lateralis in order and were much in epithelial cells in the upper portion of mucosal folds in Carassius carassius, Urloncha striata var. domesticus and Natrix tigrina lateralis, and the ninhydrin-Schiff-active protein of the epithelium of gall bladder in Bufo bufo gargarizans was uniformly distributed. 6. The epithelial cells of gall bladder in Carassius carassius, Natrix tigrina lateralis, Urloncha striata var. domesticus and Bos taurus var. domesticus had no stain reactivity or weak stain reactivity to neutral fat and all epithelial cells in Bufo bufo gargarizans had strong stain reactivity, though they were different in quantity of epithelial cell portion. 7. The stain reactivities to RNA and DNA were stronger in the epithelial cells of the upper portion of mucosal fold than in those of other portions.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.15-22
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• 2003

Nutritional compositions of three Tochukaso species (Paecilomyces tenuipes hosted by Larva and pupa, Cordyceps militaris, C. sinensis) were compared. Fruiting body and host fractions were separately analyzed. Fruiting body fraction of P. tenuipes (36.6%) hosted by larva was higher than that hosted by pupa (10.2%), an indication that the quality of the former is superior to the latter. Carbohydrate content of C. sinensis (39.6%) was $2.5{\sim}7$ times higher than those of others, probably due to the presence of polysaccharides. Protein and crude lipid contents of C. sinensis and C. militaris were 25.8 and 10.3%, and 75.1 and 3.9%, respectively. C. sinensis showed the lowest Ca content and $30{\sim}75$ times higher Fe content among the samples tested. Vitamin A content of C. militaris was 308.9 IU/100g, two fold higher than those of the other species. Saturated fatty acid content was the highest in P. tenuipes (pupa, 27.7%), whereas unsaturated fatty acid was the highest in P. tenuipes (larva, 83.3%). Aspartic acid, glutamic acid, and glycine were abundant in all species. Cordycepin content of C. militaris was $20{\sim}50$ times higher than those of the other species.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.202-209
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• 2022

The green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, a unicellular haploid eukaryote, has long been used by researchers and industries as a cell factory to produce high value-added microalgae substances using genetic modification. Microalga K01, presumed to be Chlamydomonas, was isolated from 12 freshwater samples from the Chungcheong and Jeolla regions to replace C. reinhardtii, an introduced species currently used in most basic and industrial research. The isolated K01 strain was identified as C. reinhardtii through morphological and phylogenetic studies of the 18S rDNA gene sequence (NCBI accession number KC166137). The growth and lipid content of the isolated C. reinhardtii K01 were compared with three wild and four mutant strains in TAP medium, and it was found that the K01 strain could produce 1.74×10⁷ cells/ml by the third day of culture. The growth rate of C. reinhardtii K01 was 1.5 times faster than UTEX2244, which showed the highest number of cells (1.20×10⁷ cells/ml) among the compared strains. The lipid content of the isolated C. reinhardtii K01 (20.67%) was similar to those of the wild strains, although the fatty acid oleate C18:1 was not detected in the isolated strain but was identified in the seven others. The cell density of the isolated strain increased to 0.87 g/l during a six-day culture in BG11 medium, where nitrate (NaNO₃) was introduced as a nitrogen source, while the seven acquired strains showed almost no cell proliferation.

• Animal Systematics, Evolution and Diversity
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• no.nspc5
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• pp.71-79
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• 2005

Two hypotrichous ciliates inhabiting the representative terrestrial habitats of Jindo Island, Holostichides chardezi Foissner, 1987 and Rigidocortex octonucleatus (Foissner, 1988) are found from Jindo Island. These two species are newly recorded from Korea. The description was based on the observation of living specimens, protargol impregnated specimens and biometric analysis. The morphological variations among the populations of these species were investigated with morphometry. The diagnostic characteristics of these species are as follows: Holostichides chardezi : elongate body flexible and twisted, yellowish subpellicular granules scattered entire cortex, adoral zone of membranelles covering about $28\%$ of body length, left and right rows of mid-ventral cirri paired, left row ended at buccal vertex and right row extending to center of body, no transverse cirri, both marginal rows of cirri not confluent at posterior end, 28-42 macronuclei and 1-5 micronuclei scattered entire body. 3 caudal cirri and 4 dorsal kineties. Rigidocortex octonucleatues: elongate-oval body rigid and not contractile, yellowish cytoplasmic crystals and fat globules densely packed, adoral zone of membranelles covering about $40\%$ of body length, 5 transverse cirri, both marginal rows of cirri not confluent at posterior end, 8 macronuclei longitudinally arranged in median of cell, 3 caudal cirri and 7-10 fragmented dorsal kineties.