• 제목/요약/키워드: 지반침하 위험도

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Experimental Study for Earthquake and Subsidence-resistant Performance Evaluation of iPVC Buried Water Pipe (iPVC 매립 상수도관의 내진 성능 및 내침하 성능 평가를 위한 시험적 연구)

  • Jeon, Bub-Gyu;Chang, Sung-Jin;Kim, Jae-Bong;Ju, Bu-Seog
    • Journal of the Korea institute for structural maintenance and inspection
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    • 제24권1호
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    • pp.16-23
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    • 2020
  • Water pipes are important facilities and consist of pipes of various specifications and materials. The annual average number of earthquakes in Korea is steadily increasing. Therefore, in case of the water pipe, it is estimated necessary to prepare for earthquakes. Damages to the water pipe by the earthquake can cause problems such as water supply and fire suppression, and cause damage to life and property. In Korea, however, it is difficult to find examples of seismic performance evaluation of water pipes based on experimental study. Damage to the water pipes by the earthquake is caused by the displacement-controlled behavior of the ground which is the liquifaction and fault lines. Especially, The damage to the water pipes by the earthquake is concentrated on the joint of the pipe. In particular, piping less than 200mm in diameter was found to be dangerous. Thus, in this study, the seismic and settlement performance of iPVC buried water pipes with fixed joints with a clamp of 150mm was evaluated with a test approach.

Reviewing geology and groundwater change in a fault zone caused by tunnel construction (터널공사에 의한 단층대 지역의 지질 및 지하수 변화 분석)

  • Jeon, Hang-Tak;Hamm, Se-Yeong;Lee, Chung-Mo;Lim, Woo-Ri;Yun, Sul-Min
    • Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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    • 한국수자원학회 2017년도 학술발표회
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    • pp.466-466
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    • 2017
  • 지하공간의 개발과 지하공간의 굴착으로 인한 지표수 및 지하수 시스템의 변화나 굴착면 주위의 지하수 유동 체계의 변화는 터널내로의 지하수 유입, 지표수 고갈을 가져온다. 또한 터널 상부의 지반에서 현지응력의 변화로 인한 지하수 유출은 지표침하, 하천수 및 계곡수 고갈을 발생시킬 수 있다. 그러나, 터널설계 시 비용 및 시간, 현장의 진입조건 등의 제약으로 상세한 지반조사의 실시가 이루어지지 않을 때가 있다. 또한, 터널 공사가 진행되는 중에는 공사기간과 공사비 때문에 별도의 지반조사를 하지 않는다. 그 대신에 터널 막장에서 실시하는 Face Mapping을 토대로 공사를 진행하며, 대규모 위험요소가 발견되지 않는 이상 별도의 비용과 시간을 투입하여 추가 지질 및 지반 조사를 실시하는 경우는 매우 드물다. 연구지역의 지질은 경상분지내 백악기 하양층군의 퇴적암류, 이를 관입/분출한 불국사화강암류 및 제3기 화산암류, 전기 에오세 연일층군에 대비되는 퇴적암류로 구성되어 있다. 이들을 피복하는 제4기 충적 퇴적층은 주로 단층곡과 동측 지괴의 선상지 및 하천을 따라 분포한다. 연구지역에는 폭 100 m 이상의 대규모 단층대가 발달하였으며 제4기 단층운동으로 인한 단층파쇄대가 존재한다. 퇴적암 분포지역에서는 반복층서가 관찰되며 소규모 단층, 단열, 변형띠 등이 연속적으로 발달해 있다. 본 연구에서는 터널공사에 의한 지하수 변화를 확인하기 위하여 현장추적자 시험과 수질분석 및 지하수 모델링을 실시하였다. 현장 수질 분석에 의한 지표수와 지하수 간의 수질의 차이를 보면, 알칼리도를 제외한 대부분의 수질 항목이 서로 유사성을 보인다. 전기전도도(EC), TDS, 알칼리도의 경우 지표수의 수원지에서 터널 내부로 유입이 일어나고 있다. 이는 터널 공사의 영향으로 판단되며, 현장에서 실시한 추적자 시험에서는 추적자의 이동 시간이 매우 빨라 지표 수원지로부터 지표수가 터널내부로 빠른 속도(10시간 이내)로 유입된다고 판단된다. 지하수 모델링 결과, 정상류 상태에서는 지하수가 북동쪽의 높은 고도에서 서남쪽의 낮은 고도로 흐르는 것으로 확인되며, 가뭄시에도 지하수 함양으로 지하수가 고갈되지는 않는 것으로 나타났다. 부정류 상태 모델링 결과, 일일 평균 $32.49m^3$의 지하수가 터널 내부로 유입되는 것으로 산정되었다. 이 양은 터널 내부뿐만 아니라 터널 공사 현장 주위로도 지하수 유출이 일어나고 있음을 지시한다.

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Overall risk analysis of shield TBM tunnelling using Bayesian Networks (BN) and Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) (베이지안 네트워크와 AHP (Analytic Hierarchy Process)를 활용한 쉴드 TBM 터널 리스크 분석)

  • Park, Jeongjun;Chung, Heeyoung;Moon, Joon-Bai;Choi, Hangseok;Lee, In-Mo
    • Journal of Korean Tunnelling and Underground Space Association
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    • 제18권5호
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    • pp.453-467
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    • 2016
  • Overall risks that can occur in a shield TBM tunnelling are studied in this paper. Both the potential risk events that may occur during tunnel construction and their causes are identified, and the causal relationship between causes and events is obtained in a systematic way. Risk impact analysis is performed for the potential risk events and ways to mitigate the risks are summarized. Literature surveys as well as interviews with experts were made for this purpose. The potential risk events are classified into eight categories: cuttability reduction, collapse of a tunnel face, ground surface settlement and upheaval, spurts of slurry on the ground, incapability of mucking and excavation, and water leakage. The causes of these risks are categorized into three areas: geological, design and construction management factors. Bayesian Networks (BN) were established to systematically assess a causal relationship between causes and events. The risk impact analysis was performed to evaluate a risk response level by adopting an Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) with the consideration of the downtime and cost of measures. Based on the result of the risk impact analysis, the risk events are divided into four risk response levels and these levels are verified by comparing with the actual occurrences of risk events. Measures to mitigate the potential risk events during the design and/or construction stages are also proposed. Result of this research will be of the help to the designers and contractors of TBM tunnelling projects in identifying the potential risks and for preparing a systematic risk management through the evaluation of the risk response level and the migration methods in the design and construction stage.

Estimation of the Deformation Modulus for a Fault Zone using Crown Settlements Measured During Tunnel Excavation (터널 굴착 중 측정된 천단변위를 이용한 단층대의 변형계수 산정)

  • Yun, Hyun-Seok;Moon, Seong-Woo;Song, Gyu-Jin;Seo, Yong-Seok;Kim, Ji-Soo;Woo, Sang-Baik
    • The Journal of Engineering Geology
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    • 제24권2호
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    • pp.227-235
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    • 2014
  • The deformation modulus is one of the essential factors in determining ground behavior and safety during tunnel excavation. In this study, we conducted a back-analysis using crown settlements measured during tunnel excavation, using a horizontal inclinometer on a fault zone of pegmatite, and calculated the deformation modulus of the fault zone. This deformation modulus calculation was then compared with deformation moduli found through established relationships that use the correlation between RMR and the deformation modulus, as well as the results of pressure-meter tests. The deformation moduli calculated by back-analysis differs significantly from the deformation moduli determined through established relationships, as well as the results from pressure-meter tests conducted across the study area. Furthermore, the maximum crown settlements derived from numerical analysis conducted by applying deformation moduli determined by these established relationships and the pressure-meter tests produced noticeable differences. This result indicates that in the case of a weak rock mass, such as a fault zone, it is inappropriate to estimate the deformation modulus using preexisting relationships, and caution must be taken when considering the geological and geotechnical characteristics of weak rock.

A Study on the Urethane Foam Material Characteristics and Appropriate Soil Covering for Mine Reclamation Emergency Action through Atificial Fire Test (인공 화재 실험을 통한 광해방지 응급조치용 우레탄 폼 재료 특성 및 적정 복토에 관한 연구)

  • Kim, Soo Lo;Park, Jay Hyun;Lee, Jin Soo;Yang, In Jae
    • Economic and Environmental Geology
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    • 제53권3호
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    • pp.287-296
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    • 2020
  • Mine Reclamation Project is being carried out with the aim of ensuring a sustainable green living and helping to develop eco-friendly mines by analyzing, removing and preventing the harmful factors. Mines developed during the japanese colonial period and mining boom period are still not repaired throughout the country, and from these scattered risks, public safety is worth pursuing as a top priority. The project that is close to public safety in the mine recalmation project is an emergency treatment, and the most widely used method is a filling method similar to the ground subsidence prevention. If dangerous mine cavity or tunnels are located in the mountains, charging with existing materials may not be possible, or unreasonable cases may occur, and new methods of technological development are required. Emergency actions should be carried out safely and efficiently to prevent the loss of precious people's lives on the hiking paths adjacent to dangerous mining sites. In these field conditions, urethane foam materials may be an alternative. In this study, the applicability of urethane foam materials in mining was reviewed through overseas cases. It was also tested on the appropriate depth of top soil for the protection of urethane foam materials through forest fire simulation test. The test result show that approximately 15cm of soil covering (recommended 20cm over) was suitable for maintaining the function of foam materials from forest fires.

Hydraulic Experiment on Roughness Coefficient of PE pipe (폴리에틸렌관의 조도계수에 관한 수리모형실험)

  • Dongwoo Ko;Byeong Wook Lee;Jae-Seon Yoon;Hyun-Gu Song
    • Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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    • 한국수자원학회 2023년도 학술발표회
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    • pp.288-288
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    • 2023
  • 도로, 철도 등의 횡단통로, 오폐수관로, 지하배수관 등 연약지반에서 상재하중과 부등침하에 의한 파괴 위험을 줄이기 위해 구조적인 안전성과 내구성이 개선된 다양한 관로들이 활용되고 있다. 관은 매설특성에 따라 콘크리트관, 도관, 합성수지관, 덕타일 주철관, 파형강관, 유리섬유 강화 플라스틱과 폴리에스테르수지 콘크리트관 등의 종류로 구분된다(환경부, 2017). 수리설계 시 이러한 관의 단면 규모 결정 및 흐름 특성을 파악하기 위해 관수로 유량측정에 이용되는 Manning의 경험식을 이용하고 있으며, 관로의 주요 재질에 따른 다양한 조도계수가 제시되어 있다. 새로운 재질을 이용하여 제작된 관은 수리실험을 통해 조도계수를 결정하는 것이 바람직하지만, 조도계수 실험은 대규모의 실험시설과 유량공급이 요구되기 때문에 여러 한계가 있다. PE관의 경우, 미국의 ASTM 표준에 의해 저밀도 폴리에틸렌(LDPE), 선형 저밀도 폴리에틸렌(LLDPE), 고밀도 폴리에틸렌(HDPE) 등으로 분류되는데 본 연구에서는 HDPE 재질의 서로 직경이 다른 다중벽관 PE관을 대상으로 조도계수를 결정하기 위한 현장 실규모 수리실험을 수행하였다. 본 실험에서는 식생, 수로의 불규칙성, 수로노선, 침전과 세굴, 장애물, 계절적 변화, 부유물질과 소류사는 무시되며 표면조도, 관의 크기와 형상, 수위와 유량이 조도계수에 영향을 미치는 주요 인자라고 할 수 있다. 수리실험은 실물모형(Prototype)으로 한국농어촌공사 농어촌연구원의 대형수리모형실험장에서 수행되었으며. 길이 24 m, 직경 150 mm의 PE 관은 고정식 개수로, 직경 800 mm의 관은 대형유사순환수로에 각각 설치되었다. 관로의 전면에 차폐막을 설치하여 상류부 수위를 안정시킨 상태에서 실험을 수행하였고, 차폐막으로부터 하류방향으로 약 7 m(측정기준지점), 11 m, 13 m, 15 m, 17 m 떨어진 곳에서 각각 수위와 유속을 측정하였다. 실험 결과, φ150관은 직경대비 수심이 클수록 조도계수가 감소하는 경향이 나타났고, φ800관은 직경대비 수심의 변화에 따른 조도계수의 경향이 크게 드러나지 않았다. 결론적으로 PE관의 조도계수는 수심별로 변화하는 것으로 나타났으며, 특정 수심을 지나면 조도계수가 다시 감소할 것으로 판단된다.

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Assessment of Liquefaction Potential Using Correlation between Shear Wave Velocity and Normalized LPI on Urban Areas of Seoul and Gyeongju (정규화LPI와 전단파 속도의 상관관계를 활용한 서울과 경주 지역 액상화 위험도 평가)

  • Song, Young Woo;Chung, Choong Ki;Park, Ka Hyun;Kim, Min Gi
    • KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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    • 제38권2호
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    • pp.357-367
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    • 2018
  • Recent earthquakes in Gyeongju and Pohang have raised interest in liquefaction in South Korea. Liquefaction, which is a phenomenon that excessive pore pressure is generated and the shear strength of soil is decreased by repeated loads such as earthquakes, causes severe problems such as ground subsidence and overturning of structures. Therefore, it is necessary to identify and prepare for the possibility of liquefaction in advance. In general, the possibility of liquefaction is quantitatively assessed using the Liquefaction Potential Index (LPI), but it takes a lot of time and effort for performing site response analysis which is essential for the liquefaction evaluation. In this study, a simple method to evaluate the liquefaction potential without executing the site response analysis in a downtown area with a lot of borehole data was proposed. In this simple method, the correlation between the average shear wave velocity of the target location ground and the LPI divided by thickness of liquefiable layer was established. And the applicable correlation equation for various rock outcrop accelerations were derived. Using the 104 boreholes information in Seoul, the correlation equation between LPI and the shear wave velocity (ground water level: 0m, 1m, 2m, 3m) is obtained and the possibility of liquefaction occurrence in Seoul and Gyeongju is evaluated. The applicability of the proposed simple method was verified by comparing the LPI values calculated from the correlation equation and the LPI values derived using the existing site response analysis. Finally, the distribution map of LPI calculated from the correlation was drawn using Kriging, a geostatistical technique.

A Design and Implementation of Floor Detection Application Using RC Car Simulator (RC카 시뮬레이터를 이용한 바닥 탐지 응용 설계 및 구현)

  • Lee, Yoona;Park, Young-Ho;Ihm, Sun-Young
    • KIPS Transactions on Software and Data Engineering
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    • 제8권12호
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    • pp.507-516
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    • 2019
  • Costs invested in road maintenance and road development are on the rise. However, due to accidents such as portholes and ground subsidence, the risks to the drivers' safety and the material damage caused by accidents are also increasing. Following this trend, we have developed a system that determines road damage, according to the magnitude of vibration generated without directly intervening the driver when driving. In this paper, we implemented the system using a remote control car (RC car) simulator due to the limitation of the environment in which the actual vehicle is not available in the process of developing the system. In addition, we attached a vibration sensor and GPS sensor to the body of the RC car simulator to measure the vibration value and location information generated by the movement of the vehicle in real-time while driving, and transmitting the corresponding data to the server. In this way, we implemented a system that allows external users to check the damage of roads and the maintenance of the repaired roads based on data more easily than the existing systems. By using this system, we can perform early prediction of road breakage and pattern prediction based on the data. Further, for the RC car simulator, commercialization will be possible by combining it with business in other fields that require flatness.