• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.49 no.4
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• pp.196-217
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• 2016

This study was conducted to identify the state of conservation of the national paper heritages and to seek ways of conservation management, focusing on regular monitoring directly performed by the government on the national movable cultural heritages. Subjects for the investigation were limited to investigations conducted by both the Cultural Heritage Conservation Center and the Artistic Heritage Division in 2014 and 2015. Paper heritages are easily affected by temperature, humidity, lighting, etc. due to the nature of the material and can easily be damaged by physical strength; therefore stable conservation environment is essential and regular investigation on movable cultural heritages conducted according to the Cultural Heritage Protection Act is necessary to protect from contamination, being torn, bending, friction, or loss. Losing a chance for timely proper treatment will bring irrevocable result therefore strict management is necessary; continuous monitoring is also needed after treatment. Analysis on the pigments, materials and structures, detailed investigation, data establishment for conservation of cultural heritages and regular investigation should be done. Detailed data on the national cultural heritages will be a base of more reasonable conservation management system for the national paper heritages and will realize continuous improvement on regular investigation practice.

• Conservation Science in Museum
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• v.3
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• pp.21-27
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• 2001

In National Central Museum, we recently preserved paper cultural assets, such as ancient maps, books and antique documents etc, to prepare "A Dynamic World of External Relations in Goryeo & Joseon Dynasty". The paper cultural assets generally react sensitively to their environments; temperature, humidity, light and physical force acting. Biological damages, which are caused by microbe, contraction, swelling and damage from insects occurred. Wrinkles on relics, which are made my physical force, stains on relics which are due to moisture, weakening of adhesive strength and damages from insects were found during the recent preservation handling. Therefore we are trying to find out any damage, which could be occurred in paper cultural assets and introduce brief emergency operation to prevent the damages and develop the preservation handling.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.19
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• pp.247-256
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• 1986

• Conservation Science in Museum
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• v.6
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• pp.73-83
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• 2005

To understand the influence of wet cleaning performed in the course of preserving paper items, the change of matter properties by before and after wet cleaning was observed. Specifically, structural and optical qualities and strength were measured. The result showed that wet cleaning caused a substance change in the paper items and particularly weakened the structure material of pigments, Chinese ink, dyes, etc.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.35 no.5
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• pp.416-429
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• 2019

Bongchae is primarily employed for toning, which is the last step in the conservation treatment of paper's cultural properties. The objective of this study is to identify the coloring patterns of four types of Bongchae(Bonram, Gamboge, Yeonji, and Daeja) and determine the associated color change patterns through accelerated aging experiments. By examining the coloring patterns, it is observed that Yeonji, Bonram, and Daeja are painted as particles, whereas Gamboge indicates a close state of coating. Results obtained from X-ray diffraction analysis of Bongchae indicate that the presence of quartz, calcite, and pyrophyllite can be equally detected in Bonram, Yeonji, and Daeja. Additionally, the presence of goethite is also detected in Daeja. Gamboge becomes discolored from yellow to orange color during wet thermal aging, and Gamboge and Yeonji become decolorized during UV irradiation aging. Hence, cultural properties of paper colored with Gamboge can be predicted to become discolored to orange color by alkalis and can be darkened by UV rays because the decolorization of Gamboge and Yeonji occurs preferentially.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.16 s.16
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• pp.27-38
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• 2004

This study was performed to characterize historical paper artefacts from 16th to 19th century from Chungbuk National University Museum (CNUM) in Korea. In order to know the fiber composition, surface features and fiber orientation in historic paper artefacts, LM, SEM and EDX analysis observations were applied. Based on tested results, it was concluded that Korean historic papers from 16 to 19th century were made of paper mulberry fibers called dak, which had 2.79-16.03 m of fiber lengthes and $4.5-26{\mu}m$ of lumen widthes, and they were relatively well preserved. According to EDX analysis, the examined papers differed to the contents of inorganics. High contents of S, Si, Ca, P and Al refer to use fillers, such as gypsum, clay and talc, for paper artifacts. In particular, half of samples contained some amounts of S, Cl and Fe. Since those inorganics might be potentially harmful for the paper permanency, therefore it should be considered special restoration measures from the preservation point of view.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.549-554
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• 2002

The hydrolysis of old book(Hanji) was performed using endoglucanase Ⅰ(endo Ⅰ), and exoglucanase II(exe II) and their mixtures purified from Trichoderma viride cellulase. The optimum degradation of old book(Hanji) with endo Ⅰ, exo II and endo-exo mixture(Ⅰ：Ⅰ) were exhibited at pH 4.5, 5.5, 5.0, respectively. Maximum degradations using endo Ⅰ, exo II and endo-exo mixture(Ⅰ：Ⅰ) occurred at 50$\^{C}$. The yield decreased an increasing the enzyme concentration. Especially, the yield was lowest for treatment with the endo Ⅰ-exo II mixture(Ⅰ：Ⅰ), which may be regarded as being due to a synergistic action of the cellulase components. Physical strength increased with increasing exo II concentration, and decreased with increasing concentration of endoglucanase Ⅰ. These results indicated that the degradation of old book(Hanji) depends largely upon the action of endoglucanase. Therefore, the most effective method of conserving paper cultural properties is to repress the action of endoglucanase.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.46 no.1
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• pp.228-237
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• 2013

Paper relics are affected by a number of complex physical, chemical, biological and artificial damaging factors due to the vulnerability of organic materials. Wet cleaning is a conservation treatment method for removing pollutants from paper artefacts. This study was carried out in order to analyse the effect of wet cleaning on Hanji (Traditional Korean paper made from mulberry trees) which is the main material used in Korean paper relics (historical paper documents). For this study, the color change and folding endurance of artificially degraded paper was analysed before and after immersion wet cleaning. The result showed that washing each twice in 30 minutes is the most appropriate method for obtaining cleaning efficiency and material stability.

• 보존과학연구
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• s.18
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• pp.123-128
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• 1997

• 보존과학연구
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• s.18
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• pp.1-21
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• 1997