• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.48 no.1
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• pp.27-33
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• 2005

Purpose : To determine incidence, characteristics and risk factors associated with intrauterine intraventricular hemorrhage(IU-IVH) among premature infants. Methods : The medical records of infants with intraventricular hemorrhage(IVH) admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit of Asan Medical Center from January 1999 to June 2003 were reviewed retrospectively. Infants whose IVH with cystic change were detected within five days of life were defined as the IU-IVH group. The control group included those without any IVH. Various maternal and neonatal factors were evaluated between the IU-IVH and control groups, and risk factors for IU-IVH were identified using multiple logistic regression analysis. Results : The incidence of IU-IVH was 49/1024(15.9%). Mothers who are younger, primiparous, use less antenatal steroid, and neonates with greater incidence of neonatal respiratory distress syndrome, had higher incidences of IU-IVH compared to neonates with normal neurosonography. Risk factors associated with IU-IVH included neonatal respiratory distress syndrome and placenta infarct by placenta biopsy. Most infants with IU-IVH were ${\geq}1,501g$, ${\geq}34$ weeks gestational age and had low grade IVH. The size of the cysts associated with IU-IVH remained the same or disappeared in 96 %. IU-IVH does not seem to affect short-term neurodevelopmental outcome although a longer period of follow-up is needed. Conculusion : IU-IVH occurred mostly in ${\geq}1,501g$, ${\geq}34$ weeks infants with grade I IVH without developmental delays. However, the high incidence of total IVH merits more attention in terms of awareness of its existence as an unusual IVH among premature infants.

• 한국벤처창업학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2008.11a
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• pp.257-282
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• 2008

RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) is regarded as a core technology of ubiquitous computing. Although it has some technical limitations such as technological standardization of RFID tags as well as economical limitations, many companies around the world have already accepted RFID to improve their management efficiency. In this regard, this study is to meet with results that the adoption of RFID technology willbring opportunities that companies' operational process are improved and customer satisfaction is highly strengthened. This research focuses on providing more understanding for building RFID marketing strategy to suppliers who want to sell their RFID products to customers through analyzing purchasing process. The findings are as follows; First, the study shows that buying center members usually take product reliability and precision of technical specification in the case of new-task buying situation while they put their first purchasing priority on prices in the straight rebuy. Second, the finding presents that in new-task buying situation and the straight rebuy purchasing personnel get information about new products through product performance test, organizational engineers, opinions from other companies' purchasing personnel, and checking out samples. Third, this research demonstrates when it comes to purchasing risk in their first purchasing, the persons who are in charge of material purchasing are inclined to be aware of the risk most in technical problems, followed by financial problems and time delay problems in order. And in addition to those risks are mentioned above, once-again-purchasers take the risk like an opportunity loss for better products into consideration. Fourth, the study shows that the role of concerning departments makes no difference in each purchasing stage. Accordingly marketers need to beef up the differentiated strategy to persuade their customers. Fifth, the findings of this study demonstrate that purchasing decision making is much influenced by the final users. So suppliers are supposed to perform the most active marketing strategy at the first stage of purchasing through various resources. Finally, the study presents that the suppliers who will have had close relationships with their customers need to give consistent information to them so that their customers can have lower motive in purchasing products from competitors.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.188-193
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• 2004

The symptom expressions such as yellowish and mosaic spots in overwintering barley have been considered to be a damage by cold or water. However, it had revealed that the symptom expressions were caused by viruses throughout three year nationwide surveys. Barley yellow mosaic virus (BaYMV), Barley mild mosaic virus (BaMMV), and Soil-borne wheat mosaic virus (SBWMV) was detected in 2001-2003 and Barley yellow dwarf virus-MA V (BYDV -MA V) from field samples collected on March in 2003. The results of investigation showed that the incidence of BaYMV was more than 70％ and that of BaMMV and SBWMV was 15.7-37.4％ and 0.7-10.1 ％ in three year surveys, respectively. The incidence of BYDV-MAV was approximately 1 ％ in 2003 only. The distribution of BaYMV was relatively uniform throughout barley fields in Korea, but the incidence of the virus in Gyunggi Province was as low as 19％ compared to 65-85％ in the rest of regions. On the other hand, 70％ of BaMMV was found to be in the west south regions of Korea, Jeonbuk and Jeonnam Provinces. Taken together, both BaYMV and BaMMV were thought to be dominant casual agents in overwintering barley by either single or mixed infections. Previous survey data for BaYMV from 1994 to 1996 indicated that the incidence of the virus was approximately 40％ in Jeonbuk, Jeonnam, and Gyungnam Provinces. Thus, comparing with the results from the recent nationwide survey, the incidence of BaYMV had been rapidly increasing in overwintering barley fields in the southern part of Korea.

• Journal of Nuclear Fuel Cycle and Waste Technology(JNFCWT)
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.169-179
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• 2011

There are two types of nuclear reactors in Korea and they are PWR type and CANDU type. The safe management of the spent fuels from these reactors is very important factor to maintain the sustainable energy supply with nuclear power plant. In Korea, a reference disposal system for the spent fuels has been developed through a study on the direct disposal of the PWR and CANDU spent fuel. Recently, the research on the demonstration and the efficiency analyses of the disposal system has been performed to make the disposal system safer and more economic. PWR spent fuels which include a lot of reusable material can be considered being recycled and a study on the disposal of HLW from this recycling process is being performed. CANDU spent fuels are considered being disposed of directly in deep geological formation, since they have little reusable material. In this study, based on the Korean Reference spent fuel disposal System (KRS) which was to dispose of both PWR type and CANDU type, the more effective CANDU spent fuel disposal systems were developed. To do this, the disposal canister for CANDU spent fuels was modified to hold the storage basket for 60 bundles which is used in nuclear power plant. With these modified disposal canister concepts, the disposal concepts to meet the thermal requirement that the temperature of the buffer materials should not be over $100^{\circ}C$ were developed. These disposal concepts were reviewed and analyzed in terms of disposal effective factors which were thermal effectiveness, U-density, disposal area, excavation volume, material volume etc. and the most effective concept was proposed. The results of this study will be used in the development of various wastes disposal system together with the HLW wastes from the PWR spent fuel recycling process.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.211-224
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• 1996

The patients of developmental dislocation of the hip(DDH) are almost found after walking age because of early diagnosis of DDH in younger children is not easy. A controversy still exists as to the relative value of closed and operative management in the treatment of a child who has reached walking age. This study is a report of the results of 16 patients(17 cases) in developmental dislocation of the hip who have visited our hospital at the age of 9 months to 3 years old, and have been followed more than 12 months (12-112 months) on review of plain radiographs and arthrograms. The results were as follows : 1. The age at diagnosis was 16.4 months(9-31 months) in average. The methods of treatment were conservative for 8 cases, and operation for 4 cases and secondary operation for 5 cases who were failed with conservative therapy. 2. By Severin's radiologic grade, the result was good in 4 cases, fair in 3 cases and poor in 1 case in conservative treatment. In operative treatment, fair was in 2 cases and poor in 2 cases. In secondary operative patients who were failed with conservative therapy, good was in 2 cases, fair in 2 cases and poor in 1 case. 3. Avascular necrosis of femoral head was developed in 3 cases. 4. In the good reduction as determined by arthrogram according to Race and Herring, we can get a favorable result in conservative treatment, and in the poor reduction as determined by arthrogram, the better result in operative treatment can be expected.

• Journal of Nuclear Fuel Cycle and Waste Technology(JNFCWT)
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.217-224
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• 2008

In deep geological disposal system, the integrity of a disposal canister having spent fuels is very important factor to assure the safety of the repository system. This disposal canister is one element of the engineered barriers to isolate and to delay the radioactivity release from human beings and the environment for a long time so that the toxicity does not affect the environment. The main requirement in designing the deep geological disposal system is to keep the buffer temperature below 100$^{\circ}C$ by the decay heat from the spent fuels in the canister in order to maintain the integrity of the buffer material. Also, the disposal canister can endure the hydraulic pressure in the depth of 500 m and the swelling pressure of the bentonite as a buffer. In this study, new concept of the disposal canister for the CANDU spent fuels which were considered to be disposed without any treatment was developed and the thermal stability and the structural integrity of the canister were analysed. The result of the thermal analysis showed that the temperature of the buffer was 88.9$^{\circ}C$ when 37 years have passed after emplacement of the canister and the spacings of the disposal tunnel and the deposition holes were 40 m and 3 m, respectively. In the case of structural analysis, the result showed that the safety factors of the normal and the extreme environment were 2.9 and 1.33, respectively. So, these results reveal that the canister meets the thermal and the structural requirements in the deep geological disposal system.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.143-156
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• 2015

The literature data of the mass concentrations of TSP, $PM_{10}$, and $PM_{2.5}$, and chemical composition of $PM_{2.5}$ (sulfate, nitrate, ammonium, OC, and EC) from 1985 and 2013 at Seoul were collected and the temporal trends were discussed in relation with the policy directions. Generally, the mass concentrations of TSP, $PM_{10}$, and $PM_{2.5}$ at Seoul have showed decreasing trends. However, it is not clear what might be the major reason(s) for the trends. The concentrations of ionic component in $PM_{2.5}$ showed different trends, sulfate being reduced during the 1990s but no trend during the 2000s. The concentrations of nitrate and ammonium were increasing during the 2000s. The concentrations of OC show no apparent trend while that of EC decreased. Further policy directions are suggested based on the temporal trends of the chemical composition in $PM_{2.5}$.

• Korean Security Journal
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• no.9
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• pp.99-131
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• 2005

Terrorism which became today's common phenomena over the world is one of the most serious threats the world confront. Although International society make and operate outstanding anti-terrorism system, terror would never end without solving fundamental problems. The main body of terrorism converts from nation to organization and from organization to cell, which makes it difficult for us to recognize the main body. Since the target of today's new terrorism is many and unspecified persons, terrorists will never hesitate to use mass destruction weapons such as nuclear, biological, chemical weapons, and also use cyber-technique or cyber-terrorism. So, effective counter-terrorism measures should be performed as follows. First, it must be better for international society should make long-time plan of solving fundamental problems of terrorism other than to operate directly on terror organization and its means. Second, preventive method should be made. The most effective method of eradicating terrorism is prevention. For this, it is necessary to remove environmental elements of terrorism and terrorist bases, and to stop inflow of money and mass destruction weapons to terrorists. Third, integrated anti-terror organization should be organized and operated for continuous counter-terrorism operations. Also international alliance for anti-terrorism should be maintained to share informations and measures. Fourth, concerned department in the government should prepare counter-terrorism plans in their own parts as follows and make efforts to integrate the plans. - Ministry of Government Administration and Home Affairs : conventional terror - Ministry of Health and Welfare : bio-terror - Ministry of Science and Technology : nuclear-terror Especially, they should convert their policy and operation from post-terror actions to pre-terror actions, designate terror as national disaster and organize integrated emergency response organization including civil, government, and military elements. In conclusion, pre-terror activities and remedy of fundamental causes is the best way to prevent terror. Also, strengthening of intelligence activities, international cooperations, and preventive and comprehensive counter-measures must not ignored.

• Management & Information Systems Review
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.57-79
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• 2016

It is required to derive various conclusions by identifying the type of power and the relationship between SCMs and presenting practical implications. Thus, we can identify the differential effects of each type of power on SCM performance. We can contribute to develop the practical implications at more sophisticated multi-dimension by comparing results of this study with various SCM theories. Through previous studies, the source of power is largely divided into binding power and non-binding power. Binding power is classified into behavior coercion, binding reward and relationship legitimacy. Non-binding power is classified into work expertise, information superiority and value compliance. Enterprises should fully understand and recognize partners within supply chains including understanding of the source of power, imbalance and results. Thus, we look into types of power and effects on trust and commitment, and identify a causal relationship leading to collaboration and SCM performance. Specific research results are as follows. First, the binding power did not give a significant effect to the trust. However, the binding power gave a positively(+) significant effect to the commitment. Second, non-binding power showed a significant effect on both trust and commitment. As a result of analysis on total effects, it was shown that non-binding power gave indirect effects to collaboration and SCM performance. Third, it was shown that both trust and commitment significantly affected collaboration. From the perspectives of social exchange theory and trading cost theory among inter-organizational relationship theory, it may lead to SCM performance of trust, commitment and collaboration. Moreover, it was found that association of each attribute of power led to the significant result. Fourth, it was shown that trust and collaboration significantly affected SCM performance. However, commitment did not directly affect SCM performance, but it indirectly significantly affected SCM performance through collaboration. Proper use of this power can firmly build partnerships between members of the supply chain and induce the improvement on supply chain performance and satisfaction of members.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.54 no.3
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• pp.283-294
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• 2003

Introduction : Rapidly growing nontuberculous mycobacteria (RGM) can produce numerous types of manifestations including a pulmonary infection. Managing a pulmonary infection due to RGM is unusually difficult to treat because the organism is invariably resistant to traditional antituberculous drugs and has a varying susceptibility to other antibiotics. The experiences of treatments for a RGM pulmonary infection with various antibiotics are also limited. This study evaluated the clinical manifestations, treatment, and the therapeutic outcomes of a RGM pulmonary infection. Subjects and method : Fifty-four cases with RGM from respiratory specimens were identified between November of 1996 and September of 2002 in the Asan medical center. The medical records and radiographic findings in 20 patients who fulfilled the diagnostic criteria of nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) pulmonary disease by ATS guidelines. The clinical, laboratory, and radiological parameters between subgroups. Results : Of the 20 patients, 15 were female. The mean age was 57.7 yrs (${\pm}7.5$), and all of the patients had a history of pulmonary tuberculosis. Most (90%) had an underlying lung disease. The majority of the isolates (80%) were M. abscessus. Chest radiography showed bilateral involvement in 80% of the patients. Bronchiectasis and multiple nodules were the main findings. Cavitation was present in 35% of the patients. Even though 70 % of the patients received antituberculous drugs prior to the correct diagnosis, all of the patients eventually received antibiotics. A mean of 3.5 antibiotics were given for an average of 439 days(${\pm}168$). After completing treatment, nine patients showed improvement after a mean 591(${\pm}311$) days of treatment, whereas the antibiotic treatment was unsuccessful in 2 patients. Conclusion : Many patients with a RGM pulmonary infection show an atypical pattern of radiological findings (bronchiectasis and multiple centrilobular nodules). It is very important to differentiate between M. tuberculosis and NTM and to identify the causative organisms among the NTM because a misdiagnosis can lead to an inappropriate and prolonged treatment. Combined antibiotic treatment yielded promising results, and is recommended for treating patients with a RGM pulmonary infection.