• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.71-76
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• 2001

Recently, sludge disposal becomes one of the most serious environmental problems. Because the landfilling and ocean dumping of sludge materials will be prohibited in the near future, the proper treatment?disposal methods should be investigated. Also, oyster shells, piled at the coast, cause adverse effects in coastal fishery, public water surface, natural landscape, public health and so on. Thus, the purpose of this study is to evaluate the dissolution characteristic of metal compounds during soil application experiment using sewage treatment sludge mixed with oyster shells. The dissolution experiment conducted 100days under artificial rainfall and farming soil, mixed with sewage treatment sludge and oyster shells, was put into the pots(approx. 0.5L). The results from dissolution experiment as follows. 1. K, Na was $5{\sim}20mg/{\ell}$, and Ca was less than $90mg/{\ell}$. 2. Heavy metals such as Cd, Cu, As, Pb, Cr, Hg are dissoluted far less than the soil pollution guideline. The application of sewage sludge mixed with oyster shells increases pH(soil acidity)and buffer capacity(CEC) of farming soil, and heavy metals are thought to be attached to soil as insoluble forms.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.157-164
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• 2009

The metals such as Al, Ag, Au, Cu, Cd, Co, Fe, Ni, Pb, Zn, etc are present at very low concentration in seawater and are classified as so-called trace metals. Whiles some of them are used in metabolism of living organism as a micronutrient, they may show toxic effects on organisms in case of a limited threshold concentration of them Plenty of studies on trace metals have been performed bemuse trace metals have a persistent influence and an adverse effect on marine environment and ecosystem. For long years, when the concentration of trace metals in natural waters such as seawater and fresh water are measured with high precision and accuracy, some systematic errors have been recognized to be present in measurements. Since 1975 in US and European countries, the measured concentration of trace metals in seawater have been found to be lower by factors of 10-1,000 than the previous data of trace metals measurements and the vertical profiles of the measurements have been shown to reflect well-known biological, physical and geochemical processes. These results are attributed to great advances in analytical instrumentation and methodology for trace metals measurements. Precautions against the contamination of samples are required to be taken in the process of sampling, storage, and analysis of samples. However, in Korea, erroneous data of trace metals with regard to ocean and marine environment related survey and investigations are reported The lock of exact understanding and information regarding precautions in sampling, storage and analysis of samples lead to the deterioration of data quality, especially in the analysis of trace metals. The major procedures to obtain the accurate data of trace metals in natural waters are introduced for applying to the study and assessment of marine environments.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.460-473
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• 2017

In order to certificate the contamination assessment of heavy metals in surface sediments from the Nakdong river. Surface sediments were collected of 24 sampling sites (main 14st., tributary 10st.) and analyzed for grain size heavy metals contents. Study area mainly composed of sand (avg. 94.1%) and mean grain size was $1.46{\Phi}$ on average. Heavy metals contents (avg. Al: 12.5%, Zn; 74.4, Cr: 45.3, Li: 26.0, Pb: 17.1, Ni: 10.5, Cu: 7.8, Cd: 0.22 mg/kg) were relatively high contents in the composed of fine sediments. In addition, the results of pearson's correlation coefficient showed that most heavy metals and grain size (silt and clay) were highly correlated. The contents of Zn (6st.) and Ni (1st.) evaluated as moderately polluted, Zn (6st.) evaluated as LEL when compared with sediment quality standard of USEPA and Ontario sediment quality guidelines. Most heavy metals contents were I levels that dose not affected the benthos when compared with sediment pollution evaluation standard of NIER. The results of EX, EF, Igeo and CF showed the contents of Zn, Pb and Cd exceed the background contents and distributing of anthropogenic pollution and evaluated as moderately polluted level. And Nm-08 were relatively high level of contamination in the study area. However as results of PLI (less than 1), all sampling sites were evaluated unpolluted level.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.19 no.9
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• pp.355-361
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• 2018

Mining is important as a national key industry that supplies energy and raw materials that are the basis for industrial development. On the other hand, mine development is necessarily accompanied by mineralization, for example, ground subsidence, heavy metal pollution, and water pollution. The mine hazard has a large range of damage, and it takes much time and cost to recover. In addition, there is a need for systematic mining management in order to prevent damages from occurring continuously. In this study, the present status of domestic mining industry and geospatial information construction technology for mining management were investigated. 95% of the mines surveyed were nonmetallic, and limestone mines accounted for 67%, and the constructed mine spatial information is not constructed with 3D geospatial information due to 2D current status, section, and geological map. Considering the results of the survey and analysis of 3D laser scanner and characteristics of Korean mine, handheld scanner is considered to be the most suitable method for constructing mine geospatial information. In addition, the data acquired through the 3D laser scanner can effectively visualize the object, and it can contribute to the systematic management of mining because it can be used for various purposes such as generation of drawings and calculation of volume.

• Journal of Energy Engineering
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.215-220
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• 2010

Hydrogen is a clean and efficient energy source and is expected to take an important role in future energy demand. A possibly good route to produce hydrogen is by using biomass and organic wastes as a source through thermo-chemical conversion technology. In this study, pyrolysis of wood Pellet(Oregon pine) has been carried out in batch type fixed-bed reactor in $N_2$ atmosphere during 20 minutes to determine the optimum hydrogen generating conditions. At the influence of temperature, hydrogen yield was increased with increasing temperature. For the influence of Steam/Biomass Ratio(SBR), hydrogen yield was increased by steam addition at low temperature condition. However, effect of steam addition was insignificant over at SBR = 1. The hydrogen yield was increased with increasing SBR at high temperature condition. From result of $H_2$/CO and $H_2/CH_4$ ratio, dominant reaction was steam reforming in this experimental condition. The optimum condition for hydrogen production was determined as follows: $H_2$ yield = 38.3 vol.% (56.01 L/min kg) at $900^{\circ}C$, SBR=3.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Groundwater Environment
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.223-232
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• 1998

The Okmyong Waste Landfill which is one of major industrial waste landfills in Korea has been used for 10 years since January, 1988. The groundwater in range of 2∼3 km from the landfill is a little acidic and has high concentrations of EC, NO$_3$, and SO$_4$ because of acidic rain in Pohang. The groundwater pattern in Piper's trilinear diagram belongs to Ca-SO$_4$and Na-SO$_4$types, but Ca-SO$_4$type is more predominant. The groundwater of five monitoring wells at the landfill area is a litle alkaline and has high concentrations of TS, COD, Na, Cl, SO$_4$, Alkalinity and F because of the effect of the leachates. They also have high heavy metals of Mn, Zn, Pb, Cr and Ni but toxic organic compounds are not detected. Their groundwater pattern is Na-SO$_4$type and distinguished from the groundwater pattern Na-Cl types of the Nanjido and the Seokdae Municipal Waste Landfills. The range of groundwater contamination which is validated up to now is about 120m west from the entrance of the Okmyong Waste Landfill. To prevent the dispersion of the leachates to the outside, cutoff walls should be constructed at the boundary of the landfill. Several pumping wells should also be developed at the landfill so that the contaminated groundwater can be pumped and treated at a leachate-treatment plant in the landfill.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.320-327
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• 2004

Three hundreds thirty two bacterial colonies which were able to degrade crude oil were isolated from soil sam­ples that were contaminated with oil in Daejeon area. Among them, one bacterial strain was selected for this study based on its higher oil degrading ability, and this selected bacterial strain was identified as Acinetobactor sp. B2 through physiological-biochemical tests and analysis of its 16S rRNA sequence. Acinetobactor sp. B2 was able to utilize various carbohydrates but did not utilize trehalose and mannitol as a sole carbon source. Acinetobactor sp. B2 showed a weak resistance to antibiotics such as kanamycin, streptomycin, tetracycline and spectinomycin, but showed a high resistance up to mg/ml unit to heavy metals such as Ba, Li, Mn, AI, Cr and Pb. The optimal growth temperature of Acinetobactor sp. B2 was $30^{\circ}C.$ The lipase produced by Acinetobactor sp. B2 was purified by ammonium sulfate precipitation, DEAE-Toyopearl 650M ion exchange chromatography and Sephadex gel filtration chromatography. Its molecular mass was about 60 kDa and condition for the optimal activity was observed at $40^{\circ}C$ and pH 10, respectively. The activation energy of lipase for the hydrolysis of p­nitrophenyl palmitate was 2.7 kcal/mol in the temperature range of 4 to $37^{\circ}C,$ and the enzyme was unstable at the temperature higher than $60^{\circ}C.$ The Michaelis constant $(K_m)\;and\;V_{max}$ for p-nitrophenyl palmitate were 21.8 uM and $270.3\;{\mu}M\;min^{-1}mg^{-1},$ respectively. This enzyme was strongly inhibited by 10 mM $Cd^{2+},\;Co^{2+},\;Fe^{2+},\;Hg^{2+},$ EDTA and 2-Mercaptoethalol.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.47 no.1
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• pp.61-69
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• 2014

As we are trying to in-situ treat (purify or immobilize) heavy metals or radionuclides in groundwater, one of the geochemical factors to be necessarily considered is the value of oxidation/reduction potential (ORP) of the groundwater. A biogeochemical impact on the characteristic ORP change of groundwater taken from the KAERI underground was observed as a function of time by adding electron-donor (lactate), electron-acceptor (sulfate), and indigenous bacteria in a laboratory condition. There was a slight increase of Eh (slow oxidation) of the pure groundwater with time under a $N_2$-filled glove-box. However, most of groundwaters that contained lactate, sulfate or bacteria showed Eh decrease (reduction) characteristics. In particular, when 'Baculatum', a local indigenous sulfate-reducing bacterium, was injected into the KAERI groundwater, it turned to become a highly-reduced one having a decreased Eh to around -500 mV. Although the sulfate-reducing bacterium thus has much greater ability to reduce groundwater than other metal-reducing bacteria, it surely necessitated some dissolved ferrous-sulfate and finally generated sulfide minerals (e.g., mackinawite), which made a prediction for subsequent reactions difficult. As a result, the ORP of groundwater was largely affected even by a slight injection of nutrient without bacteria, indicating that oxidation state, solubility and sorption characteristics of dissolved contaminants, which are affected by the ORP, could be changed and controlled through in-situ biostimulation method.

• Proceedings of the Turfgrass Society of Korea Conference
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• 2011.02a
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• pp.25-32
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• 2011

본 연구는 화력발전의 부산물로 발생하는 석탄바닥재가 골프장 사질 토양의 개량재로 사용 적합한지를 평가하기 위해 수행되었으며, 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 석탄바닥재의 화학성을 분석한 결과 총질소 0.34%, 가용성 인산 $52mgL^{-1}$, 치환성 칼륨 $51mgL^{-1}$ 뿐만 아니라 소량의 치환성 칼슘과 마그네슘을 함유하고 있어 식물생육에 이롭고, 유해중금속함량은 Cd, $Cr^{6+}$, Pb, Ni, As는 $1mgL^{-1}$ 이하, Cu 농도는 $1.25mgL^{-1}$ 검출되어 토양환경보전법의 토양오염우려기준 이하이므로 석탄바닥재 재활용으로 인한 토양오염 가능성은 매우 낮은 것으로 판단된다. 2. 모래 토양에 석탄바닥재를 부피비로 0~50% 비율로 혼합한 시료의 투수계수와 유효수분함량을 측정한 결과 석탄바닥재 혼합비율이 증가할수록 투수계수는 유의성 있게 감소하고 유효수분함량은 유의성 있게 증가해 석탄바닥재가 모래 토양의 낮은 수분보유력을 개선하는 효과가 있음을 확인하였다. 3. 모래 토양에 석탄바닥재를 부피비로 0~50% 비율로 혼합한 시료를 잔디식재층으로 조성한 라이시미터에 잔디종자 파종 후 약 4개월 뒤 잔디밀도가 완전히 형성된 후에 시비 후 3일 간격으로 채취한 용탈수를 분석한 결과 1일과 4일 후에 채취한 초기 용탈수에서는 석탄바닥재 혼합비율이 높을수록 $NO_3-N$, $NH_4-N$ 및 K함량이 유의성 있게 감소했으며, 대조구에 비해 석탄바닥재 혼합비율이 높은 처리구일수록 $NO_3-N$, $NH_4-N$ 및 K함량이 용탈수 채취기간 동안 지속적으로 용탈되었다. 이 결과로 석탄바닥재가 모래 토양의 낮은 양분 보유력을 개선하는데 효과적이고 석탄바닥재처리가 대조구에 비해 오랫동안 식물 생육에 필요한 양분을 공급하는 효과가 있음을 확인하였다. 4. 골프장 그린상구조와 동일한 시험포장을 만들고 모래 토양에 석탄바닥재 10%와 20% 그리고 피트, 액시스, 이소라이트를 부피비로 10% 비율로 혼합한 시료를 잔디식재층으로 조성하고 크리핑 벤트그래스(Agrostis paulstris Huds), Penn A-4 $10gm^{-2}$을 파종한 후에 처리구별로 잔디 품질을 평가하기 위해 잔디 밀도, 뿌리길이, 색상 및 시각적 품질을 조사한 결과 석탄바닥재 처리구는 기존에 사용하는 개량제인 피트, 액시스, 이소라이트 처리구와 동등한 잔디생육 촉진 효과가 있는 것으로 조사되었다. 5. 결론적으로 석탄바닥재는 골프장 토양의 물리적 특성과 화학적 특성을 개선하고 잔디생육에 필요한 양분을 공급하는데 효과적인 토양개량재라고 할 수 있다.

• Proceedings of the Korea Society of Environmental Toocicology Conference
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• 1994.05a
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• pp.51-53
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• 1994

담수는 인간의 생존에 필수적인 요소이다. 우리는 매일 일정량의 물을 섭취하고 있으며, 일상에서 직접, 간접적으로 물과 관련되지 않고서는 생활할 수 없다. 지구 표면의 약 70%가 물로서 덮여 있다고는 하지만 인간의 생활에 직접적인 이용가치가 있는 담수(지표수)는 전체 물의 용적의 2%에 지나지 않는다. 한국의 연평균 강수량은 1,274mm로서 세계 연평균 강수량인 970mm보다 많은 편이나 인구 1인당 연간 강수량은 약 3,000m3으로서 세계 평균인 34,000m3의 11분의 1에 지나지 않는다. 수자원총량중 지하침투와 증발에 의해 손실되는 양을 제외한 하천유출량은 전체의 55%인 697억m3으로서 이것이 곧 가용수자원량이다. 그러나 하절기 강우집중도가 높은 우리나라 실정에서는 가용수자뭔량중 수자원총량의 37%가 홍수시 유출되고 실제 이용량은 수자원총량의 18%인 230억m3에 불과하여 인구증가와 함께 수자원의 가치가 더욱 증대하고 있는 실정이다. 더우기 지하수 이용량은 19억m3에 불과함에 따라 우리나라는 실제 이응수자 원량의 90% 이상을 지표수에 의존하고 있으며, 그 중 약 40%가 호소수로 구성되어 있다. 이러한 수자원 이용효율의 취약성으로 인해 제한된 수자원 용량과 생활 및 농공용수의 과수요에 따른 불균형으로 근래 많은 하천이 갈수기나 평수기시 친천화되어 가고 있어 수중생태계에 큰 위협을 주고 있다. 또한 이에 더하여 산업발달과 함께 수질오염원은 양적으로는 물론 질적으로도 증가일로에 있어 기존의 유기 및 중금속 오염물질을 포함해 수많은 신생 유기화합물질이 수계에 유출되고 있으며, 이에 더해 질소 및 인으로 대표되는 영양물질의 유입과다로 국내 대다수의 호수가 부영양화의 새로운 위협에 직 면해 있다. 우리나라에는 적은 유입유량에 큰 저수용량 및 긴 체류시간으로 대표되는 대규모 자연호는 없으며, 대부분이 매단위 강을 막아 형성된 체류시간 1년 이하의 인공호로서 그 중 안동호, 충주호, 대청호 등은 비교적 체류시간이 긴 호소형 인공호로, 팔당호나 기타 대부분의 호수는 체류시간이 짧은 하천형 인공호로 대별된다(Table 1). 이처럼 국내 호소는 국외의 자연 호와는 다른 구조적 특성을 가짐에 따라 부영양화 특성 역시 매우 상이하고, 호소형 인공호와 하천형 인공호간의 차이 역시 현저하여 일률적인 관리대책을 설정하기가 어려운 실정에 있다. 또한 각 호수의 유역특성이 상이함에 따라 호수별로 유역 오염원의 오염부하율이 현저히 달라(Table 2) 호수에 따른 특성적인 유역관리(Lake-specific management)가 요구되고 있다 정상상태(Steady state)가 아닌 국내 호소에 대해 국외 자연호의 인단순모델 (Simple phosphorus budget model)을 그대로 적용하는 것에 다소 무리한 점이 따르나, 평균적인 개념으로 OECD의 유역부하량 및 호소특성에 따른 부영양화 판정모델을 적용한다면, 국내 주요 호수는 모두 부영양 수준에 있다. 또 각 호수별로 부영양화 제어를 위해 요구되는 인의 삭감부하량은 상당량이 되어 현실적으로 관리가 이미 어려운 실정에 와 있다. 호수의 부영양화는 조류 발생으로 이어지며, 그에 따른 폐해는 각종 형태로 나타나는데 대표적으로 이취미 발생이나 유해조류에 의한 독성물질의 배출, 정수처리 과정의 THM 발생등이 주로 문제가 되고 있다. 따라서 국내 호수의 구조적 특성별 부영양화 실태를 파악하고 그에 따른 영향 및 관리방안에 관한 종합적 고찰이 차후 수질관리를 위해 요구되고 있으며, 특히 납조류로 대표되는 유해조류의 독성영향에 관한 연구는 시급한 실정에 있다.