• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2016.05a
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• pp.481-481
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• 2016

하천퇴적물은 물의 순환과정에서 유역으로부터 유입되는 물질에 따라 조성이 변하게 된다. 특히 입자가 작은 토양과 유기성 물질들은 물순환과정에 이동성이 크게 나타나며, 인간에 의해 개발된 지역은 자연상태에 비해 이동하는 물질이 많이 나타나곤 한다. 본 연구에서는 하천에 건설된 보에 대한 퇴적물 조사를 실시함으로서 향후 수질관리에 필요한 기초 자료를 수집하고자 하였다. 본고에서는 금강과 낙동강에 건설된 보의 주요지점에 대한 퇴적물 조사를 실시하고 수질영향을 평가하였다. 조사는 홍수기전과 홍수기후로 구분하여 2회에 걸쳐 실시하였으며 물리적 성상과 화학적 항목에 대한 분석을 실시하였다. 입도분석 결과 금강 주요 10개 지점의 퇴적물 조성은 Sand, Silt와 Clay 성분이 혼합되어 있는 것으로 분석되었으며, 삼각좌표 분류법에 의한 토성은 대부분의 지점이 실트질양토(SiL)로 평가되었다. 완전연소가능량은 0.35~1.37로 전 지점에서 하천 호소 퇴적물 오염평가 기준의 유기물 함량기준 13%보다 높지 않은 것으로 나타났으며 홍수기 전 후에도 거의 유사하였다. 금강에서는 중금속뿐만 아니라 유기물 및 영양염류도 기준보다 낮게 나타났으며, 모든 항목에서 환경부예규인 하천 호소퇴적물 오염평가 기준보다 낮게 평가되었다. 하상 퇴적물이 수질에 미치는 영향을 평가하는 용출실험에서도 유기물 및 중금속 모두 수질에 미치는 영향은 거의 없는 것으로 평가되었다. 낙동강 주요 26지점의 입도분석 결과 퇴적물 조성은 대부분 Sand로 구성되어 삼각좌표 분류법에 의한 토성은 사토(S)로 평가되었다. 홍수기 전 후에 조사한 결과 완전연소가능량은 0.27~2.85으로 전 지점에서 하천 호소 퇴적물 오염평가 기준의 유기물 함량 기준보다 낮았으며 홍수기 전 후에도 거의 유사하였다. 화학적 성상 분석 결과 모든 항목에서 환경부예규인 하천 호소퇴적물 오염평가 기준보다 낮게 평가되었으며, 용출실험에서도 유기물 및 중금속 모두 수질에 영향을 거의 미치지 않는 것으로 평가되었다. 이번 조사는 4대강 건설 후 하상이 안정화 되지 않은 상태로 인해 지점간 특별한 경향성은 확인할 수 없었으며 보다 정확한 결과 도출을 위해서는 장기적인 조사를 통해 평가해야 할 것으로 판단되었다.

• Clean Technology
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.91-101
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• 2009

The metal complex dyes that are mainly used for good color fastness in dyeing amide fibers with highly concentrated colors usually contain toxic chromium. The remaining dye in th dyebath containing $Cr^{6+}$ causes not only environmental problems but also serious damages to human health. In this study, we applied reactive dyestuff for dyeing wool and nylon in order to substitute heavy metal dyestuff. The dyeing properties of reactive dyestuff in fibers as well as their absorption rates and fastness according to color concentration were investigated. By analyzing the quantity of heavy metals and toxic amine of reactive dyestuff, we investigated their harmfulness trends quantitatively. By comparing the reactive dyes with traditional metal complex dyes, we tried to find out the possibility of the reactive dye being a clean dyes in the future.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2005.05b
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• pp.393-398
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• 2005

Suspended fine mineral particles are deposited at the areas with low flow velocity and low transportation capacity in rivers, reservoirs and lakes. It can be contaminated by heavy metals. Examples of problem fields art dredging of sediment, water pollutants, and maintenance of navigation channels and construction works. To deal with the settling problems it is necessary to understand tile physico-chemical characteristics of cohesive sediment under varying density of particle and ion addition(NaOH, HCl, NaCl), which is dissolved in river, because fine-grained cohesive sediment can lead to flocculation with the physico-chemical influences and takes different characteristics. Experiments with fresh and saline water are followed with fine-grained sediments(alumina and quartz) in settling columns. Settling velocity of suspended fine particles in still water was measured with a pressure sensor(maximum 10 mbar). Until the initial concentration of 20,000 mg/1 of alumina and quartz the settling velocity was on the increase. Above this initial concentration was it on the decrease. In an acid condition, which causes strong flocculation, average settling velocity of quartz powder was high. In an alkaline water low average settling velocity of it was observed. However, alumina behaved exactly contrarily.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Groundwater Environment
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.141-147
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• 1998

This study was initiated to identify the general groundwater quality and the effects of heavy-metal enrichments in the black shales and coal materials in Dukpyung area. Groundwater quality could be divided into three groups based on the major weathering processes in the groundwater system; Group I of carbonate weathering, Group II of silicate weathering with the probable effects of acidic mine drainage, and Group III of silicate weathering with relatively high concentrations of chloride components in anions. Metal contamination of groundwater was not observed. Locally, however, acidic mine drainage appeared to be produced and recharged into the groundwater system. In addition, contamination by NO$_3$-N ranged 2 to 3 times higher than the drinking water standards, probably due to infiltration of domestic sewage and/or fertilizers into the shallow aquifer.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Groundwater Environment
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.41-53
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• 1997

Geochemical data of soil and water samples were presented in order to assess the environmental impart for drinking water sites. Microscopic observation of rock samples and physical and chemical analysis of soil and water samples were undertaken. The geology of study areas are classified into three groups such as granitic rocks, meta-sedimentary rocks and sedimentary rocks. Enrichment of heavy metals derived from those rocks is not found in this study areas. Soils were analyzed for Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd and Cr using AAS extracted by HNO$_3$+HClO$_4$ and 0.1 N HCl. Heavy metal concentrations in soils are within the range of those in uncontaminated soils. In comparison of metal contents extracted by 0.1 N HCl and HNO$_3$+HC1O$_4$, less than 10% of the heavy metals are present in the exchangeable fraction. In particular, an pollution index has been proposed to assess the degree of soil contamination. Pollution index in soils are between 0.03 and 0.47 therefore, soils are not polluted with heavy metals. Deep groundwaters within granitic rocks have been evolved into Na$\^$＋/-HCO$_3$$\^$-/ type, whereas other deep groundwaters evolved into Ca$\^$2＋/-HCO$_3$$\^$-/ type. The predominance of Na$\^$＋/ over Ca$\^$2＋/ in deep groundwaters within granitic rocks is a result of dissolution of plagioclase, but for sedimentary and meta-sedimentary rocks, dissolution of calcite is a dominant factor for their hydrogeochemistry. The pH, conductivity and contents of the most dissolved ions in the water increase with depth. Shallow groundwaters, however, are highly susceptible to pollution owing to agricultural activities, considering the fact that high contents of nitrate, chloride and potassium, and high K/Na ratio are observed in some shallow groundwaters. In a thermodynamic approach, most natural water samples are plotted within the stability fields of kaolinite and smectite. Therefore, microcline and other feldspars will alter to form clay minerals, such as kaolinite and smectite. From the modelling for water-rock interactions based on mass balance equation, models accord well with behavior of the ions and results of thermodynamic studies are derived.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.38 no.2 s.171
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• pp.101-111
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• 2005

The objectives of this study we to assess the extent and degree of environmental contamination and to draw general conclusions on the fate of toxic elements derived from mining activities in Korea. 인t abandoned mines with four base-metal mines and four Au-Ag mines were selected and the results of environmental surveys in those areas were discussed. In the base-metal mining areas, the Sambo Pb-Zn-barite, the Shinyemi Pb-Zn-Fe, the Geodo Cu-Fe and the Shiheung Cu-Pb-Zn mine, significant levels of Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn were found in mine dump soils developed over mine waste materials, tailings and slag. Furthermore, agricultural soils, stream sediments and stream water near the mines were severely contaminated by the metals mainly due to the continuing dispersion downstream and downslope from the sites, which was controlled by the feature of geography, prevailing wind directions and the distance from the mine. In e Au-Ag mining areas, the Kubong, the Samkwang, the Keumwang and the Kilkok mines, elevated levels of As, Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn were found in tailings and mine dump soils. These levels may have caused increased concentrations of those elements in stream sediments and waters due to direct dis-charge downstream from tailings and mine dumps. In the Au-Ag mines, As would be the most characteristic contaminant in the nearby environment. Arsenic and heavy metals were found to be mainly associated with sulfide gangue minerals, and mobility of these metals would be enhanced by the effect of oxidation. According to sequential extraction of metals in soils, most heavy metals were identified as non-residual chemical forms, and those are very susceptible to the change of ambient conditions of a nearby environment. As application of pollution index (PI), giving data on multi-element contamination in soils, over 1.0 value of the PI was found in soils sampled at and around the mining areas.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.39-45
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• 1990

We established HPLC method for MAs (mugineic acid and its analogous phytosiderophore) determination. It was found that major phytosiderophores existed in high heavy metal-induced rice roots were MA (mugineic acid) and DMA (2'-deoxymugineic acid). The two MAs (MA and DMA) were simultaneously secreted at maximum rate at 12 : 00-14 : 00. On the other hand, the secretion of amino acids gradually decreased from after sunrise (7 : 00) to sunset (21 : 00). Fluctuaton in daily MAs secretion had rhythmic variation which occurred at intervals of about 4 days. The stimulation of MAs secretion from the roots was attributed not only to the light/dark cycle but to the increase in temperature. Temperature variation played a more important role than a photoperiod in MAs secretion from the roots. The initiation time of MAs secretion was positively correlated with rising time in temperature($20-30^{\circ}$) during the dark period.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.251-257
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• 1995

Three PEA (Pulverised Fuel Ash) samples, which were fresh, 17 and some 40 years weathered, were collected from two major British power plants. Batch leaching tests with these samples using distilled water and simulated industrial leachate showed higher amounts of element liberation from fresh ash, including Ca, Na, K, S (as $SO^{2-}_4$, $Cr_{total}$, Cu, Li Ni, Mo and CI and this seems to indicate their surface association and easier dissolution when contact with water. On the contrary Mg, Al, Ba, Si, V, As and Se do not show such readily leachable concentrations and these elements might be more associated with glass fraction in PFA particle rather than surface. Although element concentrations in the weathered ash are much lower than those in the initial leachate from the fresh ash, elements are still detected as resonable concentrations, with rather constant levels and this seems to demonstrate the element release from unstable glass phase of PFA particle. Fe, Ca, $Cr_{total}$, Cu, Ni, Zn and Hg were removed from the synthetic leachate by PFA and this is also confirmed by gain in solid PFA. The order of element retention is Meaford weathered ash > Drax weathered ash > Drax fresh ash in decreasing order and this conforms with the degree of weathering. Namely, the more wethered, the more wethered, the more effective in metal retention from the synthetic leachate.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.61-72
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• 1993

Result of this study indicate that two criteria must be met in order to have effective macrocycle-mediated transport in these emulsionsystem. First, one must effective extraction of the post transition metals, $Cd^{2+}$. $Pb^{2+}$ and $Hg^{2+}$ , into toluene membrane. The effectiveness of this extraction is greatest if log K values for the metal-macrocycle interaction is large. Second, the ratio of the log K values for the metal ion-receiving phase to the metal ion-macrocycle interaction must be large enough to ensure quantitative stripping of the metal ion at the toluene phase interface. Control of the first step can be obtained by appropriate selection of macrocycle donor atom, substituents, and cavity radius. The second step can be controlled by selecting the proper complexing agent for inclusion in the receiving phase. The order of the transport, when using the several $A^-$ species such as $SCN^-$, $1^-$, $Br^-$ and $Cl^-$ is the order of the changing degree of solvation for $A^-$ and the transport of the metals is also affected by the control of concentration for receiving species because of solubility-differences. In this study, we can seperate each single metal ion from the mixture of $Cd^{2+}$, $Pb^{2+}$, and $Hg^{2+}$ ions by using the toluene membranes controlled by optimized conditions. Transport of the single metal is also very good, and alkaline and alkaline earth metals as interferences ions did not affect the seperation of the metals in this macrocycle-liquid membrances but transition metal ions were partially affected as interferences for the post transition metal ions.

• Journal of the Korean institute of surface engineering
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.123-128
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• 1979

本교는 原調査報文 Plating and Surface Finishing;Recovery Pay! Vol 66. No2. (1979) 45~48P을 번역한 것으로 도금폐수의 회수재생에 드는 비용과 장치비 그리고 미국에 있어서의 도금공장의 폐수 회수처리 현황을 알아보는데 참고가 되리라 믿는다.(역자주) Plating and Surface Finishing지의 조사결과는 폐액회수장치를 설치한 도금공장회사들이 화공약품을 절약할 수 있었고, 공장폐수 내에 중금속 함유량의 한계치를 넘지 않도록 하는데 화학처리 비용을 들이지 않거나 최소한 줄일 수 있었다는 사실을 나타내 주고 있다.