• Archives of design research
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.323-332
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• 2006

Information devices such as a cellular phone, smart phone, and PDA become smaller to such an extent that people put them into their pockets without any difficulties. This drastic miniaturization causes to deteriorate the readability of text-based contents. The morphological characteristics of size and proportion are supposed to have close relationships with the pocketability and text readability of mobile information devices. This research was aimed to investigate the optimal morphological characteristics to satisfy the two usability factors together. For this purpose, we conducted an controlled experiment, which was designed to evaluate the pocketability according to $size(4000mm^2/8000mm^2)$, proportion(1:1/2:1/3:1), and weight(100g/200g) of information devices as well as participants' pose and carrying method. In the case of male participants putting the models of information device into their pockets, 2:1 morphological proportion was preferred. On the other hand, the female participants carrying the models in their hands preferred 2:1 proportion$(size:4000mm^2{\times}2mm)$ and 3:1 proportion$(size:8000mm^2{\times}20mm)$. For the device in the size of $4000mm^2$, it was found that the weight of device has an significant effect on pocketability. In consequence, 2:1 proportion is optimal to achieve better pocketability. The second experiment was about how text readability is affected by size $(2000mm^2/4000mm^2/8000mm^2)$ and proportion(1:1/2:1/3:1) of information devices as well as interlinear space of displayed text(135%/200%). From this experiment result, it was found that reading speed was increased as line length increased. Regarding the subjective assessment on reading task, 2:1 proportion was strongly preferred. Based on these results, we suggest 2:l proportion as an optimal proportion that satisfy pocketability of mobile information devices and text readability displayed on the screen together. To apply these research outputs to a practical design work efficiently, it is important to take into account the fact that the space for input devices is also required in addition to a display screen.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• 제18권9호
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• pp.386-394
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• 2017

The purpose of this study was to investigate how employed dental hygienists (graduates) and alumni are aware of dental health insurance and how to organize their classes for running efficient dental health insurance courses, and therefore to suggest opinions on the introduction of professional dental hygienist qualifications. The analyses was carried out using IBM SPSS Statistics 24.0. Sixty-nine students (56.1%) preferred one semester dental health insurance course as two semester courses and 63 students (51.2%) preferred theoretical course as practical course. Ninety-six (78%) students preferred dental health insurance claimants as others for their most necessary certification. Ninety-three dentists (75.6%) thought of the dental hygienist as the appropriate occupation for dental health insurance claims. The correlation coefficient was significant at the 0.01 level (both sides) and all showed a positive correlation. The effect of subjective understanding of dental health insurance and the perception of dental health insurance claim on students' intention to complete those courses explained 32% of the response, and the effect of the intention to complete those courses on the willingness to earn a certificate explained 22.3%. This study reveals the willingness of students to complete those courses to acquire qualifications in order to achieve a competitive advantage in employment, and suggests the necessity of institutional improvements such as changing the method of dental insurance education, varying the class time distribution, and introducing dental health insurance professional dental hygienist qualification in the country.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Intelligent Systems
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.153-158
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• 2011

This paper presents subjective experimental results to understand how audio should be changed when a video clip is watched in 3D than 2D. This paper divided auditory perceptual information into two categories; distance and azimuth that a sound source contributes mostly, and spaciousness that scene or environment contribute mostly. According to the experiment for distance and azimuth, i.e. sound localization, we found that distance and azimuth of sound sources were magnified when heard with 3D than 2D video. This lead us to conclude 3D sound for localization should be designed to have more distance and azimuth than 2D sound. Also we found 3D sound are preferred to be played with not only 3D video clip but also 2D video clip. According to the experiment for spaciousness, we found people prefer sound with more reverberation when they watch 3D video clips than 2D video clips. This can be understood that 3D video provides more spacial information than 2D video. Those subjective experimental results can help audio engineer familiar with 2D audio to create 3D audio, and be fundamental information of future research to make 2D to 3D audio conversion system. Furthermore when designing 3D broadcasting system with limited bandwidth and with 2D TV supportive, we propose to consider transmitting stereoscopic video, audio with enhanced localization, and metadata for TV sets to generate reverberation for spaciousness.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• 제28권5호
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• pp.891-894
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• 2010

This study was conducted in order to examine the effects of horticultural therapy on stress in demented elders, and for this purpose, we analyzed stress-related physiological changes in demented elders under the care of an elderly facility who had not taken medication and consented to blood tests. The horticultural therapy program included only flower decoration, which was preferred by the participants, aiming ultimately to reduce stress. First, a one-to-one session was given for forming rapport and the horticultural therapist had many conversations about plants with the elders. Furthermore, the participants were induced to be absorbed into the horticultural activities, though a short while, so that they might forget troubles. Evaluation was made by measuring subjective stress and the blood cortisol hormone concentration before and after the horticultural therapy and examining differences between them. Subjective stress increased from 12.88 to 17.88 in the control group, but decreased significantly from 13.88 before the therapy to 6.38 after in the experimental group (p = 0.007). When the blood cortisol hormone level was measured as a physiological indicator of stress, it decreased significantly from $11.33{\mu}g{\cdot}L^{-1}$ before the horticultural therapy to $9.85{\mu}g{\cdot}L^{-1}$ after (p = 0.037). These results suggest that horticultural therapy reduces the blood cortisol hormone level and is effective in easing stress.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.1403-1413
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• 2015

An information System Audit by the recognition of a problem and suggestions for solutions for overall matters about constructing and managing information systems is needed in order to contribute to the improvement of an information system's quality and improving the performance of projects. In reality, however, the general cognition is that audit is biased by subjective opinions. For this, an auditor needs to measure the level of recognition of the usability and convenience of the technologies of automating audit by applying TAM in the information system audit, and to analyze the relationship with recognition and availability of the interested parties for the technology (tool) of the audit. By the hypothesis verification result, an auditor needs to present objective corroborative facts that back up the level of recognition and usability for the information technology in the field of audit. This study verified that the phenomenon of technology application can be explained and predicted by applying TAM in the field of audit. Through an empirical study of the recognition level of audit and contractor, the developer suggests that the audit plan stage is similar to the audit corrective action stage, but the audit action stage is different from the audit review stage. This research can verify the audit technology preferred for the availability and intention of use and usability.

• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
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• 제35권3호
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• pp.260-273
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• 2010

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to investigate the perceptions of married Korean women regarding marriage and childbirth, and their awareness of childbirth-related issues such as low birth rates, sex preferences and sex imbalances in Korea. Methods: A total of 453 married women aged 20 or older were randomly selected from four urban districts and five rural districts out of 25 districts in Gyeongju, a consolidated city located in Gyeongsangbuk-do Province, South Korea. The survey was conducted from December 2005 to February 2006. A total of 392 out of 453 questionnaires(86.5% response rate) were collected, and 44 incomplete questionnaires were excluded, leaving 348 completed questionnaires to be used for data analysis. Age was divided into three groups as below 49, 50-69, 70 or older. Results: Women's perceptions of marriage were associated with age(p<0.01). Perceptions about childbirth were also significantly related to age(p<0.01), type of residential area (p<0.01) and education level(p<0.05). Sex preferences were significantly related to age(p<0.05) and occupation(p<0.01). Of the respondents aged 49 or younger, 34.8% indicated that the ideal number of children is two, while 25.5% of respondents aged 50 to 69 and 15.3% of respondents aged 70 and 33.7% of respondents aged 70 or older considered four children to be the ideal number. Perceptions of sex imbalance were significantly related to socioeconomic status(p<0.01) and occupation(p<0.01). The largest number of respondents cited "economic burden" as the main reason for low birth rates. Multiple logistic regressions were performed for all three age groups using male sex preference as the dependent variable under the assumption that respondents can have only a single child. Socioeconomic status (p<0.01) and residential area (p<0.05) were significant variables for those aged 49 or below. Education level(p<0.05) and residential area (p<0.01) were statistically significant variables on preferring son in case of having only one child for respondents aged 50 to 69. We did not detect any significant independent variables in respondents who were 70 or older. Conclusions: Our results highlight the necessity of developing policies and public education programs to explain the consequences of low birth rates and sex imbalances in Korea. As increasing numbers of women work outside the home, it is important for the government and employers to provide social and working environments where women do not consider marriage and childbirth to be obstacles to social and business activities.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• 제42권4호
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• pp.60-75
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• 2014

The purpose of this study was to look for useful implications in its next application or similar planning by assessing visitors' recognition of International Garden Exposition Suncheon Bay Korea 2013. To do this, blogs acknowledged as powerful communication media in modern information society were used. After searching for blogs related to International Garden Exposition Suncheon Bay Korea in the portal site ranked first in the domestic market share, this study classified 300 cases. This study was able to grasp the consciousness as bloggers gave descriptions of information and impressions and experiences of spaces without making any adjustments. The survey results are as follows: First, Dutch gardens were the most preferred, followed by Korean gardens, Chinese gardens and French gardens; in general, visitors were not satisfied with the national gardens. Inquiry is needed into the method of determining diverse cultural identity rather than a sample garden type through blogs delivering regret regarding the world gardens. Second, the survey results showed that the level of awareness of designers' gardens was low. This study judges that more emphasis should be placed on their roles as places speaking for the original purpose of the garden exposition which introduces gardening art and design through experimental design. Third, it was understood that many bloggers were deeply impressed by ephemeral landscapes like the change in landscape consequent on the elapse of time, distinctive atmosphere, and detailed-landscapes. These aspects are important landscape elements, and those elements should be addressed with weight in a subsequent study. Fourth, the most impressive places are 'Suncheon Lake Garden' and 'Bridge of Dreams', which are establishing themselves as icons of International Garden Exposition Suncheon Bay Korea 2013. However, relatively, public attitude towards the world gardens and designers' gardens are weak. Fifth, bloggers were providing a variety of information like transportation, events schedules, ticket purchasing & prices, discount information, etc. Ticket price was commented on the most, and most of the bloggers thought ticket prices were 'expensive'. This study understands such a phenomenon as a result of the general population's non-establishment of the perception that it's proper to view gardens at visitors' own expense. Generally, bloggers expressed satisfaction with International Garden Exposition Suncheon Bay Korea 2013, but with criticism as well. Their criticism included disappointing matters, to be improved upon and wishes without any distortion, providing meaningful implications deserving reference for similar cases. In this context, a blogger could be called a citizen-reviewer while a blog could be referred to as 'a field of informal discourse' for the public. As a research method of this study, blogs are difficult to interpret as they are subjective and personal, and have limited data analysis through their quantifications; however, blogs as methods of recognition survey are channels for varied, concrete and detailed awareness which are hard to grasp through a questionnaire survey or interviews. This study judges that such an aspect of a blog could be a useful means of grasping and reflecting upon visitors' attitude in future studies.

• The KIPS Transactions:PartD
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• 제9D권2호
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• pp.289-296
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• 2002

The web, which is most actively used in the internet environment, is changing educational system. Students usually prefer the interactive and multimedia learning aids based on web applications and web media to static web pages. The former is known to enhance the effectiveness of learning. This paper proposes a study system which involves effective adaptation to the various changing factors of learners' progress and the corresponding automated evaluation system. Conventional evaluation utilizes normalized method, where the learning objectives generally set by the instructors or educational operators/administrators are usually pursued rather than the interest of the individual learners, which is not ideal for the computer-based learning. Web-based project-oriented learning system provokes the mutual participations among the users, operators, and administrators in understanding the jobs to be performed and the effort to enhance the progressive developments of knowledge and application capabilities. In this Paper, an automated evaluation system is implemented, where the instructors and web-operators/administrators work as hosts for education. The learners take advantage of user-oriented comparative learning and pattern design. The design and implementation of the project-oriented evaluation methods performed in the internet/intranet environments are discussed.

• Clinics in Shoulder and Elbow
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.43-51
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• 2012

Purpose: We sought to determine the appropriate management modality for clavicle fracture through the review of current literature. Materials and Method: This article provides an overview of the knowledge regarding clavicular fracture in adults, including epidemiology, classification, surgical indication, current technique, and results. We also addressed recent debates: the range of the surgical indication for mid-clavicular fracture and the introduction of anatomically precontoured plate as a new treatment modality. Result and Conclusion: Nonsurgical treatment has been regarded as the first choice in the management of clavicle fractures. Quite recently, mounting evidence has shown that adverse outcomes, after a nonsurgical treatment, such as nonunion and malunion, were more prevalent than previously assumed. Accordingly, the indications for surgical fixation appear to be broadening. However, given that the ideal treatment option remains to be determined, the appropriate treatment of clavicle fractures should be tailored based on careful assessment of individual patient's data and preference.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제49권3호
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• pp.153-164
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• 2016

Purpose: The objective of this study was to examine the effect of the body shape discordance, the difference between true body type based on body mass index (BMI) and self-recognized body image, on nutrient intake, weight control attempt, and mental health in Korean adults. Methods: Subjects were persons aged 19~64 years (4,382 men and 6,226 women) who participated in the 2010~2012 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Subjects were categorized as RL (Group recognized as lighter than BMI criteria), RA (Group with agreement between BMI criteria and self-recognized body image), and RH (Group recognized as heavier than BMI criteria) according to the difference between actual body type based on BMI and self-recognized body image. Results: Means of BMI in RH groups were lower than or equal to that of RA groups in all groups. No significant differences in total energy intake were observed among the three groups in men, but total energy intake was higher in the RL group than in the RH group in 30~49 year old women. Proportion of carbohydrate was the highest in the RL group among 30~49 year old women. RH groups paid more attention to weight control and had less weight gain than other groups. Higher proportions of depressive symptoms were reported in the RH group in 19~29 year old men, while a higher proportion of depressive symptoms were reported in the RL group in 50~64 year old men. Conclusion: The current findings suggest an association of perceiving body shape with energy intake, weight control attempt, or depressed mood in some age groups. Body image perception can influence eating, weight control attempt, and depressed mood, therefore proper body image perception should be established in Korean adults.