• Weed & Turfgrass Science
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• v.4 no.3
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• pp.219-224
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• 2015

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of herbicidin, new natural herbicidal substances, derived from soil actinomycetes Streptomyces scopuliridis. Several weed species were subjected to examine the germination inhibition and herbicidal activity at the concentration from 100 to 2,000 ppm. There was no selectivity in germination inhibition and herbicidal activity against crops. Germination of Echinochloa oryzoides, Digitaria ciliaris, Abutilon theophrasti and Amaranthus retroflexus was inhibited completely when 7.81 ppm of extract was treated in petri dish. Pre-emergence application of herbicidin in soil condition showed low inhibition against weeds. However, post application of herbicidin in green house resulted in the necrosis of weeds at the concentration of 2,000 ppm. A. retroflexus was sensitive to herbicidin at the low concentration of 62.5 ppm, whereas E. oryzoides was tolerant to lower concentration of herbicidin until it became withered at the concentration of 2,000 ppm. In conclusion, herbicidal substances derived from S. scopuliridis herbicidin, which is consisted with herbicidin A and B, have dominant effect on germination and growth inhibition. On the other hand, herbicidin was insufficient to control gramineous weeds. In future, it will be needed to develop the combination of herbicidin with other herbicide or compounds to control gramineous weeds as well.

• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.173-183
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• 1997

This study was conducted to develop an integrated disease management system against large patch disease. Attempts were made to estimate the effect of calcium hydroxide, silicate fertilizer and urea on the mycelial growth of Rhizoctonia sotani AG2-2 and the development of large patch in vitro and in vivo and to establish the most promising combination of fertilizer, fungicide and antagonistic microbes. 1.The mycelial growth of Rhizoctonia sotani AG2-2 were completely inhibited at 2,000, 1,000 and 3,000ppm concentration by calcium hydroxide, silicate fertilizer and urea, respectively. Inhibition effect of silicate fertilizer was the highest, but that of urea was the lowest compared with other treatments. 2.Treatment of calcium hydroxide at rate of l00g /$m^2$ was the most effective, and control effect appeared from 30 days after treatment in spring, which was better in autumn than in spring. Silicate fertilizer treated at rate of l00g /$m^2$, 200g /m$^2$, in spring and 50g /$m^2$ in autumn were very effective. Urea at rate of 30g /$m^2$ was more effective than 60g /m$^2$ and 120g /m$^2$. 3.The efficacies of mepronil and toclofos-methyl, applied twice in spring and once in autumn, were 83.8% in spring, which persisted to 70% in autumn compared with untreated plot. 4.The efficacies of Trichoderma harzianum were the highest by 55% in spring, but those of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens BL-3 and Peudomonas putida were the highest by 80% in autumn among other antagonists tested, when two organisms were applied twice in spring and once in autumn.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.43 no.3 s.136
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• pp.257-262
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• 2004

Toxicities of 51 pesticides (25 insecticides, 11, acaricides, 11 fungicides and 4 adjuvants) commonly used to control greenhouse insect, mite, and disease pests were evaluated to minute pirate bug, Orius strigicollis nymphs and adults at the recommended concentration. Among 25 insecticides tested, fipronil, lufenuron, acetamiprid+fipronil, $\alpha$-cypermethrin+flufenoxuron and buprofezin + amitraz showed low toxicity to O. strigicollis. Among acaricides, acequinocyl, bifenazate, chlorfenapyr, etoxazole, fenpyroximate, flufenoxuron, milbemectin, spirodiclofen and tebufenpyrad showed low toxicity to O. strigicollis. All fungicides and adjuvants tested were very low toxicity. It may be suggested from these results that five insecticides, nine acaricides, eleven fungicides and four adjuvants could be incorporated into the integrated thrips management system with O. strigicollis in greenhouses.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.67-77
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• 2002

This study was conducted to investigate an effects on ago-chemical alternative materials such as the wood vinegar, a lactic acid bacteria serum, the fermented plant juice, the brown rice vinegar and a Chitosan used for amount and qualities of fruits and to examine the pest protection efficiency for their uses in the apple and pear orchard farms. An apple yields in the orchard cultivated with using the ago-chemical alternative materials without appling the fertilizer and pesticides were decreased at 56% relative to the conventional farming practice method. Also, it was indicated that there was difficult to produce the fruits with marketability because the small sizes of fruits were produced. For the quality of fruits, the brix of apple produced in the orchard cultivated with using the ago-chemical alternative materials was similar, but Vitamin C content was greater than that of the conventional farming practice method. As a results of treating with the wood vinegar, a lactic acid bacteria serum, the fermented plant juice, the brown rice vinegar and a Chitosan instead of applying pesticides, the fruit disease in the Chitosan treatment was a little decreased, but was great occurred in the other treatments compared with the conventional farming practice mehod. However, it observed that brix and Vitamin C content of apple produced in the Chitosan, brown rice vinegar, fermented plan juice and fish amino acid treatments and in the Chitosan, brown rice vinegar, charcoal power and peat moss treatments were greater than those of the conventional farming practice method, respectively. Over all, it considered that there was very difficult to manage the orchard depended on the ago-chemical alternative materials without appling the chemical fertilizer and pesticides in the apple orchard, but it might be proper to use the ago-chemical alternative materials as an auxiliary means to decrease the appling amount of chemical fertilizer and pesticides. Furthermore, the general effects on the ago-chemical alternative materials to the perennial fruits should be investigated with considering the changes of soil fertility, soil microbial status and natural enemy creatures after treating them for a long time.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.69-95
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• 1979

The study was conducted to search developmental process of plant protection science from review of forty-three hundreds literatures presented since 1900 in Korea and to forecast future statues of the science to be done. About 80 percent of literatures related to plant protection science such as plant pathology, applied entomology, weed science and agricultural pharmacology were collected from publications of agricultural and forestry reseach organizations attached to Office of Rural Development and Office of Forestry. The rest of literatures were mainly collected from Korean Journal of Plant Protection Society and small number of literatures were also collected from publications of the other journals of crop science and thesis collection of agricultural colleges. In Korea, research organizations of plant protection science are divided into two main groups such as exclusive agricultural research organizations and agricultural colleges. It is pointed out that the former contributions to plant protection science are very great compared to those of the latter since 1900. From periodical consideration of developmental process of the science since 1900, the history or the science are divided into three eras such as introduction and sprout of modern plant protection science during the first forty years, distress of the science during the following twenty years including the Second World War and the Korean War and rapid growth of the science after 1961. In spite of long time distress of the science during the Second World War and the Korean War, the researches on plant protection science in post-war have been done twice as many as pre-war. From consideration of the subject plants in researches of plant protection, it is shown that a great many researches on protection of rice plant have been done and occupy 37 percent of plant protection researches since 1900. And also researches on protection of fruit-trees and cash-crops are not so many as those of rice plant but have been done in noticeable numbers. In fact, researches on protection of fruit-trees and cashcrops were the most important subjects of plant protection researches in pre-war while those of rice plant were the most important subjects after 1930, particulary in post-war. From consideration of contents of plant protection researches, it is said that more fundamental researches than applied ones such as practical control methods of diseases, insect pests and weeds were done in pre-war while more applied researches than fundamental ones were done in post-war, Among applied researches, those of chemical control were the most important subjects. Researches on disease and insect-pest resistance have been done in both pre-war and post-war while researches on forecasting of disease and insect-pest and race of plant pathogens have been done in post-war. And also researches on weed control mainly have been done after 1960. Researches on agricultural chemicals for control of diseases, insect pests and weeds still belong to a new field which must be expected in future, and there is nothing to notice with the exception of practical application of agricultural chemicals introduced from foreign countries. Some of important researches on diseases and insect pests were discussed in relation to developmental process of plant protection science in Korea since 1900. In future, researches on plant protection will be develop to the direction supporting importance of integrated control for plant protection. Therefore, it is pointed out that security of highly educated and trained scientists with enlargement of reseach fields of plant protection science are necessary and role of agricultural colleges for future development of the science must be emphasized.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.37
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• pp.327-348
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• 2004

In this study, after analyzing several local climate characteristics of South Korea, I validated distribution, invasion, foraging, underground activities, attack season as ecological characteristics and also temperature, relative humidity, and tree species as preference characteristics of Korean termites (Reticulitermes speratus kyushuensis Morimoto). Especially, southern part of the Korean peninsula is a suitable area for inhabitation and motion of termites holding same ecological characteristic like R. speratus kyushuensis. Busan is a neighboring district at field distribution north limiting temperature of Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki and Chuncheon is a passing area through the Korean Peninsula of field distribution north limiting temperature of Reticulitermes speratus Kolbe. The termite attack of wood devices was about 34.5% for 3 years in the forest of Jongmyo. Although the attack rate of termite increased each year, the detection rate decreased and the missing rate was high by degrees. I confirmed a foraging habits which is a part of termite colony was a role of continuous decomposition and another was a role of new food hunt as experimental results. The foraging termites were found under ground at Jongmyo in Seoul from April to November in the 2001 and the most active period was on July and August. The termite invasion rate of bait station increased in every monitoring. Through the increasing attack rate of bait station during 2nd monitoring (November, 2000) and 3rd monitoring(March, 2001), I confirmed that termites moved into the deep underground in winter, and were working continuously to forage. R. speratus kyushuensis inhabiting at the Korean Peninsula is a species which has food consumption rate with higher temperature. The termite revealed the greatest amount of food(filter paper) at $30^{\circ}C$(90% RH), but showed increasing death rate at over $32^{\circ}C$. Also, survival rate of this termite was 97% at 84% RH($30^{\circ}C$), but killed 100% at 52% RH($30^{\circ}C$) and 70% RH($30^{\circ}C$). For wood feeding, this was observed the preference in a pine tree(Pinus densiflora) above all others. Survival of termites was high(87%) at a pine tree, but low(13.5%) at a paulownia tree(Paulownia coreana). In this study, I presented the biological characteristic of termite(R. speratus kyushuensis Morimoto) and confirmed the deterioration degree of termite on wooden cultural heritage in Korea. Depending on climate and soil temperature, each area in the southern part of the Korea Peninsula, has some different active period and different distribution of R. speratus kyushensis. With these results, I expect that this report helps to prepare the integrated pest management(IPM) of the termite on wooden cultural heritage in Korea, and it may help to reduce the economical loss from termite damage in Korea.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Organic Agriculture Conference
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• 2009.12a
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• pp.277-278
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• 2009

독일 연방작물보호법(PflSchG-Gesetz zum Schutz der Kulturpflanzen, 1986.9. 15 제정)은 식물강화제(한국의 친환경유기농자재와 동일)에 대한 정의를 3가지로 대별하여 명시하고 연방농림생물학청(BBA)에 신고를 의무화하도록 개정(1998.7. 27)하여 법률적인 근거를 마련하였다. 정부조직 개편으로 인하여 2002년 11월 1일부터 연방소비자보호 및 식품안전청(BVL)에서 유기농자재 등록 허가 업무를 주관하고 있다. 식물강화제는 작물보호법에 의하여 허가되는 농약, 생장촉진제, 작물보조제 및 비료관리법(Dungemittelgesetz)에 의한 식물영양제, 식물보조제, 작물재배 배양토 및 토양개량제 등과는 차별화하여 명시하고 있다. 식물강화제는 독일 작물보호법(PflSchG-Gesetz zum Schutz der Kulturpflanzen; Plant Protection Act) 제1장 제2조 10항에 의거하여 (1)유해생물에 대한 저항력을 높여주는 물질, (2)비기생성 피해에 대하여 식물을 보호해 주는 물질, (3)재배작물 이외의 잘려진 관상식물에 사용되는 물질로 정의하고 있다. 이러한 법률적 정의의 요지는 인간과 동물의 건강 및 자연계에 해로운 영향이 없으면서 식물체에 유해한 생물에 대하여 저항성만을 높여주는 물질을 말하며, 기상 및 환경공해 등에 의한 장해도 유해생물에 의한 것과 동일하게 간주되며 이에 대한 저항성을 높여 주는 물질도 포함시키고 있다. 식물강화제는 원칙적으로 유해생물 방제에 직접적으로 작용시키기 위한 이용목적으로 사용할 수 없으며, 단지 작물의 저항성을 높이는 경우에 한하여야 사용된다. 식물강화제의 등록 허가신청은 생산자, 판매업자 또는 수입업자가 연방소비자보호 및 식품안전청(BVL)에 신청하여야 한다. 이렇게 신청된 식물강화제는 작물보호법 제2조에 의거하여 이루어진다. 연방소비자보호 및 식품안전청의 작물보호제의 관리부서는 특별한 문제가 없는 한 4개월 이내에 등록을 허가하고 목록을 홈페이지에 목록을 공시한다. 목록공시는 통상적으로 매월 초순에 1회 게시된다. 허가 등록 절차는 맨처음 서류가 접수되면 구비서류가 완전한지 여부를 검토하여 신청서류에 문제가 없으면 4부를 복사하여 연방소비자보호 및 식품안전청(BVL, Federal Office of Consumer Protection and Food Safety), 환경청(UBA, Federal Environment Agency), 연방농림생물학청(BBA, Federal Biogical Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry) 및 위해성평가연구소(BfR, Fedral Institute for Risk Assessment)에 우편으로 해당부서에 발송한다. 4개 기관이 검토한 내용이 서로 상이한 판단을 하였을 경우 연방소비자보호 및 식품안전청은 등록 허가결정을 하기 전에 "전문가위원회"를 개최하여 의견을 청취한다. 전문위원회는 연방농림생물청, 환경부, 위해성평가연구소 연구원 등 작물, 독성 및 환경보호 전문가 25인으로 구성되어있다. 연방소비자보호 및 식품안전청의 작물보호 제2부서(식물강화제 검토부서)는 전문위원과 검토기관의 의견을 종합하여 자체적으로 등록 허가 여부를 결정하여 제품 신청자에게 결정 내용을 통보함으로서 등록절차가 마무리 된다. 독일의 식물강화제, 즉 유기농자재는 국가에서 허가한 제품에 한하여 유기농업연구소(FiBL)에서 허용목록 책자를 만들어 유기농업단체 제공하면 단체에 따라 사용가능 유기농자재 제품을 다시 선별하여 회원에게 알려준다. 2009년 11월 30일 현재 독일의 연방소비자보호 및 식품안전청(BVL)에서 허가 공시한 식물강화제는 490개 제품에 이르고 있다.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.113-121
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• 2022

Rice blast is a major plant disease that occurs worldwide and significantly reduces rice yields. Rice blast disease occurs periodically in Korea, causing significant socio-economic damage due to the unique status of rice as a major staple crop. A disease outbreak prediction system is required for preventing rice blast disease. Epidemiological investigations of disease outbreaks can aid in decision-making for plant disease management. Currently, plant disease prediction and epidemiological investigations are mainly based on quantitatively measurable, structured data such as crop growth and damage, weather, and other environmental factors. On the other hand, text data related to the occurrence of plant diseases are accumulated along with the structured data. However, epidemiological investigations using these unstructured data have not been conducted. The useful information extracted using unstructured data can be used for more effective plant disease management. This study analyzed news articles related to the rice blast disease through text mining to investigate the years and provinces where rice blast disease occurred most in Korea. Moreover, the average temperature, total precipitation, sunshine hours, and supplied rice varieties in the regions were also analyzed. Through these data, it was estimated that the primary causes of the nationwide outbreak in 2020 and the major outbreak in Jeonbuk region in 2021 were meteorological factors. These results obtained through text mining can be combined with deep learning technology to be used as a tool to investigate the epidemiology of rice blast disease in the future.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.15 no.3 s.28
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• pp.111-126
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• 1976

Regional differences in economic importance of the four species of rice leafhoppers, viz., Laodelphax striatellus, Nephotettix cincticeps, Nilaparvata Iugens and Sogatella furcifera, were analyzed and discussed based on population surveys conducted in Suweon and in southern and south-western coastal areas. The economic importance of L. striatellus and N. cincticeps, which are found throughout the year in Korea, seems to be less in middle regions. This is believed due to effective natural control through severe winter climate, cultural practices in rice and barley growing, and natural enemies such as spiders. However, the economic importance of these two species is significantly greater in southern regions with a less severe winter climate, and where cultural practices in rice and barley favour synchronization between the life cycles of insects and the seasonal succession of host plants. with regard to N. lugens and S. furcifera, which cannot overwinter in Korea, initial populations are the result of long distance migration across the East China Sea. Weather elements related to their migration result in more abundant immigrants of these two species in southern than in middle regions. Thus, different policies are needed for the integrated control of rice leafhoppers in middle and southern Korea.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.18-28
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• 1981

The purpose of this study was to establish the intergrated control of rice insect pests. Specific objectives were to reveal the diversity of natural enemies in rice field environment, to obtain basic informations of their population dynamics, and to screen the selective insecticides for the conservation of natural enemies. The results of the study were as follows. 1. In numbers of species and in numbers of each species of parasitic Hymenoptera of rice insect pests were more diverse and abundant in rice paddy leeves and banks than paddy fields. Braconid Mymarid and pteromalid were predominated in the field and their population was high during early August to mid September. 2. Of the predatory spiders, Pirata subpiraticus was the largest in number and amounted to 72% of the total, Gnatonarium dentatum, Pachygnatha clerki and Clubiona japonicola were the next. It was also found that P. subpiraticus had three generations in a year. 3. Hence the activities of the predatory spider species and parasitic Hymenoptera were high in early to mid August and September, it would be better promising to avoid chemical applications at this time of periods as possible. 4. The relative toxicity of several insecticides which have been used for the control of brown plant hopper (BPH) showed that P. subpiraticus was 1.1-73.1 times higher than BPH and G. dentatum to P. subpiraticus was 1.1-73.1 times, respectively. 5. Three conventional insecticides, Padan, Diazinon and Carbofuran were screened for toxicity to predatory spider species. The insecticides deffered in their toxicity to the predators. However, Padan was appeared to be the least toxic to the predators.