• Title/Summary/Keyword: 조사면 크기

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Trends and Applications on Multi-beam Side Scan Sonar Sensor Technology (측면주사음탐기 센서 기술 동향 및 응용)

  • Kye, J.E.;Cho, J.I.;Yoo, W.P.;Choi, S.L.;Park, J.H.
    • Electronics and Telecommunications Trends
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    • v.28 no.6
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    • pp.167-179
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    • 2013
  • 측면주사음탐기(side scan sonar) 센서는 해저면의 영상을 실시간으로 탐색하는 장비로서 해양탐사 및 지질조사, 해저통신 및 어초조사, 기뢰 및 잠수정 탐색 등 해양탐사와 관련한 대표적 장비라고 할 수 있다. 센서는 해저와 목표물을 표시하기 위해 소나 플랫폼의 움직임을 사용하며, 동작주파수 범위는 20kHz~500kHz이다. 이 주파수는 요구되는 깊이와 목표물의 크기에 의해서 결정된다. 센서는 수직으로 $45^{\circ}$, 수평으로 $2^{\circ}$ 정도의 신호전파 방사각도 폭을 가진다. 최근에는 해양탐사와 개발을 위해 빠른 스캔속도와 정확한 정보, 고해상도의 영상을 얻기 위해 해저면에 대한 다중빔 영상센서의 핵심기술로 활용되면서 그 활용성과 중요성이 점차 증가되고 있다. 본고에서는 측면주사소나 센서의 기본 원리 및 종류, 디중빔측면주사소나 기술동향, 응용분야의 사례를 소개함으로써, 국내 기반기술 및 상용화 개발이 취약한 측면주사 음탐기 센서에 대한 이해를 돕고자 한다.

Viscoelastic Analysis of Stress Intensity Factor for Interface Edge Crack in a Unidirectional Liminate (단일방향 복합재료의 공유면에 존재하는 계면 모서리균열의 점탄성 해석)

  • 이상순;김범식
    • Computational Structural Engineering
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    • v.10 no.1
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    • pp.129-134
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    • 1997
  • Interfacial stress singularity in a unidirectional two-dimensional laminate model consisting of an elastic fiber and a viscoelastic matrix has been investigated using the time-domain boundary element method. First, the interfacial singular stresses between the fiber and the matrix of a unidirectional laminate subjected to a uniform transverse tensile strain have been investigated near the free surface, but without any defect or any edge crack. Such a stress singularity might lead to fiber-matrix debonding or interfacial edge cracks. Then, the overall stress intensity factor for the case of a small interfacial edge crack of length a has been computed.

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Dose Characteristics of Total-Skin Electron-Beam Irradiation with Six-Dual Electron Fields (Six-Dual 전자선 조사면에 의한 전신 피부 조사의 선량 특성)

  • Choi, Tae-Jin;Kim, Jin-Hee;Kim, Ok-Bae
    • Radiation Oncology Journal
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    • v.16 no.3
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    • pp.337-345
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    • 1998
  • Purpose : To obtain the uniform dose at limited depth to entire surface of the body, the dose characteristics of degraded electron beam of the large target-skin distance and the dose distribution of the six-dual electron fields were investigated Materials and Method : The experimental dose distributions included the depth dose curve, spatial dose and attenuated electron beam were determined with 300 cm of target-skin distance (TSD) and full collimator size (35*35 $cm^2$ on TSD 100 cm) in 4 MeV electron beam energy. Actual collimated field size of 105 cm * 105 cm at the distance of 300 cm could include entire hemibody. A patient was standing on step board with hands up and holding the pole to stabilize his/her positions for the six-dual fields technique. As a scatter-degrader, 0.5 cm of acrylic plate was inserted at 20 cm from the body surface on the electron beam path to induce ray scattering and to increase the skin dose. Results : The full width at half maximum(FWHM) of dose profile was 130 cm in large field of 105*105 $cm^2$ The width of $100\pm10\%$ of the resultant dose from two adjacent fields which were separated at 25 cm from field edge for obtaining the dose unifomity was extended to 186 cm. The depth of maximum dose lies at 5 mm and the 80$\%$ depth dose lies between 7 and 8 mm for the degraded electron beam by using the 0.5 cm thickness of acrylic absorber. Total skin electron beam irradiation (TSEBI) was carried out using the six dual fields has been developed at Stanford University. The dose distribution in TSEBI showed relatively uniform around the flat region of skin except the protruding and deeply curvatured portion of the body, which showed excess of dose at the former and less dose at the latter. Conclusion : The percent depth dose, profile curves and superimposed dose distribution were investigated using the degraded electron beam through the beam absorber. The dose distribution obtained by experiments of TSEBI showed within$\pm10\%$ difference except the protruding area of skin which needs a shield and deeply curvatured region of skin which needs boosting dose.

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The Case Studies on Application of Mat Foundation System to Building Structure Founded on Weathered Ground (풍화대지반에 지지된 건축구조물의 전면기초 적용에 관한 사례 연구)

  • Choi, Yongkyu;Kim, Sungho;Lee, Minhee
    • Journal of the Korean GEO-environmental Society
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    • v.10 no.6
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    • pp.5-18
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    • 2009
  • In construction of buildings in Korea, the buildings are frequently founded on the weathered ground (weathered soil/rock, fractured rock). In this case, to make a full use of a bearing capacity of a weathered ground for economic design, the shallow mat foundation system could be used. In this study, we have researched three cases of mat foundations on the weathered ground in Korea, and analyzed and considered the design procedures and the reinforcing methods. That is, we have considered the detail design, analysis proceedings, the ground settlement evaluation proceedings, the rock face mapping evaluations after excavation and reinforcing methods of the mat foundation on the weathered ground. And large scale plate load tests on the weathered ground supporting the mat foundation were performed and also load bearing capacity and settlement of actual mat foundation, considering the scale effect, were evaluated.

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A Study on Electron Dose Distribution of Cones for Intraoperative Radiation Therapy (수술중 전자선치료에 있어서 선량분포에 관한 연구)

  • Kang, Wee-Saing;Ha, Sung-Whan;Yun, Hyong-Geun
    • Progress in Medical Physics
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    • v.3 no.2
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    • pp.1-12
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    • 1992
  • For intraoperative radiation therapy using electron beams, a cone system to deliver a large dose to the tumor during surgical operation and to save the surrounding normal tissue should be developed and dosimetry for the cone system is necessary to find proper X-ray collimator setting as well as to get useful data for clinical use. We developed a docking type of a cone system consisting of two parts made of aluminum: holder and cone. The cones which range from 4cm to 9cm with 1cm step at 100cm SSD of photon beam are 28cm long circular tubular cylinders. The system has two 26cm long holders: one for the cones larger than or equal to 7cm diamter and another for the smaller ones than 7cm. On the side of the holder is an aperture for insertion of a lamp and mirror to observe treatment field. Depth dose curve. dose profile and output factor at dept of dose maximum. and dose distribution in water for each cone size were measured with a p-type silicone detector controlled by a linear scanner for several extra opening of X-ray collimators. For a combination of electron energy and cone size, the opening of the X-ray collimator was caused to the surface dose, depths of dose maximum and 80%, dose profile and output factor. The variation of the output factor was the most remarkable. The output factors of 9MeV electron, as an example, range from 0.637 to 1.549. The opening of X-ray collimators would cause the quantity of scattered electrons coming to the IORT cone system. which in turn would change the dose distribution as well as the output factor. Dosimetry for an IORT cone system is inevitable to minimize uncertainty in the clinical use.

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A Study on the Effects of Wedge Filter in Peripheral Dose Distribution (Wedge Filter가 주변선량분포에 주는 영향에 관한 연구)

  • Kang, Wee-Saing;Kim, Il-Han;Park, Charn-Il
    • Radiation Oncology Journal
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    • v.3 no.2
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    • pp.145-151
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    • 1985
  • The peripheral dose distributions of wedge fields of Co-60 $\gamma-ray$ and 1 OMV x-ray were measured by the solid state detector controlled by means of semiautomatic water phentom system. The measurements were made on the principal plane parallel to the cross section of wedge filter (blade and ridge direction). For parallel motion of the detector to the beam axis the distance from the margin of radiation field at suface were 3, 5 and 10cm. For tranverse motion the depth of measurement were dm, 5, 10 and 15cm. The followings were drawn from the measurement. 1. The peripheral dose of the blade side of wedges was generally higher than that of the ridge side at symmetric point about beam axis. 2. In the superficial region phenomena of dose build-up appeared. 3. For Co-60 $\gamma-ray$ field, the peripheral dose did not monotonously decrease with the distance from the field margin but increase in some range, consequently showing a peak dose. 4. The peripheral dose did not only depend on radiation quality and field size, but also on wedge angle and wedge direction.

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두경부암의 6MV 광자선 치료 시 표면선량 증가를 위한 Spoiler의 유용성 평가

  • 이강혁;김원택;이화중;김대영
    • The Journal of Korean Society for Radiation Therapy
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    • v.14 no.1
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    • pp.41-47
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    • 2002
  • 1.목적 두경부암(head and neck Ca)과 쇄골상부(Supraclavicular)에 6MV 광자선으로 치료 시 치료부위(Target volume)가 피부에서 대략 $1^{\sim}2mm$정도 깊이에 위치할 경우, 6MV 광자선의 선량분포는 표면선량이 낮아서 치료에 적합하지 않기 때문에 Bolus와 같이 사용하지만 Skin Sparing(피부보호)효과의 손실로 피부의 손상이 발생할 수 있다. 이러한 이유로 피부의 보호와 치료 시 표면선량의 증가를 위해 Spoiler(산란판)를 제작하여 측정 후 그 특성을 이해하고 선량의 분포를 통하여 Bolus와 비교한 후에 Spoiler의 유용성에 대해 평가하고자 하였다. 2.방법 Siemens사 선형가속기(PRIMUS)의 6MV 광자선을 사용하여 Spoiler의 사용여부 및 Spoiler의 사용 시에는 조사면의 크기를 $5{\times}5,\;7{\times}7,\;10{\times}10,\;15{\times}15,\;20{\times}20cm^2$로 하고 Spoiler와 표면과의 거리는 6, 10, 15cm로 바꾸어 가면서 물팬톰(PTW. 독일)을 이용해 깊이와 측방에 따른 선량분포를 Markus 전리함(PTW. 독일)으로 측정하였으며 전리함의 방수를 위해 씌어진 방수 캡 때문에 표면선량을 별도의 고형 팬톰으로 측정하였다. 표면의 측정선량은 전리함의 측면 벽 등에 의한 선량 측정치의 증가 현상으로 과 반응을 보였으며 이를 교정하였다. 그리고 측정된 데이터를 치료계획 시스템(Pinnacle 6.0m)으로 비교, 분석하였다. 3.결과 Spoiler의 사용 시 3cm깊이 측정선량 백분율과 Spoiler를 사용하지 않은 해당 치료 조사면의 3cm깊이 선량의 백분율에 일치하도록 하여 가상의 치료 깊이인 2mm에서 측정값을 비교하여 본 결과 조사면 $5{\times}5,\;10{\times}10,\;20{\times}20cm^2$에서 OPEN시 62, 64, $70\%$, Bolus는 97, 97, $99\%$로 Spoiler의 사용 시 표면과의 거리가 6cm에서 82, 98, $103\%$, 10cm에는 72, 89, $101\%$, 15m에 65, 79, $96\%$로 나타났으며 표면에서의 측정값을 비교하여 본 결과 OPEN시 11, 17, $27\%$, Bolus는 84, 84, $86\%$, Spoiler의 사용 시 6cm에서 40, 71, $93\%$, 10cm에는 25, 50, $81\%$, 15cm에 18, 36, $67\%$를 나타내었다. 또한 3m깊이에서의 측방 선량분포에서 Spoiler의 거리변화(6, 10cm)는 심부선량의 변화에 영향을 주지 않는 것으로 확인할 수 있었다. 그리고 위의 실험측정치를 치료계획 시스템에 입력하여 선량분포를 확인한 결과 Spoiler를 사용하는 경우 OPEN에 비해 선량분포 영역을 표면으로 끌어 올릴 수 있으며 Bolus 보다 피부 보호효과는 어느 정도 유지가 되는 것을 보여주었다. 4.결론 이와 같이 Spoiler는 Bolus와 비교하여 6MV 광자선의 build up 영역을 표면으로 증가시키는 동시에 Skin Sparing(피부보호)효과를 유지할 수 있으며 두경부암의 치료에서 Spoiler의 사용이 가능한 조건으로는 조사면이 $5{\times}5cm^2$에서 Spoiler와 표면과의 거리가 6cm일 때, $7{\times}7cm^2$에서 6cm, 10cm였고 $10{\times}10cm^2$는 10cm, 15cm로, $15{\times}15cm^2$는 15cm의 간격으로 평가되었다. 또한 $20{\times}20cm^2$의 조사면, Spoiler가 6cm 간격 인 경우 Bolus를 사용한 것 보다 더욱 높은 표면선량을 나타내었다. 그러나 Spoiler와 표면간의 거리를 다르게 함으로써 깊이에 따라 선량분포를 다양하게 나타낼 수 있기 때문에 표면선량의 증가와 피부의 보호를 위해 환자의 피부 두께, 실제 치료 부위의 깊이 등을 고려한다면 Spoiler를 사용하는 것이 bolus를 사용하는 것보다 더 유용하게 적용할 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

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지질공학적 사고에 대한 인식의 전환

  • 김영기
    • The Journal of Engineering Geology
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    • v.10 no.3
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    • pp.273-275
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    • 2000
  • Engineering Geology를 필자는 지질공학(地質工學)이라 한다. 지질공학은 지반(地盤)의 토질 및 암석의 거동을 역학적인 관점에서의 지질역학(地質力學, Mechanical Geology)과 공학적 판단을 가하여 실제의 공사 등에 응용되는 기초학문이다. 이 분야에서의 중요 부분은 토목 시공 과정 또는 시공후에 발생할수 있는 지질적 문제(지질약선대의 문제 및 지질역학적 문제)등 에 대한 조사연구인 것이다. 따라서 지질공학자는 암반의 기계적인 응답에 대한 요소들을 지질도에 표시하여 시공상의 문제점을 검토, 연구하여 착공여부를 결정하고 지반보강 또는 지질개선을 실시케한다. 문제 중 지반의 거동은 물질 자체의 성질과 불연속성면에 있다. 물질자체의 성질은 입자의 크기에 있고 구조적 집합성에 있는 것이다. 불연속성면은 미세한 균열에서 거대한 단층면에 이르기까지 존재하며, 구조지질역학적 성격에 있다. (중략)

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Medium Composition Including Particles of Used Rockwool and Wood Affects Growth of Plug Seedlings of Petunia 'Romeo' (폐암면 입자와 목재 입자의 배지 내 혼합 비율이 페튜니아 플러그묘의 생장에 미치는 영향)

  • Kim, Oh-Im;Cho, Ji Young;Jeong, Byoung Ryong
    • Horticultural Science & Technology
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    • v.18 no.1
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    • pp.33-38
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    • 2000
  • This study was conducted in an effort to meet the need for domestic production of hydroponic media and for medium development using recycled hydroponic rockwool slabs. Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the growth of plug seedlings of petunia 'Romeo' in various mixtures including particles of used rockwool slabs (rockwool particles) and wood chips. In the first experiment, seedlings were grown in plugs filled with mixtures of steam- sterilized rockwool particles and chestnut wood chips, which had been weathered for six months and screened through either 2.8 mm or 5.6 mm sieve, at the mixing ratio of 100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75, or 0:100 (v/v). In the second experiment, seedlings were grown in plugs filled with twenty different mixtures of steam-sterilized particles of used hydroponic rockwool slabs with 4 mm chestnut or pine wood chips, coir, peatmoss, or perlite. In the first experiment seedling growth was not affected by particle size of chestnut wood chips, was superior in the control (commercial plug medium) and in 100% rockwool particles, but was suppressed as mixing ratio of chestnut wood chips increased. In the second experiment, leaf length, and shoot fresh and dry weights were the greatest in rockwool particles+peatmoss+coir treatment, followed by rockwool particles+peatmoss treatment. Leaf length was suppressed as ratio of wood chips increased, especially of chestnut wood chips. Root development was the greatest in rockwool particles+peatmoss+perlite treatment, followed by the control, and rockwool particles+peatmoss+coir treatment. The growth was suppressed as the mixing ratio of rockwool particles, peatmoss, or coir decreased.

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Dose Change according to Diameter Change of the Cone for Dental X-ray Apparatus (치과구내용 X선발생기의 조사통 직경 변화에 따른 선량변화)

  • Ahn, Sung-Min;Oh, Jung-Hoan;Choi, Jung-Hyun;Shin, Gwi-Soon;Kim, Sung-Chul
    • The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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    • v.10 no.3
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    • pp.266-270
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    • 2010
  • In case of the Dental X-ray apparatus, the diameter (or the field size) of the tip of the cone should be less than 7 cm according to the Diagnosis Radiation Equipment Safety Management. However, deviation from the field is not expected to be big as photography is made at close range from the skin. Also, as the size of film or digital detector used in intra-oral photography is $3\times4cm^2$, the size mentioned above can be considered to be much bigger. Furthermore, the patient dose by short-distance photography can not be ignored. Therefore, effect on the patient dose, resolution and image qualty was examined by reducing the cone diameter by 0.5 cm interval. The result showed that the patient dose was reduced and a partial improvement in picture contrast was observed. Therefore, it can be concluded from these results that further investigation may be worthwhile in terms of policy.