What Determines the Emotional Quality of Homepage\ulcorner - from the emotion, users and designers perspectives (무엇이 홈페이지의 감성 품질을 결정하는가\ulcorner -감성 측면과 디자이너의 측면 그리고 사용자 측면을 중심으로)
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- Archives of design research
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- v.15 no.4
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- pp.97-110
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- 2002
As users environments change, users primary needs for homepages also change more complicatedly. Today, users do not only want usability for homepages, but also to feel appropriate emotional experiences. Despite users needs, users do not always experience appropriate emotions that are conveyed by designers through homepage. I In this research paper, we analyzed the related factors with the emotional quality, which means the degree that users feel target emotions intended by designers. For analyzing factors related with the emotional quality, three hypotheses were verified; the factor of an emotion, the factor of users and the factor of designers. As the factor of emotions, the first hypothesis is that unclear emotional dimensions in users minds are related with the emotional quality. The second hypothesis, as the factor of users, is that the diversity of users experiences by same homepage is related with the emotional quality. The third hypothesis, as the factor of designers, is that the appropriate selection of design elements is related with the emotional quality. In the previous research, we selected the basic 13 emotional dimensions and 30 representative emotional words based on the statistical results and evaluations by professional designers. For this research, we conducted an experiment and user survey. In the experiment, we asked 30 designers to design homepages focusing on the typical emotion that was presented by a researcher. Based on the designing process and user evaluation, we performed statistical analyses: ANOVA with Tukey post hoc method and Factor Analysis. We found the discrepancy between the emotions that designers intend and the actual emotions that users experienced from homepages. From the result of analysis, we know that the factor of users and the factor of designers related with the emotional qualities, but the factor of emotions did not. The definiteness of emotions did not relate with the emotional quality. However, the diversity of emotions that users feel seeing the same homepages and design elements that designers chose for conveying target emotion related with the emotional quality.
There are two cultivars, 'Jeongsun' and 'Mishima' of Bupleurum falcatum L., a medicinal plant, have been cultivated in Korea. Two cultivars were evaluated and compared in details for major growth characters and their seasonal changes. Jeongsun was higher in stem length and root weight per plant, and earlier in maturity than Mishima, while Mishima was higher in top weight per plant and the ratio of outer phloem layer(OPL) to whole root, and more in branch number. Coefficients of variations of most growth characters were higher in Mishima than in Jeongsun. In relationship between root and shoot growth characters, root weight, root diameter, etc. were positively correlated with stem thickness, top weight, branch number, etc. in both cultivars. In comparison of seasonal changes for growth characters between two cultivars, stem length and node number were almost not increased after September, but root length and branch number tended to increase until November. There were continuous increases of top and root weights in both cultivars after September. Increase rates of top and root weights were higher in Mishima and Jeongsun, respectively. The weight ratio of root part to whole plant in Jeongsun and the ratio of OPL to whole root in Mishima were higher during whole growth stages; especially Mishima showed their continuous increases after October. Jeongsun flowered earlier (August 17) than Mishima (September 16) by one month. Complete flowering date was on August 30 in Jeongsun and on September 30 in Mishima. Basic difference in plant growth between two cultivars was maturity, so shoot growth almost stopped after October in Jeongsun, and continued vegetative growth until November in Mishima with late flowering habit. These results indicate that higher root weight in Jeongsun is due to its earlier flowering character leading to relatively longer time for root growth, as compared with Mishima.
The objective of this study was to compare acid-neutralizing and buffering capacity of four tree species against soil acidification by acid rain. About 30-year-old forests composed of Pinus rigida, Alnus hirsuta, Quercus mongolica, and Liriodendron tulipifera in a provincial experimental forest located 15km east from Banwol Industrial Complex in Kyonggido were used in this study. Incident precipitation, throughfall and stemflow, and soil samples were collected from May to September, 1996 to analyze their pH and canon concentrations. Internal leaf pH, external acid neutralizing capacity(ENC), and buffering capacity index(BCI) of leaves were also determined. The incident precipitation showed an average pH of 4.56, with the percentage of acid rain incidents being 74%. The average soil pH of the study area was 4.15. The pH of throughfall and stemflow in all four species was higher than that of precipitation except that of the stemflow of Pinus rigida which showed a pH of 3.73. The throughfall of Liriodendron tulipifera showed the highest pH of 5.38. The pH of throughfall and stemflow showed a positive correlation and no correlation, respectively, with precipitations. The most abundant cation in precipitation was Ca. The canon concentraions in throughfall and stemflow decreased in the following order of K, Na, Ca, and Mg. Cation concentrations in stemflow were highest in Lirioendron tulipifera and lowest in Pines rigida. Nutrient leaching from above ground increased with decreasing pH of precipitation. The pH of stemflow showed a positive correlation with ENC and BCI. The highest values in ENC, BCI, soil pH, and soil cation concentrations were observed in Liriodendron tulipifera, while the lowest values were obtained in Pinus rigida, It was concluded that Liriodendron tulipifera had highest neutralizing capacity against acid rain, while Pinus rigida had the lowest capacity and even promoted acidification of soil.
This study was conducted to find out buffer capacities of forest soils by the treatment of simulated acid rain(SAR) of four forests(Q. spp., P. rigida, P. koraiensis, L. leptolepis) in Kyunghee university's practice forest. All soils of each forest stand were treated by simulated acid rain at the level of pH 3.0, 4.0, 5.0 respectively. The result obtained from this study can be summarized as follows: Soil pH was measured by soil depth of each forest stand. The deeper soil depth was, the higher soil pH was. Also it was appeared that base saturation of sample soils was the highest as 17.42% in P. rigida stand and cation exchange capacity(C.E.C) was the highest as 29.87 me/100 g in Q. spp. stand. for responses of soil leachates to acidification treatment with pH 3.0 simulated acid rain(SAR), as simulated acid rain(SAR)-input was increased, pH value of soil leachates appeared high temporarily, but soon pH value of soil leachates had been low gradually. At the rest of pH 4.0, pH 5.0 treatment, pH value of soil leachates was high proportionably. The amounts of TBC of primary stage had a difference as pH level of simulated acid rain and forest stands. But as simulated acid rain(SAR)-input was increased. Amount of TBC was diminished. Also the amounts of TBC of primary stage in acidification treatment with pH 3.0, 4.0 simulated acid rain(SAR) was higher that of acidification treatment with pH 5.0 simulated acid rain(SAR). These trend showed obvious difference at low soil acidity and high TBC. The amounts of activity Al of primary stage appeared high as increasing the input acidity of simulated acid rain(SAR). Also, by soil depth, the amounts of Activity Al was different between A layer(0-15 cm) and AB layer(0-30 cm). There was considerable the correlation between simulated acid rain-input and activity Al change. But this was oppositional trend in soil leachates of pH 4.0, 5.0 treatment and total base cations(TBC).
This study was conducted to examine genetic variation on leaf characteristics of Zelkova serrata populations. Leaf samples were obtained from eighteen populations and fourteen leaf characteristics such as leaf blade length, leaf width, leaf area and etc. were measured. In all leaf characteristics, there were significant differences among populations and among individuals within population. Most variance of leaf characteristics was contributed to among individuals within population except for length from leaf base to maximum width (x3) and the ratio of x3 to leaf blade length (x10). The relatively high variations of leaf characteristics were found at Gurye, Jungeup and Gyungju populations while Youngwol, Cheongsong, Youngchun populations showed the lower variation. There was high correlation among leaf characteristics related to leaf size, but not among the variables of ratio between leaf characteristics. Length from leaf base to maximum width(x3) and the ratio of x3 to x10 showed significant positive correlation with latitude and altitude of populations, which reflect the differences of mean annual temperature among populations. Mean annual rainfall of populations showed negative correlation with leaf blade length, leaf width, length from apex to first serration and leaf area. Four principal components (PC) were deduced from principal component analysis, which explain the 88.5% of total variance of leaf characteristics. Leaf area, length from leaf base to maximum width, serration number and petiole length showed the highest contribution to PC1, PC2, PC3, PC4, respectively. According to cluster analysis, the populations of Z. serrata were divided into two groups, which reflect the difference of mean annual temperature between groups. Within group, however, specific tendency of clustering was not observed among populattions.
The intermittent freshwater discharge has an critical influence upon the biophysical environments and the ecosystems of the Yeongsan Estuary where the estuary dam altered the continuous mixing of saltwater and freshwater. Though freshwater discharge is controlled by human, the extreme events are mainly driven by the heavy rainfall in the river basin, and provide various impacts, depending on its magnitude and frequency. This research aims to evaluate the magnitude and frequency of extreme freshwater discharges, and to establish the magnitude-frequency relationships between basin-wide rainfall and freshwater inflow. Daily discharge and daily basin-averaged rainfall from Jan 1, 1997 to Aug 31, 2010 were used to determine the relations between discharge and rainfall. Consecutive daily discharges were grouped into independent events using well-defined event-separation algorithm. Partial duration series were extracted to obtain the proper probability distribution function for extreme discharges and corresponding rainfall events. Extreme discharge events over the threshold 133,656,000
1. Introduction: Contrast to the offline purchasing environment, online store cannot offer the sense of touch or direct visual information of its product to the consumers. So the builder of the online shopping mall should provide more concrete and detailed product information(Kim 2008), and Alba (1997) also predicted that the quality of the offered information is determined by the post-purchase consumer satisfaction. In practice, many fashion and apparel online shopping malls offer the picture information with the product on the real person model to enhance the usefulness of product information. On the other virtual product experience has been suggested to the ways of overcoming the online consumers' limited perceptual capability (Jiang & Benbasat 2005). However, the adoption and the facilitation of the virtual reality tools requires high investment and technical specialty compared to the text/picture product information offerings (Shaffer 2006). This could make the entry barrier to the online shopping to the small retailers and sometimes it could be demanding high level of consumers' perceptual efforts. So the expensive technological solution could affects negatively to the consumer decision making processes. Nevertheless, most of the previous research on the online product information provision suggests the VR be the more effective tools. 2. Research Model and Hypothesis: Presented in
Up to this day, mobile communications have evolved rapidly over the decades, mainly focusing on speed-up to meet the growing data demands of 2G to 5G. And with the start of the 5G era, efforts are being made to provide such various services to customers, as IoT, V2X, robots, artificial intelligence, augmented virtual reality, and smart cities, which are expected to change the environment of our lives and industries as a whole. In a bid to provide those services, on top of high speed data, reduced latency and reliability are critical for real-time services. Thus, 5G has paved the way for service delivery through maximum speed of 20Gbps, a delay of 1ms, and a connecting device of 106/㎢ In particular, in intelligent traffic control systems and services using various vehicle-based Vehicle to X (V2X), such as traffic control, in addition to high-speed data speed, reduction of delay and reliability for real-time services are very important. 5G communication uses high frequencies of 3.5Ghz and 28Ghz. These high-frequency waves can go with high-speed thanks to their straightness while their short wavelength and small diffraction angle limit their reach to distance and prevent them from penetrating walls, causing restrictions on their use indoors. Therefore, under existing networks it's difficult to overcome these constraints. The underlying centralized SDN also has a limited capability in offering delay-sensitive services because communication with many nodes creates overload in its processing. Basically, SDN, which means a structure that separates signals from the control plane from packets in the data plane, requires control of the delay-related tree structure available in the event of an emergency during autonomous driving. In these scenarios, the network architecture that handles in-vehicle information is a major variable of delay. Since SDNs in general centralized structures are difficult to meet the desired delay level, studies on the optimal size of SDNs for information processing should be conducted. Thus, SDNs need to be separated on a certain scale and construct a new type of network, which can efficiently respond to dynamically changing traffic and provide high-quality, flexible services. Moreover, the structure of these networks is closely related to ultra-low latency, high confidence, and hyper-connectivity and should be based on a new form of split SDN rather than an existing centralized SDN structure, even in the case of the worst condition. And in these SDN structural networks, where automobiles pass through small 5G cells very quickly, the information change cycle, round trip delay (RTD), and the data processing time of SDN are highly correlated with the delay. Of these, RDT is not a significant factor because it has sufficient speed and less than 1 ms of delay, but the information change cycle and data processing time of SDN are factors that greatly affect the delay. Especially, in an emergency of self-driving environment linked to an ITS(Intelligent Traffic System) that requires low latency and high reliability, information should be transmitted and processed very quickly. That is a case in point where delay plays a very sensitive role. In this paper, we study the SDN architecture in emergencies during autonomous driving and conduct analysis through simulation of the correlation with the cell layer in which the vehicle should request relevant information according to the information flow. For simulation: As the Data Rate of 5G is high enough, we can assume the information for neighbor vehicle support to the car without errors. Furthermore, we assumed 5G small cells within 50 ~ 250 m in cell radius, and the maximum speed of the vehicle was considered as a 30km ~ 200 km/hour in order to examine the network architecture to minimize the delay.
To measure variations in some of the important agronomic characteristics of rice varieties under shifting of seedling dates, this study has been carried out at the Paddy Crop Division of Crop Experiment Station(then Agricultural Experiment Station) in Suwon for the period of three years 1958 to 1960. The varieties used in this study were Kwansan, Suwon ＃82, Mojo, Paltal and Chokwang, which have the different agronomic characteristics such as earliness and plant type. Seeds of each variety were sown at 14 different dates in 10-day interval starting on March 2. The seedlings were grown on seed bed for 30, 40, 50, 60, 70 and 80 days, respectively. The results of this study are as follows: A. Heading dates. 1. As the seeding date was delayed, the heading dates was almost proportionally delayed. The degree of delay was higher in early varieties and lower in late varieties and the longer the seedling stage, the more delayed the heading date. 2. Number of days to heading was proportionally lessened as seeding was delayed in all the varieties but the magnitude varied depending upon variety. In other words, the required period for heading in case of late planting was much shortened in late variety compared with early one. Within a variety, the number of days to heading was less shortened as the seedling stage was prolonged. Early variety reached earlier than late variety to the marginal date for the maximum shortening of days to heading and the longer the seeding stage, the limitted date came earlier. There was a certain limit in seeding date for shortening of days to heading as seeding was delayed, and days to heading were rather prolonged due to cold weather when seeded later than that date. 3. In linear regression equation, Y=a+bx obtained from the seeding dates and the number of days to heading, the coefficient b(shortening rate of days to heading) was closely correlated with the average number of days to heading. That is, the period from seeding to heading was more shortened in late variety than early one as seeding was delayed. 4. To the extent that the seedling stage is not so long and there is a linear relationship between delay of seeding and shortening of days to heading, it might be possible to predict heading date of a rice variety to be sown any date by using the linear regression obtained from variation of heading dates under the various seeding dates of the same variety. 5. It was found out that there was a close correlation between the numbers of days to heading in ordinary culture and the other ones. When a rice variety was planted during the period from the late part of March to the middle of June and the seedling ages were within 30 to 50 days, it could be possible to estimate heading date of the variety under late or early culture with the related data of ordinary culture. B. Maturing date. 6. Within (he marginal date for maturation of rice variety, maturing date was proportionally delayed as heading was delayed. Of course, the degree of delay depended upon varieties and seedling ages. The average air temperature (Y) during the ripening period of rice variety was getting lower as the heading date. (X) was delayed. Though there was a difference among varieties, in general, a linear regression equation(y=25.53-0.182X) could be obtained as far as heading date were within August 1 to September 13. 7. Depending upon earliness of a rice variety, the average air temperature during the ripening period were greatly different. Early variety underwent under 28, research model suggests VR effect could be moderated by the product types by the usage situations. Product types could be defined as the portable product and installed product, and the information offering type as still picture of the product, picture of the product with the real-person model and VR. 3. Methods and Results: 3.1. Experimental design and measured variables We designed the 2(product types) X 3(product information types) experimental setting and measured dependent variables such as information usefulness, attitude toward the shopping mall, overall product quality, purchase intention and the revisiting intention. In the case of information usefulness and attitude toward the shopping mall were measured by multi-item scale. As a result of reliability test, Cronbach's Alpha value of each variable shows more than 0.6. Thus, we ensured that the internal consistency of items. 3.2. Manipulation check The main concern of this study is to verify the moderate effect by the product type of usage situation. indicates that our experimental manipulation of the moderate effect of the product type was successful. 3.3. Results As
indicates, there was a significant main effect on the only one dependent variable(attitude toward the shopping mall) by the information types. As predicted, VR has highest mean value compared to other information types. Thus, H1 was partially supported. However, main effect by the product types was not found. To evaluate H2 and H3, a two-way ANOVA was conducted. As
indicates, there exist the interaction effects on the three dependent variables(information usefulness, overall product quality and purchase intention) by the information types and the product types. As predicted, picture of the product with the real-person model has highest mean among the information types in the case of portable product. On the other hand, VR has highest mean among the information types in the case of installed product. Thus, H2 and H3 was supported. 4. Implications: The present study found the moderate effect by the product type of usage situation. Based on the findings the following managerial implications are asserted. First, it was found that information types are affect only the attitude toward the shopping mall. The meaning of this finding is that VR effects are not enough to understand the product itself. Therefore, we must consider when and how to use this VR tools. Second, it was found that there exist the interaction effects on the information usefulness, overall product quality and purchase intention. This finding suggests that consideration of usage situation helps consumer's understanding of product and promotes their purchase intention. In conclusion, not only product attributes but also product usage situations must be fully considered by the online retailers when they want to meet the needs of consumers.
Edge to Edge Model and Delay Performance Evaluation for Autonomous Driving
(자율 주행을 위한 Edge to Edge 모델 및 지연 성능 평가)
Studies on the ecological variations of rice plant under the different seasonal cultures -I. Variations of the various agronomic characteristics of rice plant under the different seasonal cultures-
(재배시기 이동에 의한 수도의 생태변이에 관한 연구 -I. 재배시기 이동에 의한 수도의 실용제형질의 변이-)
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