• The Korean Journal of Health Service Management
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.137-147
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• 2011

본 연구는 일부지역 장애아동 양육자의 정신과적 문제를 알아보기 위해 우울증 지수를 검사하고 분석함으로서 그 심각성을 확인하고 장애아동 양육자의 정신보건의 필요성을 알리기 위한 기초자료를 제공하는 데 목적이 있다. 본 연구는 2011년 8월부터 9월까지 경주 및 인근지역에서 지적장애아동과 지체장애아동을 둔 전업주부의 정신과적 문제를 알아보기 위해 양육 스트레스로 인한 우울증 정도를 알아보았다. 연구대상자는 3개의 치료기관 및 치료 관련기관에서 지적장애 또는 지체장애 아동을 양육하고 있는 부모 각 20명씩을 대상으로 하였다. 우울증 평가도구는 한국형 우울증 검사(Korean Depression Scale; KDS)를 이용하였다. 결과는 첫째, 지적장애아동과 지체장애아동 양육자 모두 우울증이 있는 것으로 나타났고 각각의 차이 비교에는 유의성이 없었다. 둘째, 지적장애아동과 지체장애아동 양육자의 우울증 세부항목에서는 의욕상실 부분에서만 유의성이 있었다. 셋째, 지적장애아동 양육자의 우울증 세부항목간의 비교에서는 유의성이 있었다. 넷째, 지체장애아동 양육자의 우울증 세부항목간의 비교에서는 유의성이 있었다. 다섯째, 지적장애아동 양육자의 우울증과 세부항목의 상관관계에서는 의욕상실에서 유의한 상관성이 있었다. 여섯째, 지체장애아동 양육자의 우울증과 세부항목의 상관관계에서는 의욕상실에서 유의한 상관성이 있었다. 본 연구에서는 두 장애아동의 양육자간 차이는 없었으며 우울증은 장애유형에 상관없이 모두 나타났다. 그리고 세부항목과 우울증의 상관성에서는 의욕상실에서 유의한 상관성을 보였다. 이것은 장애아동의 양육에서 치료의 지연으로 인한 의욕상실에서 우울증이 많이 유발됨을 알 수 있다.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.97-105
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• 1992

Present study investigated the relationship between children's psychiatric disorders and their mothers' psychological problems. Ninety-one psychiatric outpatients from a children's hospital were classified into three diagnostic groups - internalizing symptom group(n=35), externalizing symptom group(n=35), and developmental disorder group(n=21) - based on their psychiatric problems. A normal control group was formed by matching on the age and education of mothers. Mothers' MMPI profiles which were classified into five types - normal, depression, anxiety disorder, somatization disorder, and personality disorder - were examined in relation with children's diagnoses. The profiles of the mothers in the normal control group were mostly normal, while depressive profiles were dominant among those of the clinical groups regardless of the children's diagnoses. Therefore, the data implied association between children's psychiatric problems and their mothers' psychological problems. A possibility of negative reciprocal interactions between children and their mothers was discussed. It was also suggested that further research need to examine the specific effects of children's psychiatric problems on the psychological adjustment of their mothers, as well as the effects of parental psychiatric problems on the adjustment of their offsprings.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.39-44
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• 2004

The primary purpose of this report is to investigate the index of dental caries experiences and the state of oral hygiene for the children with mental retardation, cerebral palsy, and autism. In order to get those things we investigated 99 students that ages from 8 to 13 in three special schools (which are the school for the children with mental retardation, physical difficulties, emotional disturbance). Then collected the statistics and examined if there were some regardful differences among each type. (1) The investigation shows that there is no regardful differences among them in statistice. However, the averages of their dental caries experience have a little gap. The average of the children with mental retardation group is the highest and the autistic children group is the lowest, as we can see the facts of 4.70 for group of children with mental retardation, 4.58 for group of children with cerebral palsy, 3.67 for group of autistic children, children with mental retardation group is severe, autistic children group is few. (2) The conclusion from research of oral hygiene among each type, statistically regardful differences were revealed (p<0.05). It shows children with cerebral palsy is on worst state, children with mental retardation is on next state, autistic children is on best state by compare for averages among each type, 32.30 for group of children with mental retardation 35.00 for group of children with cerebral palsy, 27.79 for autistic children.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.3-14
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• 2002

Childhood psychic trauma appears to be a crucial factor in the development of serious disorders both in childhood and in adulthood. Traumatized children show strong tendency to revisualize or re-feel a traumatic events. Play and behavioral reenactments are frequent manifestations of both the single blow and the long-standing traumas in childhood. Those children who suffer the results of single, intense terror appear to exhibit detailed memory, retrospective reworkings and misperceptions. In long-standing or repetitive trauma, children would show psychic numbing, self-hypnosis, dissociation and rage. Child's brain is undergoing critical and sensitive periods of differentiation. During this time, developing central nervous system is exquisitely sensitive to stress. Stressor-activated neurotransmitters and hormones can play major roles in neurogenesis, migration, synaptogenesis, and neurochemical differentiation. Internal opiate system operates in some trauma and causes the victim to fail to respond, to avoid, to shut off feelings. Evidence is also accumulating in traumatology that dysfuntion of locus coeruleus and ventral tegmental neucleus system leads to catecholamine receptors hypersensitivity. This change result in hypervigilance, increased startle, affective lability, and increased autonomic nervous system hyperreactivity. Another site of action of trauma on the brain is hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. Individuals with PTSD do not have enough cortisol to halt the alarm reaction. When children are exposed to long-standing extreme events, massive attempts to protect the psyche and to preserve the self are put into gear. These developmental traumas mobilize various kinds of defense mechanisms. Massive denial, dissociation, self anesthesia, identification with aggressor and aggression turned against the self often lead to profound character changes in the youngsters.

• Industry Promotion Research
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.175-183
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• 2024

This study aims to provide basic data that can reduce the parenting stress of parents raising disabled children by verifying whether parenting time mediates the effect of parenting stress on mental health through parenting efficacy. The subjects of the survey were parents of disabled children, a total of 315 people. Data were analyzed using SPSS and SPSS PROCESS macro 4.2. Descriptive statistical analysis, reliability analysis, correlation analysis, and moderated mediation effect analysis were applied. The research results are as follows. First, the parenting stress of parents raising disabled children showed a positive correlation with parenting efficacy, a negative correlation between parenting stress and mental health, and a negative correlation between parenting efficacy and mental health. Second, parenting time moderated and mediated the effect of parenting stress on mental health through parenting efficacy. In conclusion, it was confirmed that the parenting time of parents raising disabled children plays a role in increasing the negative impact of parenting stress on mental health through parenting efficacy.

• Therapeutic Science for Rehabilitation
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.37-49
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• 2023

Object : This study aimed to identify the factor structure of Korean-Child Behavior Checklist 1.5-5 Dysregulation Profile (K-CBCL 1.5-5 DP) in infants and toddlers with mental disorders and verify differences in K-CBCL 1.5-5 DP among the diagnosis groups. Methods : The participants were 265 mothers of infants and toddlers with mental disorders who completed K-CBCL 1.5-5 DP. The data was analyzed using AMOS 25.0 and SPSS 25.0. Results : First, the bifactor model was the most suitable for the factor structure of the K-CBCL 1.5-5 DP. Second, there were significant differences among the diagnosis groups, such as communication disorders, pervasive developmental disorders, emotional disorders, and developmental delays. It was confirmed that the pervasive developmental disorder and emotional disorder groups showed significantly higher dysregulation compared with the communication disorder group. Conclusion : This study confirmed that infants and toddlers had dysregulation problems. Using the bifactor model, the multidimensional nature of the K-CBCL 1.5-5 DP was assessed. It was also meaningful that dysregulation could contribute to onset and deepening of symptoms of pervasive developmental disorders and emotional disorders in infancy.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.218-228
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• 2003

Objectives：This study investigated the relationship among child's behavior problems, maternal depression, and parenting stress in children with psychiatric diagnoses and their mothers, and the effect of these variables to the mothers' parenting stress. Methods：Seventy-three children(31 externalizing, 24 internalizing, 18 mixed) and their mothers were involved in this study. The mothers of three groups completed MMPI, KPI-C(Korean Personality Inventory for Children), and PSI(Parenting Stress Index). To investigate the relationships among each variables, ANOVA, Pearson correlation, stepwise regression analysis were performed. Results：There was no significant difference in maternal depression among three groups of children. In 2-Way ANOVA, main effect of maternal depression was statistically significant on depression, parent health, and relationship with spouse subfactor in parent domain, parent domain total, and overall parenting stress. But the main effect of child group was statistically significant on distractability/hyperactivity subfactor in child domain only. In regression analysis, maternal depression explained the parent domain of parenting stress most effectively, and child's hyperactivity and anxiety explained the child domain of parenting stress significantly. Conclusion：These findings suggest that it is important to intervene maternal depression to reduce the parenting stress, along with the treatment of the child's behavior problems.

• Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.165-173
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• 2016

Objectives : Since the awareness of autism spectrum disorders(ASD) is growing, as a result, it is increasing numbers of infants and toddlers being referred to specialized clinics for a differential diagnosis and the importance of early autism spectrum disorders detection is emphasized. This study is to know the difference between ASD and intellectual disability(ID) from comparison of the demographics, clinical characters and obstetric complications. Methods : The participants are 816 toddlers who visited the developmental delay clinic(DDC) in National Health Insurance Ilsan hospital. The number of toddlers diagnosed as ASD and ID was 324 and 492. 75 toddlers out of 114 who returned to DDC were diagnosed as ID at the first visit but 7 of them had changed diagnosis to ASD at the second visit. After compared ASD with ID from the first visit, we analyzed characters of toddlers who had the changed diagnosis to ASD at the second visit. Results : As a result, the comparison between ASD and ID at the first visit shows that the boys have higher ratio, lower obstetric complication and lower language assessment score in ASD. The toddlers who had the changed diagnosis at the second visit were all boys and they had more cases of family history of developmental delay and had lower score of receptive language developmental quotient. Conclusions : These findings suggest that sex, language characteristics and obstetric complication could be useful in the early detection of ASD.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.40-60
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• 2004

Introduction：Research on attachment in view point of the developmental perspective which began in the 1940s progressed during several decades. Many investigators focused mother-child separation in early attachment studies, and moved to the relationship with childhood psychopathology. Recently attachment theory and research are moving forward along the intergenerational transmission of attachment patterns, and adolescents and adult mental disorders in the developmental perspectives. Methods：We surveyed the research papers through Medline search, attachment-related monographs, and review or original papers published in Korean journal. Results：Developmental attachment researches have demonstrated convincingly that insecure attachment in infancy is associated with attachment disorder; several childhood psychopatholgy, such as institutional care and adoption, aggression and behavioral problems, childhood anxiety disorders and depressive disorders, gender identity disorder and feeding disorder, and child abuse and maltreatment; peer relationship and social competency, and parental behaviors. Recently the methodological advances including the Adult Attachment Interview that systematically assesses the adults' recollections of the earlier parent-child relationship they experienced could move beyond attachment researcher's initial concern with infancy to consider attachment processes throughout the life span. We could find that the quality of attachment was associated with several mental disorders in adolescents and adults significantly. Conclusion：Attachment theory would have focused on more specific parent-child relationship than general parental behavior. Recent attachment theory underscores its evolutionary origins to promote development of infant and contribute to human survival in psychobiological bases. Advances in attachment research could unite interests in evolutional biology and developmental psychology in understanding early parent-child relationship, and apply to clinical issues concerning mental health throughout the life span.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.3-13
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• 1992

For the purpose of better understanding of RAD children, comparisons were performed about the developmental and psychopathological characteristics between RAD and PDD children. Study subjects were the children between the ages 2 and 6. who visitied SNUCH Child and Adolescent Psychiatry OPD or treated in Day Treatment Center during May, 1989 and Sep., 1991, diagnosed by the child psychiatrist as RAD or PDD according to DSM-III-R diagnostic criteria. A total of 40 children were included in the study. 20 were RAD(18 boys, 2 girls). 20 were PDD(20 boys). PEP was performed to all study subjects, by the raters blind to psychiatric diagnosis of each. And analysis was done about the level of developmental functioning score and psychopathological scores between RAD and PDD children. The results are as follows 'There were retardation on the general developmental functioning in RAD children, and the severity of retardation were lined up as perceptual ability>imitation>gross motor>cogitive language>eye-hand coordination>fine motor. Characteristics of psychopathology in RAD children were lined up by severity as language>play>relationship>affection >sensory. Group differences of the two shows on PDD group rejection score was significantly higher on the perception item. while RAD was superior on the perception emerging response. Differences of the psychopathology between two groups were on such areas as ; Affection, which was significantly higher on 'Absent' in RAD, while significantly higher on 'severe' in PDD children. On the interest for the play and materials. sensory and language areas, RAD children were significantly higher ratings on 'Absent' than PDD children.