• Korean Business Review
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.53-80
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• 2006

This research has been accomplished to build up the growth strategies of Kangwon district's small & medium-sized construction firms. For this purpose, we made an investigation of the present situation and status for existing regional small & medium construction firms by analyzing data. Based on the results from this study, the following growth strategies are suggested to gain their competitive advantages. Firstly, most of all, the role of the top manager is the most important factor since most of the top manager for the small & medium-sized construction firms coincide with the owner the firms. Secondly, the specialization strategy is to establish. Above all they concentrate their business capacities on core business. Then, this growth strategy should be based on the selective escalation of functions in order to maintain an appropriate level of construction works. Thirdly, the specialized skills and skilled workers are ensured for competitive advantages. For human resource development, they should train workers to be multi-functioned on the assumption the they could stay at firm until they wish to retire. Finally, the government must also spare no effort to encourage the small & medium-sized construction firms to build up it's competitive power and cultivate it's spontaneous generation power though the reformation of system related whit the small and medium construction industry.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.71-78
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• 2001

Objectives：Few studies have examined the psychiatric properties or child developmental problems associated with inversion of chromosome 9. The purpose of this study is to examine the psychiatric properties of child patients who have inversion of chromosome 9, focused on behavioral problems and child developmental problems like motor or language developmental delay, intellectual impairment, and growth retardation. Methods：1) The authors examined the cases referred for cytogenetic examination from 1984 to 2000 at Seoul National University Hospital in Korea. The cases with the examination result of inversion of chromosome 9 were collected and informations about the departments which referred and the main reasons for referral were also checked. 2) 12 child subjects with inversion of chromosome 9 and their parents underwent psychiatric interview and parent questionnaire(child and adolescent past history questionnare, CBCL). 45 normal students whose sex and age were matched to patients were selected as a control group. Results：1) There were 165 cases of inversion of chromosome 9. The major departments which referred were Obstetrics and Gynecology(47.3%), Pediatrics(23.6%) and Child and Adolescent Psychiatry(17.0%). The major reasons for referral from the Pediatrics and the Child and Adolescent Psychiatry department (67 cases total) were intellectual impairment(35.8%), language or motor developmental delay(31.3%), suspected Fragile X syndrome(23.9%), and growth retardation(20.9%). 2) Compared to normal control group, the rate to be included in the clinical range with regard to the social problems profile was higher in patient group according to the CBCL results. The patient group had language and motor developmental delay. Conclusion：There is a possibility of inversion of chromosome 9 to be associated with child developmental problems or behavioral problems. This study is the first approach to evaluate the developmental aspects associated with inversion of chromosome 9.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.22-33
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• 1997

The objective of this study is to understand disordered parent-child relationships of Reactive Attachment Disorder(RAD) systematically through the mother’ internal working model of child. In this study, RAD mothers’internal representations of the child were compared with mothers’of control group and association between mothers’ representation classifications and children’ attachment classifications was examined. Also individual differences in mother-child interaction by mothers’representation classifications was observed. The subjects of this study were 40 2-5 year-old children and their mothers, 20 attachment disordered dyads and 20 normal dyads of control group. Mothers were interviewed using the Working Model of the Child(Zeanah, Benoit & Barton 1986) to classify internal representations of child. Children’ attachment patterns were assessed by the Strange Situation Procedure. For observation of motherchild interaction, Each dyad was seen in DPICS devised by Eyberg and Robinson(1983). The results of the study were as follows：1) Among RAD group, 55% of mothers were classified as disengaged and 45% classified as distorted, while all mothers of control group were classified as balanced. In rating scales, there were significant differences in all 3 representation classifications in Intensity of involvement and Coherence. In Intensity of involvement disengaged representations had the lowest score and distorted representations had the lowest score in Coherence. 2) Mothers’representation classifications were related to children’ attachment classifications. All mothers of control group whose children were classified as secure were classified as balanced. Among RAD’ mothers, by contrast, 82% of mothers classified as disengaged had children classified as anxious-avoidant, 56% of mothers classified as distorted had children classified as disorganized / disoriented and 33% of mothers classified as distorted had children classified as anxious-resistant. 3) There were individual differences in mother-child interactions by mothers’representation classifications. In the child-centered play, mothers classified as disengaged used discriptive statement, reflective statement and discriptive-reflective question less than balanced mothers. Mothers classified as distorted used direct command and indirect command more than balanced mothers. In the clean-up task, mothers classified as disengaged and distorted used direct command and indirect command more than balanced mothers. The results of this study suggest that parents’working model of the child is an important factor to understand parent-child attachment relationships and their interactions. The understanding of parents’ working model of the child is thought to enrich our understanding of disordered parent-child relationships and to provide useful informations for specific and successful treatments.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.47-53
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• 1998

The purpose of this study was to investigate the possibility of providing familiar tasks as a treatment option to decrease echolalia. Two comparisons were made：One was to compare ‘conversation condition’ and ‘task performance condition.’ and the other was to compare ‘task performance alone condition’ and ‘task performance along with contingency of reinforcement condition.’ Two echolalic children aged 12 and 13 years participated in the experiment and A-B-A-B-BC-B-BC design was used, in which A was conversation only, B was task performance, and C was task performance along with contingency of reinforcement. In the A condition, the therapist asked easy and short questions to the child；in the B condition the child was given familiar tasks with short instruction, and in BC condition, each child was reinforced for his performance on given tasks, in which immediate echolalia was controlled through his hands being held down for 5 seconds. Delayed echolalia was recorded without any intervention being given. Each child was put into each of the 7 treatment conditions. With a 15 minutes session, each child went through 5 to 6 sessions per day for 2 weeks. The mean echolalia(immediate) rates across the 7 treatment conditions were：For child 1, A(99%)-B(65%)-A(95%)-B(10%)-BC(7%)-B(6%)- BC(7%) and for child 2, A(67%)-B(62%)-A(63%)-B(35%)-BC(8%)-B(4%)-BC(0%). As to the generalization of the treatment effect of immediate echolalia to the untreated delayed echolalia, there was shown a drastic reduction of delayed echolalia in child 2：A(35%)-B(57%)-A(56%)-B(40%)-BC(8%)-B(5%)-BC(9%). Child l’s delayed echolalia was negligible(mean=3%) pre-and post treatments. In conclusion, the results of this study clearly show that providing a task performance setting with familiar tasks can certainly be helpful for minimizing echolalic response, and along with the use of the contingency of reinforcement technique it can further not only correct echolalic behavior to a negligible degree but also help the echolalic child generalize its treatment effect to the child’ overall language improvement.

• Journal of Korea Port Economic Association
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• 제36권2호
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• pp.63-86
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• 2020

The tax lease scheme for ships is an advanced ship financing tool that generates tax benefits through accelerated depreciation of capital allowances and transferring them to the ship operator (leasee) via reductions in rental payments. The scheme was introduced by Japan in 1978 and by France in 1998 to support their shipping and shipbuilding industries. The size of tax benefits varies by country depending on the depreciation rate for ships, corporate tax rate, and the tax system on profits from the sale of ship. This study uses a virtual model of the Korean tax lease scheme for ships based on the French tax lease scheme. The size of tax benefits is calculated and compared to those in the French and Japanese tax lease schemes. According to the analysis, the size of the tax benefit was approximately 19% for France, 14% for Japan, and 12% for Korea. This is differentiated by the country's depreciation rate and corporate tax rate, which have the greatest impact on the size of tax benefits. For the Korean virtual model, if the tax benefits are distributed by the operator and the investor at the rate of 75:25, the operator is expected to enjoy tax benefits equivalent to about 9% of the ship price and the investor to enjoy 3%. Despite limited information and data regarding the tax lease scheme for ships, this study was the first attempt in Korea to design a virtual model of the Korean tax lease scheme based on some predictable assumptions. Therefore, a group of shipping, financing, and legal experts will follow up on more professional and practical reviews of the model in the near future. Hence, this study will serve as a small contribution to the early introduction of the Korean tax lease scheme for ships.

• The Korean Journal of Malacology
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.19-26
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• 2001

To study the growth of transplanted Pacific oysters, Crassostrea gigas, we sampled Korean and Japanese oysters attached in Chinhae Bay near Gaduk Island and in Seto inland sea in Japan, respectively, suspended in Pukman Bay. Water Temperature ranged from 11.2 to 27.8$^{\circ}C$ (mean 19.84 ${\pm}$ 5.47$^{\circ}C$) on the surface, and 11.1 to 23.6$^{\circ}C$ (mean 18.31 ${\pm}$ 4.18$^{\circ}C$) on the bottom. Salinity ranged from 31.45 to 34.57 (mean 33.10 ${\pm}$ 1.16) on the surface, and from 31.69 to 34.35 (mean 33.24 ${\pm}$ 1.06) on the bottom. salinity was the lowest in September and October, and the highest in December. Growth of oysters in shell height showed a significant difference after being suspended at the farm, reaching 70.3 ${\pm}$ 12.5 mm in the Korean oysters and 96.2 ${\pm}$ 14.6 mm in the Japanese oysters in December. While the Korean oysters showed relatively low growth rate and cessation of growth after sudden growth between June and July, the Japanese oysters showed continuous growth during the whole farming period, although stepwise growth was observed. It was not until September that meat weight showed a significant difference between the two. After September, there was a sudden increase in the Japanese oysters, reaching 7.5 ${\pm}$ 2.9 g in December, but growth of the Korean oysters showed slow growth rate during whole farming period, reaching 4.6 ${\pm}$ 1.9 g in December. here was an obvious decrease in the meat weight of Japanese oysters in December, which might be attributed to restriction of food. Condition factors rebounded in October in the Korean oysters and in September in the Japanese oysters, respectively, attaining 12.8 in the Korean oysters and 15.3 in the Japanese oysters at the end of investigation on December. Shell length-height regression equations were as follows: Korean oysters: S$\sub$h/=2.922S$\sub$t/,-4.8024 (r$^2$= 0.8541) Japanese oysters: S$\sub$t/=3.623S$\sub$h/,-5.1239 (r$^2$=0.7782) This showed the possibility of morphological transformation in the shell of the Korean oysters since shell height was longer than those reported by Bae et al. (1976) and Lee et al. (1992).

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.249-259
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to analyze the users' behaviors and to suggest development strategies in Uljin Kumgang pine tree(Pinus densiflora for. erecta) eco-forest(UKPEF), which is located in Kyeongbuk. The data were collected by interviewing 122 visitors to september 3 from august 29, 2007 with a constructed questionnaire. The results of the analysis are as follows. 1. The major visitors of UKPEF are male and the age between 20 to 30, the residents of the Uljin county with relatively high academic background. 2. The motive of visiting UKPEF is mainly by the beauty and taste of Kumgang pine tree and the condition of the forest. The visitors are mainly composed of family, not big group. 3. The visitors of UKPEF have obtained information about the Kumgang fine tree forest mainly from friends, not from the internet or travel agency. 4. The visitors of UKPEF pointed out lack of convenient facilities such as toilets and water-supply facilities. However, visitors are satisfied by the condition of the forest. 5. The visitors of UKPEF set a high value on Kumgang fine tree, So, more active marketing strategy about Uljin Kumgang pine tree has to be established. 6. The visitors of UKPEF are more satisfied by the Uljin Kumgang pine tree forest than expected. The development strategies of UKPEF are suggest as follows. (1) Auto tram system has to be set up and new trail should be constructed to attract more visitors and people of other regions. (2) To attract group tourists, new program should be developed. (3) Advertisement through internet or travel agency has to be developed. (4) Government(local) should make a plan to register the forest as World natural heritage. (5) Monitoring and evaluation system has to be developed to satisfy tourists. In conclusion, the efforts of taking care of and preserving the UKPEF should be made at the national level. I hope that more Koreans can have chance to feel and experience the value and excellence ofthe Uljin Kumgang pine tree(Pinus densiflora for. erecta)

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.207-220
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• 2008

Tourism in the natural environment grows significantly and in many tropical countries it becomesthe important earning of the nations. Nevertheless, tourism impact to environment and cultural values has become the threats to the sustainability and competitiveness of such industry. Therefore, the appropriate planning and management of tourism destination sites where environmentally and culturally fragile are needed in order to increase economic benefits, sustain local culture and conserve environment in balance. The aims of the paper are to examine tourism practices, to determine socio-cultural and natural resources, and to assess local people perception to cultural landscape and its future tourism development in order to formulate the appropriate strategies to achieve sustainable tourism. A case study was carried out at Tengger highland, Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park(BTSNP) East Java. Official documents were gathered and interviews with several key persons had conducted to determine recent status of tourism, resources capital and the existence of local people. Semi-structured interviews and questionnaires were carried out at Tenggerese villages to explore local people perspectives to tourism development, culture preservation, and cultural landscape conservation issues. It is followed by descriptive analysis of vegetation to assess the recent status of environments based on vegetation information. Our findings reveals that tourism grows significantly at BTSNP, and Tengger Caldera as spiritual and cultural sites for local people become the centre for tourism activities. The abundance cultural and natural resources are the significant capital for sustainable tourism. Tenggerese argues that tourism should be planned to provide benefits to local people, preserve tradition and able to conserve nature in order to ensure the living sustainability of Tenggerese. The overall result of the study provide general feature of recent status of the cultural and natural resources as well as positive society perception in order to establish a strategy for sustainable tourism in cultural landscape.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• 제33권6호
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• pp.624-635
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• 2019

Bird strike accidents, a collision between aircraft and birds, have been increasing annually due to an increasing number of aircraft operating each year to meet heavier demand for air traffic. As such, many airports have conducted studies to assess and manage bird strike risks effectively by identifying and ranking bird species that can damage aircraft based on the bird strike records. This study was intended to investigate the bird species that were likely to threaten aircraft and compare and discuss the risk of each species estimated by the single-matrix and multi-matrix risk assessment models based on the Integrated Flight Information Service (IFIS) data collected in Gimpo, Gimhae and Jeju Airports in South Korea from 2005 to 2013. We found that there was a difference in the assessment results between the two models. The single-matrix model estimated 2 species and 6 taxa in Gimpo and Gimhae Airports and 2 species and 5 taxa in Jeju Airport to have the risk score above "high," whereas the multi-matrix model estimated 3 species and 5 taxa in Gimpo Airport, 4 species and 5 taxa in Gimhae Airport, and 2 species and 3 taxa in Jeju Airport to have the risk score above "very high." Although both models estimated the similar high-risk species in Gimpo and Gimhae Airports, there was a significant difference in Jeju Airport. Gimpo and Gimhae Airports are near the estuary of a river, which is an excellent habitat for large and heavy waterbirds. On the other hand, Jeju Airport is near the coast and the city center, and small and light bird species are mostly observed. Since collisions with such species have little effect on aircraft fuselage, the impact of common variables between the two models was small, and the additional variables caused a significant difference between the estimation by the two models.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• 제48권2호
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• pp.123-158
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• 2009

An attempt was made to stimulate future research by providing exemplary information, which would integrate published knowledge to solve specific pest problem caused by resistance. This review was directed to find a way for delaying resistance development with consideration of chemical(s) nature, of mixture, rotation, or mosaics, and of insecticide(s) compatible with the biological agents in integrated pest management (IPM). The application frequency, related to the resistance development, was influenced by insecticide activity from potentiation, residual period, and the vulnerability to resistance development of chemical, with secondary pest. Chemical affected feeding, locomotion, flight, mating, and predator avoidance. Insecticides with negative cross-resistance by the difference of target sites and mode of action would be adapted to mixture, rotation and mosaic. Mixtures for delaying resistance depend on each component killing very high percentage of the insects, considering allele dominance, cross-resistance, and immigration and fitness disadvantage. Potential disadvantages associated with mixtures include disruption of biological control, resistance in secondary pests, selecting very resistant population, and extending cross-resistance range. The rotation would use insecticides in high and low doses, or with different metabolic mechanisms. Mosaic apply insecticides to the different sectors of a grid for highly mobile insects, spray unrelated insecticides to sedentary aphids in different areas, or mix plots of insecticide-treated and untreated rows. On the evolution of pest resistance, selectivity and resistance of parasitoids and predator decreased the number of generations in which pesticide treatment is required and they could be complementary to refuges from pesticides To enhance the viability of parasitoids, the terms on the insecticides selectivity and factors affecting to the selectivity in field were examined. For establishment of resistant parasitoid, migration, survivorship, refuge, alternative pesticides were considered. To use parasitoids under the pressure of pesticides, resistant or tolerant parasitoids were tested, collected, and/or selected. A parasitoid parasitized more successfully in the susceptible host than the resistant. Factors affecting to selective toxicity of predator are mixing mineral oil, application method, insecticide contaminated prey, trait of individual insecticide, sub-lethal doses, and the developmental stage of predators. To improve the predator/prey ratio in field, application time, method, and formulation of pesticide, reducing dose rate, using mulches and weeds, multicropping and managing of surroundings are suggested. Plant resistance, predator activity, selective insect growth regulator, and alternative prey positively contributed to the increase of the ratio. Using selective insecticides or insecticide resistant predator controlled its phytophagous prey mites, kept them below an economic level, increased yield, and reduced the spray number and fruits damaged.