• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.431-451
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• 2013

The aim of this study is to thoroughly review prior literature related to electronic bill of lading and investigate the current state of electronification of operational processes of both major international and domestic shipping lines. In addition, this study examines the meaning of Electronic Bill of Lading; the perception on Electronic Bill of Lading; and the impediment to Electronic Bill of Lading in the perspective of shipping lines. As a result, following obstacles deter further development of e-B/L: negative attitude on the utilization of e-B/L; the matter of trust on the utilization of e-B/L; and technical issues in relation to the use of e-B/L.

• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.131-156
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• 1999

최근의 통상환경중 "Logistics" 혁명을 통한 컨테이너 운송의 신속화, 인터넷혁명을 통한 전자상거래 활성화는 EDI, EC등을 통해 "Paperless trade"가 실현을 앞당기고 있다. 본 논고는 이러한 물류혁명과 인터넷 정보기술의 발달로 대두되는 문제중 기존의 종이서류로서의 운송서류를 전자식 운송서류로 대체하는데 따른 문제점과 이의 활성화 방안에 대해서 살펴보고자 한다. 인터넷 전자거래가 활성화되어지면 기존의 종이서류들은 전자메시지로 대체될 것으로 여겨진다. 이에 따라 전자계약서, 전자송장, 전자보험증권, 전자선하증권 등이 출현할 것이지만 이중 무엇보다도 전자식 운송서류중 유통성 운송서류의 전자화는 그간 전자화의 핵심부문으로 여겨서 상당한 중요성을 두어왔다. 현재 이용되는 유통성 운송서류는 그간 선하증권의 지연도착문제와 이에 따른 추가 경비의 소요, 또한 선하증권 발급에 따른 부대경비의 과다소비, 종이서류로서의 선하증권의 위조에 따른 사기문제 등에 제기되어 졌고 이에 따라 선취화물보상장 등의 현실적 대안이 제시되었지만 이 또한 여러 문제점을 야기시켜왔다. 전자식 운송서류는 이러한 문제점을 다소 해소할 수 있는 방안으로 알려져 왔다. 전자거래가 활성활 될 미래에는 운송서류의 전자화는 필연적으로 대두되게 될 것이고, 이러한 전자화에 있어 해상운송장의 사용은 바람직한 모델로 여겨지고 있다. 그렇지만 전매가 잦은 산업에 있어 해상운송장은 자체의 유통성의 미비로 인해 그 사용에 문제점이 있고, 실제 상관행에서 많은 이점을 가진 선하증권의 발행 욕구를 충족시켜 줄 수 있어야 할 것이다. 본 논고에서는 전자식 운송서류의 활성화 방안으로 첫째, 전자식 운송서류에 관한 법률정비가 필요할 것으로 여겨지며 둘째, 유통성 전자식 운송서류에 있어 관리기관의 안정성이 확보되어야 할 것으로 여겨지며 셋째, UCP에서 전자식 운송서류에 관한 조항이 삽입되어져야 할것으로 여겨지며 넷째, 여러 측면에서 우위성을 지닌 전자무역거래의 활성화는 점차적으로 운송서류의 전자화를 활성화시키는데 반드시 필요한 명제로 등장할 것으로 여겨진다.

• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.51-79
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• 2011

Korea has accomplished the establishment of the National Single Window for Paperless Trade. Since 1991, it has developed Trade Automation Service System based on EDI technology. In 2003, Korean government and private sectors jointly began to set up National Paperless Trade Service( e-Trade Service) as one of the e-government projects. In 2008, they commenced the uTradeHub Service which was equipped with Internet based e-B/L and e-Nego service systems for the first time in the world To facilitate the service Korea amended its e-Trade facilitation Act and Law by 2007. At the end of 2011, Korea historically recorded its trade volume of 1 trillion US dollars and joined '$1 trillion trade club' as the 9the member country since the country had started international trade less than five decades ago. A rolling out of the e-B/L and e-Nego service will 'ally reduce the transaction costs of trading businesses and accelerate the activation e-trade services. The purposes of the study are to examine 'e-B/L Korea' service and its facilitation strategies as well as identify obstacles to utilize the 'e-B/L Korea' service. The paper reviewed and analyzed Korea's Paperless trade system and distinctive characteristics of the 'e-B/L Korea Service. Parts of the fOWld distinctive characteristics of the Korea's e-B/L service are as follows; It is well equiped with IT and legal system. It also has more that 30,000 potential users who are already uTradeHub service users. The paper indicated several weaknesses of the current system such as global KPI issues, circulation of the electronic documents not only in the domestic market but also among economies, development of the electronic Bill of Exchange. As resolution measures, the paper recommended the introduction of mutual recognition system of PKI among trade partner counties, setting up e-trade solution for small and medium companies, and special attention to raise users' awareness of the e-B/L service.

• Korea Trade Review
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• v.48 no.2
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• pp.153-174
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• 2023

Electronic bill of lading, Letter of Guarantee, Surrender B/L, Seaway Bill, etc. have been proposed as alternative tools to overcome the crisis of bill of lading, but the most useful of these is by far the Surrender B/L. However, since the Surrender B/L has various problems due to the absence of a legal basis, studies so far have been conducted focusing on these legal limitations or problems in use of the Surrender B/L. This study tried to empirically identify the factors that affect the spread of Surrender B/L by expanding this point of research view. A hierarchical regression analysis was conducted by acquiring 190 valid samples centered on member companies of the Korea International Freight Forwarders Association. In addition, the R program was used to diagnose the research data and analyze the degree of spread by region. As a result of the empirical analysis, it was found that the utilization of Surrender B/L increased due to the convenience and cost reduction effect of Surrender B/L and the apprenticeship training of forwarding companies. In addition, as a result of regional analysis, the spread of Surrender B/L was notable not only in neighboring regions but also even in areas far from Korea.

• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.429-455
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• 2013

This paper investigates the extent and scope of electronization of Letter of Credit and examines the obstacles in the course of electronization of Letter of Credit. For this purpose, this paper adopts two track methodologies. First, we study the electronization of Letter of Credit in the macro perspective. It means that we analyze the scope and the extent of electronization of electronic Letter of Credit in the national economy as a whole. Second, we utilize the case study approach to examine the electronization of Letter of Credit in micro perspective. In other words we examine individual commercial banks in Korea. For this purpose, we analyze the data from two commercial banks out of four largest domestic banks in Korea. For example, we select two commercial banks in Korea and ask current status of electronization of Letter of Credit, i.e, the utilization of EDI L/C, e-L/C, and e-B/L. A major finding of our study is that the extent of electronization is not negligible in micro perspective as well as in macro perspective. In micro perspective, two commercial banks utilize EDI letter of credit in a critical sense. On the other hand, they seldom uses e-L/C and e-B/L in international transaction. This study shows that major bottlenecks for the electronization of Letter of Credit are pessimistic perception of SME entrepreneurs toward the electronization of Letter of Credit and the high costs of system building. We conclude that unlike superficial perception, there is a considerable progress toward the electronization of Letter of Credit in micro perspective.

• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.177-198
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• 2007

Since 1970s, there are many tries to realize electronic bills of lading(e-B/L) in the world and great attention has been shown to the question of law, international trade customs and realizing strategy concerned that instrument. However that tries, include Bolero which is most famous company serving e-B/L, don't succeed yet. Meanwhile, Korean government amended commercial code in order to realize e-B/L on August 3, 2007. Also The Korea Paperless Trade Center set to develop the e-B/L system by spring of 2008. So far, however, no definitive answer has been given to the way of realization of e-B/L in Korea. Getting bigger the importance of analysis to the ways of realization of e-B/L in Korea, in this paper the author attempt to examine the requirements after briefly outlining and analysing the results and problems of the tries and suggest thereby policy and strategy about the realization classified three categories.

• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.161-180
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• 2007

The electronic bill of lading system replacing with traditional paper B/L has been evolved from SeaDocs and CMI to Bolero system. Therefore e-B/L is considered as an evolving concept rather than fixed one because it has been changed with development of information technology. Bolero system designed to replicate all functions of a paper B/L has some limitation to be utilized as an e-B/L in changing international business arena because it has a centralized model. Therefore it is considered to be important that the current e-B/L operating system needs to be diversified. This paper aims to provide three types of the operating model of global e-B/L to be applied with feasible solution coping with the current problems, which is expected to contribute to the utilization of electronic bill of lading.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Navigation and Port Research Conference
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• 2019.05a
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• pp.112-116
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• 2019

블록체인으로 물류부문에서의 플랫폼을 구죽하고 이를 통해 국내외 유관기관 사용자들을 연동하여 정보를 안전하게 공유하고 물류부문에서의 생산성을 도모하고자 하는 노력이 국내외에서 활발하게 진행되고 있다. 관세청의 통관물류 블록체인 플랫폼구축, 삼성 SDS의 젤로에서 딜리버로 이어지는 물류플랫폼 구축, 케이엘넷의 블록체인형 물류입줄항관리 이외에 다양한 프로젝트들이 있다. 해외에서는 머스크와 아이비엠의 블록체인형 글로벌 물류플랫폼인 TRADELENS 프로젝트, 전세계 항만네트워크사업자들의 모임인 IPCSA 에서 추진하는 블록체인형 전자선하증권등을 들 수 있다. 하지만 물류라는 것이 관련 기관들이 워낙 다양하고 이용되고 있는 서류들이 많아서 쉽게 블록체인으로 플랫폼이 구현되기는 어려울 수 있다. 물류부분의 플랫폼은 기술의 문제라기 보다는 업무 처리 및 이해당사자들의 문서호환 및 정보 공유 또는 보호의 문제이기 때문이다. 새로운 기술로 거론되고 있는 블록체인을 효과적으로 잘 이해하고 우리의 물류부문의 경쟁력을 제고시키는 위해서는 블록체인 플랫폼구축에 대해 보다 바른 방법으로의 접근과 시스템구현이 무엇보다 절실하다 이에 국내외 블록체인 플랫폼 구현현황을 살펴보고 이에 대한 문제점 및 대 응방안을 모색하며 미래의 바람직한 플랫폼 구현방안을 제시하고자 한다.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.51
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• pp.317-358
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• 2011

The purpose of this study aims to analyse the key differences of the sea waybill and electronic B/L in the international transport documents. Sea waybills look remarkably like ordinary bills of lading. Indeed, in two important ways, they are just like bills of lading: the front of the document will near a description of the quantity and apparent condition of the goods; and the back of the document provides evidence of the terms of the contract of carriage. They differ from bills of lading in that, far from indicating that the goods described are deliverable to the order of the shipper or of the consignee, they will make it explicit that the goods are deliverable only to the consignee. Again, different carries will do thai in a variety of ways. For example, the document may call itself non-negotiable, omitting the word order from the consignee box on the front of the document, and stating explicitly that the goods will be deliverable to the consignee or his authorised representative on proper proof of identity and authorisation. The Hague-Visby Rules and Hamburg Rules give no guidance as to any right to instruct the carrier in respect of goods while they are in transit. However, in applying Article 50 of the Rotterdam Rules, in particular when applying it in the context of seawaybills, straight bills of lading or ship's delivery orders, regard would need to be had to preserve the shipper's rights under any of those three documents even after the buyer of goods covered by them has acquired rights of its own. And, the right of control is defined at Article 1.12 of the Rotterdam Rules. The right to give instruction is further limited by the terms of Article 50.1 to three particular types of instruction in respect of the goods, relating broadly to the goods, their delivery en route, and the identity of the consignee. And, the CMI formulated the CMI Uniform Rules for Sea Waybills for voluntary incorporation into any contract of carriage covered by such a document. Recognising that neither the Hague nor the Hague-Visby Rules are applicable to sea waybills, the CMI Rules provide that a contract of carriage covered by a waybill shall be governed by whichever international or national law, if any, would have been compulsorily applicable if the contract had in fact been covered by a bill of lading or similar document of title.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.20
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• pp.369-385
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• 2003

Contracts of carriage evidenced by bill of lading which are made between carrier and unidentified number of the shipper are to a large extent regulated by statute law such as Hague-Visby Rules and Hamburg Rules. These rules qualifies the contractual liberty of parties and especially restrains the carrier from introducing exemption from his liability beyond those admitted by the Rules. However, these Rules are applied only to goods in respect of which a bill of lading or similar document of title has been issued. In this reason, it is possible that liability of carrier in respect of goods shipped could become an issue where electronic bill of lading is used instead of paper bill of lading because electronic bill of lading is not generally recognised document of title in existing rule. Thus, this article discuss the relation between the carrier who create electronic bill of lading and the Rules regulating liability of carrier. Also, new Rules which has been examining in UNCITRAL will be introduced.