• Journal of Korean Tunnelling and Underground Space Association
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.499-509
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• 2016

In recent years, the use of underground spaces becomes more frequent and the demands for urban tunnels are rapidly increasing. The urban tunnels constructed in the ground with a shallow and soft cover might be deformed in various forms on the face, which would lead, the tunnels to behavior 3-dimensionally, which may have a great impact on the longitudinal load transfer. The tunnel face might deform in various forms depending on the construction method, overburden and the heterogeneity of the ground. And accordingly, the type and size of the distribution of the load transferred to the ground adjacent to the tunnel face as well as the form of the loosened ground may appear in various ways depending on the deformation form of the tunnel face. Therefore, in this study was conducted model tests by idealizing the deformation behavior of the tunnel face, that were constant deformation, the maximum deformation on the top and the maximum deformation on the bottom. And the test results were analyzed focusing on the deformation of the face and the longitudinal load transfer at the ground above the tunnel. As results, it turned out that the size and the distribution type of the load, which was transferred to the tunnel as well as the earth pressure on the face were affected by the deformation type of the face. The largest load was transferred to the tunnel when the deformation was in a constant form. Less load was transferred when the maximum deformation on the bottom, and the least load was transferred when the maximum deformation on the top. In addition, it turned out that, if the cover became more shallow, a longitudinal load transfer in the tunnel would limited to the region close to the face; however, if the cover became higher than a certain value, the area of the load transfer would become wider.

• Ecology and Resilient Infrastructure
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.63-71
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• 2020

Various types of amendments have been studied for heavy metal stabilization in soil. However, researches on the effect of amendments on alkali soil and their effects on the plants at various edible parts are insufficient. The aim of this study was to evaluate the stabilization efficiency of heavy metals and their transfer into edible parts of food crops. Abandoned mine area was selected and 3 types of amendments (lime stone, LS; steel slag, SS; acid mine drainage sludge, AMDS) was applied with 3% (w/w). in field. After 6 month aging, Chinese cabbage (leafy), bok choy (leafy), garlic (root) and red pepper (fruit) were transplanted and cultivated. For chemical assessment, total concentration and bioavailability using Mehlich-3 solution were determined. For biological assessment, fresh weight and heavy metal uptakes were analyzed. It was revealed that AMDS reduced bioavailability most effectively, resulting in the decrease in heavy metal concentration in edible parts of all crops. When explaining the heavy metal uptake of plants, the bioavailability was more appropriate than the total contents of soil heavy metals. Therefore, bioavailability-based further research and management practices should be carried out continuously for the sustainable environment management, safe crop production, and human health risk reduction.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.209-215
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• 2011

In order to investigate the soil-to-plant transfer factor (TF) of $^{99}Tc$ for Korean major upland crops (soybean, radish and Chinese cabbage), pot experiments were performed in a greenhouse. Soils were collected from four upland fields (two for soybean and two for radish and Chinese cabbage) around Gyeongju radioactive-waste disposal site. Three to four weeks before sowing, dried soils were mixed with a $^{99}Tc$ solution and the mixtures were put into pots and irrigated. TF values were expressed as the ratios of the $^{99}Tc$ concentrations in plants (Bq $kg^{-1}$-dry or fresh) to those in soils (Bq $kg^{-1}$-dry). There was no great difference in the TF value between soils. The TF values for soybean seeds were extremely lower than those for the straws, indicating a very low mobility of $^{99}Tc$ to seeds. As representative TF values of $^{99}Tc$, $1.8{\times}10^{-1}$, $1.2{\times}10^1$, $3.2{\times}10^2$ and $1.3{\times}10^2$ (for dry plants), arithmetic means for two soils, were proposed for soybean seeds, radish roots, radish leaves and Chinese cabbage leaves, respectively. In the case of the vegetables, proposals for fresh plants were also made. The proposed values are not sufficiently representative so successive updates are needed.

• The Sea:JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF OCEANOGRAPHY
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.95-104
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• 2000

Depths to four seismic sequence boundaries and the thickness of each sequence were estimated and mapped based on multi-channel seismic data in the Ulleung Basin. These depth-structure and isopach maps were incorporated into the interpretation of gravity and magnetic anomaly maps. The sediment thickness ranges from 3,000 m to 4,000 m in the central basin, while it reaches 6,000 m locally along the southwestern, western, and southeastern margins. The acoustic basement forms a northeast-southwest elongated depression deeper than 5000 m, and locally deepens up to 7,500 m in the southwestern and western margins. Low gravity anomalies along the western and southern margins are associated with basement depressions with thick sediment as well as the transitional crust between the continental and oceanic crusts. Higher gravity anomalies, dominant in the central Ulleung basin, broaden from southwest toward northeast, are likely due to the shallow mantle and a dense crust. A pair of magnetic elongations in the southeastern and northwestern margins appear to separate the central Ulleung basin from its margin. These magnetic elongations are largely dominated by intrusive or extrusive volcanics which occurred along the rifted margin of the Ulleung basin formed during the basin opening. The crust in the central Ulleung Basin, surrounded by the magnetic elongations, is possibly oceanic as inferred from the seismic velocity. The oceanic crust can be mapped in the central zone where it widens to 120 km from the southwest toward northeast. Bending of the crustal boundary in the southern part of the Ulleung Basin suggests that the Ulleung Basin has been deformed by a collision of the Phillipine plate into the Japan arc.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.77-82
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• 2008

Purpose: We evaluated the failure pattern of the celiac axis, gastric lymph node, and treatment outcome in the upper and mid-esophageal region of cancer patients treated by definitive radiotherapy, except when treating the celiac axis and gastric lymph node for treatment volume, retrospectively. Materials and Methods: The study constituted the evaluation 108 patients with locally advanced esophageal cancer receiving radiotherapy or a combination of radiotherapy and chemotherapy at Chonbuk National University Hospital from January 1986 to December 2006. In total, 82 patients treated by planned radiotherapy, except when treating the celiac axis and gastric lymph node for treatment volume, were analysed retrospectively. The study population consisted of 78 men and 2 women(mean age of 63.2 years). In addition, 51 patients received radiotherapy alone, whereas 31 patients received a combination of radiation therapy and chemotherapy. The primary cancer sites were located in the upper portion(17 patients), and mid portion(65 patients), respectively. Further, the patients were in various clinical stages including T1N0-1M0(7 patients), T2N0-1M0(18 patients), T3N0-1M0(44 patients) and T4N0-1M0(13 patients). The mean follow up period was 15 months. Results: The various treatment outcomes included complete response(48 patients), partial response(31 patients) and no response(3 patients). The failure patterns of the lymph node were comprised of the regional lymph node(23 patients) and the distance lymph node which included celiac axis and gastric lymph node(13 patients). However, metastasis was not observed in the regional and distant lymph node in 10 patients, whereas 36 patients were not evaluated. Furthermore, of the 13 patients who developed celiac axis and gastric lymph node metastases, 3 were in stage T1N0-1M0 and 10 were in stage T2-4N0-1M0. A complete response appeared in 12 patients, whereas a partial response appeared in 1 patient. The mean survival time of the patients who appeared for regional and distant lymph node metastasis was 14.4 and 7.0 months, respectively. Conclusion: In locally advanced esophageal cancer patients, who were treated by definitive radiotherapy without celiac axis and gastric lymph node irradiation, the distant lymph node metastasis rate was high and the overall survival rate was lower compared to the regional lymph node metastasis. The incidence of regional and distant lymph node metastasis was high in patients who appeared beyond clinical stage T2 and received radiotherapy alone.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.114-124
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• 1998

We analyzed the mammographic (n=21) findings (location, margin, shape, cluster microcalcifications, size, multiplicity) and ultrasonographic (n=12) findings (shape, border, internal echo, boundary echo, posterior echo, lateral echo, width/depth ratio) to evaluate specific radiologic findings of histopathologically proved uncommon breast cancer. The mammographic findings (n=21) are as follow; 1) single; 16, multiple; 5 2) margin (smooth; 13, irregular; 4, spiculated; 4) 3) shape (round and ovoid; 9, lobulated; 8, irregular; 4) 4) cluster micro calcifications (abscent; 20, present; 1) 5) size (1-3cm; 18, 3-5cm; 2, 5cm> ; 1) 6) location (UOQ; 13, UIQ; 4, LIQ; 3, LOQ; 1). The ultrasonographic findings (n=12) are as follow; 1) shape (round to oval; 5, lobulated; 5, irregular; 2) 2) border (smooth even; 9, rough uneven; 3) 3) internal echo (fine homogeneous; 5, coarse heterogeneous; 7) 4) boundary echo (regular fine; 4, irregular thick; 8) 5) posterior echo (enhanced; 11, no change; 1) 6) lateral echo (marked; 7, nonexistent; 5) 7) width/depth ratio (1.5> ; 1, 1.0-1.5; 7, 1.0< ; 4). Uncommon breast cancer show benign nature on mammogram, but malignant nature on ultrasonogram (especially boundary echo, internal echo, width/depth ratio).

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.119-126
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• 2000

충남 사문암 지역인 광천, 홍성, 백동, 대흥 및 유구지역의 토양, 식물체(참억새, 쑥, 리기다소나무) 및 지표수, 갱내수의 중금속 함량을 분석한 결과 사문암 토양의 Ni, Cr 및 Co 원소가 변성암 토양에 비하여 10~13배높았으며 이 원소들이 serpentine factor로 생각된다 사문암 지역간에는 이들원소의 차이가 뚜렷하지 않았다 변성암 토양식물에서보다 사문암 토양 식물에서 Ni, Cr, Co등이 높았다 리기다소나무의 원소 흡수량은 비교적 낮았고 3종 식물에서 대체로 뿌리의 원소 함량이 지상부 함량보다 높았으며 사문암 토양에서는 Ni, Cr, Co, Mo, Sc, As 및 Fe 원소들이 쑥보다 참억새에서 높았다 사문암 토양에서 생육하는 식물체 지상부의 생물학적 흡수계수는 Ni, Cr, Co, Zn, Sc, As 및 Fe 원소는 참억새에 높고Zn은 쑥에서 높았다,. 사문암 토양에서 뿌리로부터 지상부로의 원소 전이는 Ni, Cr, Co, Zn As 및 Fe 원소에 대해 쑥에서 높았고 Mo와 Sc 원소는 리기다소나무에서 높았다. 따라서 사문암 토양에서 참억새가 중금속의 흡수율은 높고 중금속에 대한 내성은 강할 것으로 사료된다 대흥지역에서 광산의 오염이 지표수 및 갱내수의 Ni. Cr, Co, Zn 및 Fe 등의 원소 농도를 높게 하였으며 비오염 계류는 오염계류의 원소 농도를 희석시켰다.

• Proceeding of KASS Symposium
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• 2008.05a
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• pp.165-170
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• 2008

This study discusses the inelastic behavior of single-layer latticed dome, composed of tubular truss member and newly proposed joint sections, through loading test on the scale-down structure. The loading test was performed under displacement control conditions, using loading transfer system for the same value of point loads on all joints. Maximum applied load was nearly 1.6 times of the design load, and inelastic buckling occured beyond compressive yeilding in some members. The displacement of structure was maimtained upto the limit of oil jack. The behavior of latticed dome from the loading test was analyzed on the view of structural design practice.

• Journal of Korean Society of Steel Construction
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.335-344
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• 2010

This paper presents both of an investigation on the ultimate responses and a verification study on the structural methodology using beam-truss element of steel transmission towers using experimental study. The partially scaled tower which verified with analytical model was fabricated and the horizontal load was applied up to failure in the laboratory. The structural methodology for finite element analyses was verified against experimental results and both the ultimate load capacity and collapse mechanism were shown in the test to give sufficiently accurate results with those of analytical study. It was shown as well that the ultimate failure is primarily attributed to instability of the main posts in the leg parts.

• The Journal of the Korean bone and joint tumor society
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.165-170
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• 2006

We reported a case of chondrosarcoma in proximal tibia in a 44-year-old man. MR images demonstrated a $3.5{\times}20$ cm sized bone tumor. In reconstruction of resected proximal tibia, we used the allograft bone and soft tissue defects were covered by medial gastrocnemius rotation flap and skin graft. There were no local recurrence and distant metastasis and any complication such as secondary infection, nonunion, metal failure at the time of the last follow-up. There was no limitation of knee motion through the appropriate rehabilitaion programs.