• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.156-163
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• 2005

This study was conducted to compare the physiological and biochemical responses of P. orientalis and L. tulipifera in response to ozone. One-year-old seedlings of P. orientalis and L. tulipifera were exposed to 100 ppb ozone concentration for 2, 4, or 8 hr/day for 1 week. Photosynthesis, stomatal conductance and ozone uptake rate were measured daily, and chlorophyll fluorescence, carboxylation efficiency, chlorophyll content, and SOD activity were measured after 1 week. In P. orientalis, photosynthesis and stomatal conductance were not decreased in the 2h/day ozone treatment, but the L. tulipifera response was more sensitive even in the 2h/day ozone treatment. Increased treatment time decreased photosynthesis and stomatal conductance. Chlorophyll fluorescence was not significantly different among treatment times. However, carboxylation efficiency decreased with increased treatment time, and L. tulipifera was more sensitive than P. orientalis. Chlorophyll content did not differ with species or treatment time. SOD activity response was greater in L. tulipifera than in P. orientalis, increasing to $131\%$ of pretreatment observations. Therefore it was concluded that L. tulipifera was more responsive and had lower ozone tolerance than P. orientalis.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.44 no.2
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• pp.226-238
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• 2011

Ichthyological fauna and community structure were surveyed in the Naeseong Stream around the planed Yeongju Dam, Yeongju City, Gyeongsangbuk-do from April 2007 to October 2009, During the survey period, 27 species (25 genera, 10 families) were collected. Cyprinid fish comprised 63.0% (17 species) and cobitid fish comprised 7.4% (2 species). Ten of the 27 species (37.0%) were endemic species. The dominant and subdominant species based on the number of individuals was Zacco platypus (43.2%) and Zacco koreanus (15.8%), respectively. Introduced from the other native rivers and exotic fish were Opsariichthys uncirostris amurensis, Leiocassis ussuriensis, and Micropterus salmoides (11.1%). The declining population density of Zacco koreanus and its subdominant status represents a change, since, up until the mid 1990's, it was widely distributed throughout the area and was the dominant species. The distribution area of Zacco koreanus decreased in size; by 2009, it no longer inhabited the lower reaches of the Naeseong Stream. On the other hand, Zacco platypus remained the dominant species throughout the area, except for the upper-reaches of the water-course. Gobiobotia naktongensis inhabited all areas of Naeseong Stream, which mainly has a sandy bottom. Analyses of the fish community revealed species diversity, even-ness and dominant indices were 0.881, 0.615, and 0.230 respectively. These results showed that the main river, in which the water width and flow are abundant and which has various habitats, has a higher species diversity (0.829) than the tributary (0.735).

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.329-336
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• 2014

As an abiotic stress, chilling stress is one of the major factors limiting plant growth and increasing susceptibility to pathogens. Therefore, enhancing stress tolerance in plants is an important strategy for their survival under unfavorable environmental conditions. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of the exogenous application of salicylic acid (SA) or nitric oxide (NO) on chilling tolerance in pepper seedlings. Pepper (Capsicum annuum L. 'kidaemanbal') seedlings were grown under normal growing conditions ($20/25^{\circ}C$, 15 hours photoperiod, $145{\pm}5{\mu}mol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$, fluorescence lamps) for 23 days after transplanting. The solution (3 mL) of 1 mM SA and 0.3 mM NO with surfactant triton 0.1% were sprayed two times a week, respectively. Right after the completion of chemical application, seedlings were subjected to chilling condition at $4^{\circ}C$ for 6 hours under dark condition and then the seedlings were recovered at the normal growing conditions for 2 days. In order to assess plant tolerance against chilling stress, growth characteristics, chlorophyll fluorescence (Fv/Fm), and membrane permeability were determined after chilling stress imposition. Total phenolic concentration and antioxidant capacity were measured during the whole experimental period. Disease incidence for pepper bacterial spot and wilt was also analyzed. Pepper seedlings treated with SA or NO were maintained similar dry mass ratio, while the value in control increased caused by chilling stress suggesting relatively more water loss in control plants. Electrolyte leakage of pepper seedlings treated with SA or NO was lower than that of control 2 days after chilling treatment. Fv/Fm rapidly decreased after chilling stress in control while the value of SA or NO was maintained about 0.8. SA increased higher total phenolic concentration and antioxidant capacity than NO and control during chemical treatment. In addition, increase in total phenolic concentration was observed after chilling stress in control and NO treatment. SA had an effect on the reduction of bacterial wilt in pepper seedlings. The results from this study revealed that pre-treatment with SA or NO using foliar spray was effective in chilling tolerance and the reduction of disease incidence in pepper seedlings.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.159-166
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• 2003

Purpose : Streptococcus pneumoniae is part of the normal flora but is also responsible for causing many invasive diseases such as pneumonia, meningitis, and sepsis in addition to noninvasive diseases such as otitis in children. Multi-drug resistant strains has raised a lot of concern worldwide and thus the importance of prevention has been emphasized. We have analyzed the current serotypes and antibiotic sensitivity of each serotype as a baseline study to estimate the efficacy of the pneumococcal vaccine in Korean children. Methods : One hundred sixteen cases of pneumococcus cultured at Yonsei Medical Center from September 2001 to January 2003 were analyzed. The serotyping was done with the Quellung reaction and penicillin resistance was tested using the oxacillin disc diffusion method. Results : Pneumococcus were cultured from the sputum in 76 cases(65.5%), from the blood in 13 cases(11.2%), from the ear discharge in 12 cases(10.3%), from the throat in 7 cases(6.0%), from the nasal cavity in 2 cases(1.7%), and one case(0.9%) each from the cerebrospinal fluid, eye discharge, peritoneal fluid, post-operational wound, brain abscess, and catheter tip. Serotyping was possible with 98 cases and the following serotypes were found; 15 cases of type 19F(15.3%), 11 cases of 19A(11.2%), 8 cases of 11A(8.2%), 7 cases each of 6A, 14 and 3(7.1%), 6 cases each of 35, 6B and 23F(6.1%). Eighty two cases(70.7%) out of 116 cases were penicillin resistant and serotypes 19F, 19A, 11A, 23F, 6A, 9V constituted the majority, 48 cases(59.8%). These serotypes showed resistance to cotrimoxazole (74.4%), tetracycline(69.5%), and erythromycin(90.3%) as well. In the 22 cases cultured from children, 19A and 19F were found in 25.0%, 6A, 6B, and 23F in 10.0%, 11A, 14, 19, and 29 in 5.0%. Fifty percent(10/20) of the clinical isolates were represented in the current 7-valent pneumococcal protein conjugate vaccine, and 85%(17/20) when the cross-reacting serotypes were included. Penicillin resistance was found in 86.4%(19/22). Conclusion : The percentage of serotypes included in the 7 valent pneumococcal protein conjugate vaccine found in our study was 40.8% which was less than other prior studies. In anticipation of a change of pneumococcal serotypes, a nationwide multicenter study is needed before the initiation of pneumococcal vaccines in Korea.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.567-573
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• 2001

Lactobacilli have been generally recognized as an important lactic acid bacteria present in the normal human intestinal flora. Fifty two Lactobacillus isolates were recovered from the feces of healthy Koreans whose age ranged from thirteen days after birth to 37 years. Among the isolates above, 17 isolates were tentatively identified as strains of Lactobacillus acidophilus and 3 isolates as strains of Lactobacillus casei. For their characterization, these twenty isolates were subjected to the experiments for the resistance to the artificial gastric juice, pH2.5 and bile salt. Interestingly, 3 strains survived pH 2.5 after 3 hour incubation in the artificial gastric juice with more than 75% of survival rate. L. acidophilus a-4 had the highest survival rate of 100%. Four strains including L. acidophilus a-3 grew gradually in MRS broth in the presence of the artificial bile salt. Cholesterol assimilation was also tested for the 20 isolates. The result showed that cholesterol concentration of the medium was reduced by 10 Lactobacillus isolates with more than 60%, as compared to the control. L. acidophilus a-2 had the highest reduction rate of 77%. Judging from these data obtained in vitro, some isolates ware likely to reach the lower small intestine after consumption without a significant loss of viability, suggesting that they had the potential to be developed as a probiotic culture which might lower the cholesterol level in human.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.131-140
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• 2018

This study is a descriptive research study for analyzing the relevance among stress, anxiety, and ego-resilience in nursing college students before clinical practice. The survey was conducted targeting the second-year students in a K college who were anticipating their first clinical practice. The survey result showed that female students showed higher stress levels than male students (t=-5.51, p<.001) before clinical practice. Female students also showed higher anxiety levels than male students (t=-3.30, p=.001) before clinical practice. The students showed higher anxiety levels before clinical practice as they felt more strongly that they were in bad health (F=3.27, p=.041), as their personality was less outgoing (t=-3.32, p=.001), and as they had a lower satisfaction level in their major (F=7.25, p=.001). The students showed higher ego-resilience levels before clinical practice as they felt more strongly that they were in good health (F=3.74, p=.026) and as their personality was more outgoing (F=3.19, p=.002). The stress and anxiety levels before clinical practice also had a positive correlation (r=.211, p=.010) and the ego-resilience and anxiety before clinical practice had a negative correlation (r=-.313, p<.001). Based on the finding, it is necessary to develop the competence improvement program that can reduce the anxiety of nursing college students before clinical practice in order to improve their ego-resilience.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2011.05a
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• pp.209-209
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• 2011

본 연구는 횡성다목적댐이 준공되면서 유수역이었던 섬강이 정수역의 환경으로 변하면서 나타난 어류의 군집변화에 대하여 알아보고자 시행하였다. 조사 지역인 횡성다목적댐은 강원도 횡성군 갑천면 대관대리에 위치하고 있으며, 높이 48.5m, 길이 205m, 총저수량 8,690만t의 다목적댐으로 1993년 12월에 착공하여 2000년 11월에 준공되었다. 어류 조사는 2010년 04월부터 2010년 11월까지 총 4회에 걸쳐 횡성다목적댐을 기점으로 상류 2지점(유평교, 매일교), 횡성호 2지점(구방교, 부동교), 하류 2지점(활아지교, 수백교)에서 조사를 실시하였고 과거 문헌과 비교하여 결과를 분석하였다. 횡성다목적댐의 착공 전/후 조사 결과를 비교한 결과 착공하기 전에는 총 8과 29종 2,325개체가 조사되었으며, 참갈겨니(Zacco koreanus) 576개체(24.8%), 쉬리(Coreoleuciscus splendidus) 316개체(13.6%), 피라미(Zacco platypus) 203개체(8.7%), 배가사리(Microphysogobio longidorsalis) 194개체(8.3%) 등의 순으로 기록되었다. 반면, 착공한 후에는 총 8과 24종 2,769개체가 조사되었으며, 피라미(Z. platypus) 2,169개체(78.3%), 밀어(Rhinogobius brunneus) 91개체(3.3%), 참갈겨니(Z. koreanus) 89개체 (3.2%), 돌고기(Pungtungia herzi) 83개체(3.0%) 등의 순으로 조사되었다. 각 조사지점별로 비교한 결과 상류 2지점(유평교, 매일교)에서는 착공하기 전에 총 6과 20종 609개체가 조사되었으며, 참갈겨니(Z. koreanus) 227개체(37.3%), 피라미(Z. platypus) 74개체(12.2%), 쉬리(C. splendidus) 65개체(10.7%), 돌고기(P. herzi) 43개체(7.1%), 납자루(Acheilognathus lanceolatus) 41개체(6.7%) 등의 순으로 기록되었다. 반면, 착공한 후에는 총 6과 16종 1,923개체가 조사되었으며, 피라미(Z. platypus)가 1,707개체(88.8%)로 대부분을 차지하였고, 그 외 참갈겨니(Z. koreanus) 53개체(2.8%), 돌고기(P. herzi) 46개체(2.4%), 참마자(Hemibarbus longirostris) 35개체(1.8%), 모래무지(Pseudogobio esocinus) 23개체(1.2%) 등의 순으로 조사되었다. 횡성호 2지점(구방교, 부동교)에서는 착공하기 전에 총 6과 22종 721개체가 조사되었으며, 참갈겨니(Z. koreanus) 177개체 (24.5%), 배가사리(M. longidorsalis) 91개체(12.6%), 쉬리(C. splendidus) 88개체(12.2%), 묵납자루(A. signifer) 71개체(9.8%), 피라미(Z. platypus) 45개체(6.2%) 등의 순으로 기록되었다. 반면, 착공한 후에는 총 6과 12종 393개체가 조사되었으며, 피라미(Z. platypus) 228개체(58.0%), 붕어(C. auratus) 56개체(14.2%), 밀어(R. brunneus) 46개체(11.7%), 쏘가리(Siniperca scherzeti) 20개체(5.1%), 동자개(Pseudobagrus fulvidraco) 16개체(4.1%) 등의 순으로 조사되었다. 하류 2지점(활아지교, 수백교)에서는 착공하기 전에 총 8과 25종 995개체가 조사되었으며, 참갈겨니(Z. koreanus) 172개체(17.3%), 쉬리(C. splendidus) 163개체(16.4%), 묵납자루(A. signifer) 96개체(9.6%), 배가사리(M. longidorsalis) 91개체(9.1%), 피라미(Z. platypus) 84개체(8.4%) 등의 순으로 기록되었다. 반면, 착공한 후에는 총 7과 19종 453개체가 조사되었으며, 피라미(Z. platypus) 234개체(51.7%), 밀어(R. brunneus) 42개체(9.3%), 돌고기(Pungtungia herzi) 36개체(7.9%), 참갈겨니(Z. koreanus) 36개체(7.9%), 쉬리(C. splendidus) 10개체(4.2%) 등의 순으로 조사되었다. 본 연구의 조사 및 비교분석 결과 유수역이었던 섬강에 횡성다목적댐이 건설되어 주변 환경이 크게 변화하였고 그 결과 각 조사 지점에서의 어류상이 유수역 선호 어종에서 오염 내성종 및 정수역 선호 어종으로 변화되는 것을 확인하였다.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.468-472
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• 2013

A 12-year-old intact female mixed dog (weighing 6.2 kg) was referred with primary complaints of severe abdominal distension, persistent coughing and exercise intolerance. Diagnostic studies found ascites, jugular distension, loud left and right apical systolic (grade 4/6) murmur, generalized cardiomegaly with caudal vena cava distension and left atrial dilation. Echocardiographic findings were consistent with degenerative mitral and tricuspid valve endocardiosis and bi-ventricular congestive heart failure. There was also a left to right shunting patent foramen ovale. The LV systolic function is depressed relative to the degree of volume overload. Based on diagnostic findings, this case was diagnosed as PFO complicated with mitral and tricuspid valve endocardiosis with ISACHC IIIa heart failure. The dog was treated with furosemide (2 mg/kg, q12hr, PO), sildenafil (1 mg/kg, q8hr, PO), pimobendan (0.3 mg/kg, q12hr, PO), enalapril (0.5 mg/kg, q12hr, PO) and spironolactone (1 mg/kg, q12hr). The clinical signs were gradually improved after medical therapy.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.178-183
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• 2007

We investigated the effect of salinity decrease, food supply and color of the rearing tank on the growth and survival of Amphiprion polymnus larvae. White tanks had the highest survival rate, followed by transparency, black and blue tanks(P<0.05). The transparency tank had the best growth, followed by black tank, white and blue tanks(P<0.05). Daily food intakes of larvae with $5.1{\sim}10.0mm$ in total length were $36.8{\sim}429.3$ Artemia nauplii. When salinity was lowered 5 psu per week from 32 psu, all the larvae died under salinity condition 17 psu. In lowered 2 psu per 3 days, its all died at 16 psu.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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• v.13 no.6
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• pp.1228-1233
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• 2009

The purpose of this study is to suggest a countermeasure against a major cause that leads to game addiction, by grasping tendency of the actual condition for the online game use in freshmen for university and by analyzing relationship of game addiction according to factors. As a result of analyzing on relationship among sub-variables for game addiction, it could be known that the more men in gender leads to the more serious game addiction and that the longer game time given using once leads to the higher level in control loss and game addiction. Also, it was indicated that the more in group with high risk leads to the more serious in physical and mental problem. There is a suggestion that a scale related to game is developed for the expansion in counseling institution nationwide and for the preventive education targeting all the ages including undergraduates and adults as well as small children and children.