• 대한기계학회논문집A
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• 제31권4호
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• pp.506-516
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• 2007

In this paper, a study on low-velocity impact response of four different sandwich panels for the hybrid bodyshell and floor structure application of the Korean low floor bus vehicle was done. Square samples of 100mm sides were subjected low-velocity impact loading using an instrumented testing machine at six energy levels. Impact parameters like maximum force, time to maximum force, deflection at maximum force and absorbed energy were evaluated and compared for four different types of sandwich panels. The impact damage size and depth of the permanent indentation were measured by 3-Dimensional Scanner. Failure modes were studied by sectioning the specimens and observed under optical microscope. The impact test results show that sandwich panel with composite laminate facesheet could not observe damage mode of a permanent visible indentation after impact and has a good impact damage resistance in comparison with sandwich panel with metal aluminum facesheet.

• Composites Research
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• 제36권4호
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• pp.270-274
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• 2023

필라멘트 와인딩 공정을 사용한 FRP 복합재의 적층 구조는 기존의 FRP 복합재의 적층 구조와는 다를 뿐만 아니라 일반적인 적층 구조를 토대로 기계적 물성에 대해서 분석하고자 한다면 그에 대한 영향을 파악하는 것이 어렵다. 따라서 전반적인 성능을 향상시키기 위해 기계적 물성을 개선하고 교차 적층 구조를 최적화하는 것이 필수적이다. 따라서 본 연구는 비정질 할로이사이트 나노튜브(Amorphous Halloysite Nanotubes, A-HNT)를 5개의 층 배열을 통해 교차 적층 탄소 섬유 강화 플라스틱(CFRP) 구조의 저속 충격 특성에 미치는 영향을 조사하는 것을 목표로 한다. 중량 낙하식 충격시험을 통하여 라미네이트의 저속 충격 특성을 확인하였으며, 충격을 가한 후에 현미경을 통하여 충격 파손 모드와 손상 정도를 비교 평가하였다. 나노 입자의 첨가 여부에 따른 각각의 교차 적층 구조 라미네이트를 10 J과 15 J의 충격에너지에서 비교하였다. 10 J의 경우 흡수에너지는 각 구조에서 비슷한 경향을 보였다. 그에 비해 15 J의 경우 흡수에너지는 각 구조에서 다른 흡수에너지를 가지며, 나노 입자가 첨가되지 않은 구조가 가장 높은 흡수에너지를 가진다. 또한 광학현미경을 통하여 각 구조에서 다양한 충격 파손 모드가 관찰되었다.

• 대한기계학회논문집A
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• 제29권8호
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• pp.1109-1117
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• 2005

To identify damage that develops in filament wound composite pressure vessels subjected to low velocity impact, a series of impact tests was performed on specimens cutting from the full scale pressure vessel. The resulting damages by the three different impactors were assessed by the scanning acoustic and metallurgical microscope. Based on the impact force history and damage, the resistance parameters were proposed and its validity in identifying the damage resistance of CFRP pressure vessel was reviewed. As the results, the impact resistance of the filament wound composites and its dependency on the impactor shape were estimated quantitatively.

• 한국복합재료학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국복합재료학회 2001년도 춘계학술발표대회 논문집
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• pp.69-73
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• 2001

Damage induced by low-velocity impact on the curved composite laminates was experimentally evaluated for CFRP cylindrical shells with the radius of curvatures of 50, 150, 300, and 500 mm. The result was then compared with that of flat laminates. The radius of curvatures and the effective shell stiffness appeared to considerably affect the dynamic impact response of curved shells. Under the same impact energy level, the maximum contact force increased with the decreasing radius of curvatures, with reaching 1.5 times that for plates at the radius of curvature of 50 mm. Since the maximum contact force is directly related to the impact damage, curved laminates can be more susceptible to delamination and less resistant to the low-velocity impact damage. The distribution of delamination along the thickness direction of curved laminates are also different from that of flat plates. Delamination was distributed rather even]y at each interface along the thickness direction of curved laminates. This implies that the effect of curvatures has to be considered for the design of a curved composite laminate.

• 한국복합재료학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국복합재료학회 2003년도 춘계학술발표대회 논문집
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• pp.125-128
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• 2003

Low-velocity impact damage is a major concern in the design of structures made of composite materials, because impact damage is hidden inside and cannot be detected by visual inspection. The piezoelectric thin film sensor can be used to detect variations in structural and material properties for structural health monitoring. In this paper, the PVDF and PZT sensors were used for monitoring impact damage initiation in Gr/Ep composite panel to illustrate this potential benefit. A series of impact test at various impact energy by changing impact mass and height is performed on the instrumented drop weight impact tester. The wavelet transform(WT) is used to decompose the piezoelectric sensor signals in this study. Test results show that the particular waveform of sensor signals implying the damage initiation and development are detected above the damage initiation impact energy. And it is found that both PZT and PVDF sensors can be used to detect the impact damage.

• Composites Research
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.38-46
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• 2005

3차원 복합재료의 뛰어난 특성을 확인하기 위하여 저속충격 시험을 하였다. 복합재료의 3차원 구조는 자동적층 공정 (ATP, Automated Tape Placement)과 스티칭 (stitching) 방법으로 제조하였다. 이 방법은 일정한 폭을 가지는 탄소섬유/에폭시 프리프레그 테이프를 균일한 간격을 두고 층 별로 서로 직교 적층한 후 비어 있는 공간 사이를 케블라 섬유로 스티칭하는 성형법이다. 새로운 3차원 복합재료와 기존의 프리프레그 시트(sheet)를 사용한 2차원 복합재료와의 충격특성을 비교하기 위하여 저속충격 시험을 하였으며, C-scan에 의한 충격손상 면적 확인 및 충격 후 압축시험을 하였다. 3D 복합재는 스티칭을 하기 위한 간격으로 인하여 복합재료의 전체 섬유 체적율이 낮아졌기 때문에 충격 전 압축 강도는 2D 복합재에 비해 낮았으나 충격 후 파손면적은 약 $30-40\%$의 감소를 보였으며, 충격 전 압축 강도에 패한 충격후 압축강도 비율은 약 $5-10\%$의 증가를 보였다. 스티칭에 의해 충격 후 압축강도는 전반적으로 향상되었으나, 30J의 충격 에너지부터는 그 효과가 감소하였으며 35J 이상의 충격에서는 스티칭 효과가 없었다.

• 한국해양공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국해양공학회 2003년도 춘계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.284-288
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• 2003

This study was investigated the nondestructive characteristics of the damage caused by low-velocity impact on symmetric cross-ply laminates. These laminates were $[0^{\circ}/90^{\circ}]{_{16s,}}\;{_{24s,}}\;{_{32s,}}\;{_{48s}}$, that is, the thickness was 2, 3, 4 and 6 mm. The impact machine, model 8250 Dynatup Instron, was used a drop-weight type with gravity. The impact velocities used in experiment were 0.75, 0.90, 1.05, 1.20 and 1.35 m/sec. The load and deformation were increased as impact velocity increase. Even if the load increased with laminates thickness in same impact velocity, the deformation decreased. The extensional velocity was a quick as laminate thickness increase in same impact velocity and as impact velocity increase in same laminate thickness. In ultrasonic scans, damaged area was represented an dimmed zone. This is due to the fact that the wave, after having been partially reflected by the defects, has not enough energy to tough the oposite side or to come back from it. The damaged laminate areas were different according to the laminate thickness and the impact velocity. The extensional velocities became lower in if direction and higher in $0^{\circ}$ direction when the size of the defects increases. But, it was difficult to draw any conclusion for the extensional velocities in $45^{\circ}$ direction.

• 한국해양공학회지
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.39-43
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• 2005

The study investigated the nondestructive characteristics of damage, caused by law-velocity impact, on symmetric cross-ply laminates, composed of [0o/90o]16s, 24s, 32s, 48s. The thickness of the laminates was 2, 3, 4 and 6 mm, respectively. The impact machine used, Model 8250 Dynatup Instron, was a drop-weight type that employed gravity. The impact velocities used in this experiment were 0.75, 0.90, 1.05, 1.20 and 1.35 m/sec, respectively. Both the load and the deformation increased when the impact velocity was increased. Further, when the load increased with the laminate thickness in the same impact velocity, the deformation still decreased. The extensional velocity was quick, as the laminate thickness increased in the same impact velocity and the impact velocity increased in the same laminate thickness. In the ultrasonic scans, the damaged area represented a dimmed zone. This is due to the fact that the wave, after the partial reflection by the deflects, does not have enough energy to touch the opposite side or to come back from it. The damaged laminate areas differed, according to the laminate thickness and the impact velocity. The extensional velocities are lower in the 0o direction and higher in the 90o direction, when the size of the defect increases. However, it was difficult to draw any conclusion for the extensional velocities in the 45o direction.

• 한국철도학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국철도학회 2011년도 정기총회 및 추계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.2661-2665
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• 2011

In order to evaluate the structural integrity of a GFRP composite bogie frame due to flying railway ballast, the low velocity impact test and compressive test after impact was conducted for glass fiber/epoxy 4-harness satin woven laminate composites applied to skin part of a bogie frame. The impact test was performed using a instrumented impact testing system with energy levels of 5J, 10J and 20J and the designed impactor based on typical railway ballast shapes such as sphere, cube and cone to simulate the ballasted track environments. The compressive strength was tested to according to ASTM D7137 to evaluate the degradation of mechanical property of impact damaged laminate composites. The results showed that the damage area and the degradation of compressive strength after impact for laminate composites was increased with increase in impact energy for all ballast shapes and was particularly most influenced by cone ballast shape.

• 한국안전학회지
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.6-10
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• 2002

This paper presents the impact behavior and damage of laminated composite plates subjected to low-velocity impact. For this purpose, a pendulum impact test for impact behavior and C-scan for impact damage are done. Test materials are carbon/epoxy laminated composite plates and stacking sequences $[0/90_4\;[0/45_2/-45]_s,\;[0/45/-45/90]_s$ and [0/26/51/77/-77/-51/-26/0].